Effects of larval diet quality on the growth and development of immature stages of Telostylinus angusticollis (Diptera : Neriidae)

2018 ◽  
Vol 66 (6) ◽  
pp. 369
Author(s):  
Amy K. Hooper ◽  
Russell Bonduriansky
Keyword(s):  
Life History ◽  
Diet Quality ◽  
Nutrient Concentration ◽  
Larval Mortality ◽  
Larval Growth ◽  
Pupal Stage ◽  
Immature Stages ◽  
Larval Diet ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Growth Development

Nutrient abundance during development has profound effects on adult morphology, life history and behaviour in many insects, but effects of nutrition on juvenile development are less well known. We investigated how larval diet quality affects patterns of growth, development and survival of larvae and pupae in the neriid fly Telostylinus angusticollis (Enderlein). We reared flies on two larval diets varying in nutrient concentration (‘rich’ versus ‘poor’) that have been shown previously to affect a wide range of adult traits in this species. We found that nutrient concentration affected larval growth trajectories, with individuals reared on the rich diet exhibiting greatly accelerated growth and reaching a larger body size. By contrast, we found no evidence that diet affected timing of development at the pupal stage, suggesting that developmental constraints may prevent variation in pupal development rate. Although overall mortality during the immature stages was not affected by larval diet, we found some evidence that individuals reared on a poor diet might experience higher larval mortality, whereas individuals reared on a rich diet might experience higher mortality during emergence from the puparium. Our results enhance understanding of the effects of nutrition on growth, development, and life history.

Laboratory culture of Dreissena polymorpha larvae: spawning success, adult fecundity, and larval mortality patterns

2004 ◽  
Vol 82 (9) ◽  
pp. 1436-1443 ◽  
Author(s):  
James A Stoeckel ◽  
Dianna K Padilla ◽  
Daniel W Schneider ◽  
Chris R Rehmann
Keyword(s):  
Life History ◽  
Dreissena Polymorpha ◽  
Egg Production ◽  
Larval Mortality ◽  
Field Studies ◽  
Laboratory Culture ◽  
Minimum Size ◽  
Critical Periods ◽  
Brood Stock ◽  
Wide Range

Understanding the entire life history, especially critical periods during the life cycle of a species, is important for understanding population dynamics and is crucial for control of nuisance species. Errors in estimates of growth rates and recruitment in field and modeling studies are likely to occur if one assumes uniform rather than size- or stage-specific mortalities for larval stages. Similarly, effects of brood-stock health on adult fecundity and larval mortality patterns might affect results of laboratory studies investigating larval life history. We maintained zebra mussels, Dreissena polymorpha (Pallas, 1771), in spawning condition in the laboratory for 24 weeks. Healthy larvae were produced for 18 weeks. However, induction of spawning and egg production declined through time. Fecundity increased with size per female, but sperm production did not for males. We found no correlation between clutch size and egg size across a wide range of clutch sizes. Survivorship was greater when larvae were reared at lower densities. Daily larval mortality was strongly size dependent; the average size of dead larvae was similar to the minimum size of live larvae. Highest daily larval mortality occurred during the transition from D stage to umbonal stage, supporting the suggestion of a developmental bottleneck as found in previous field studies.

scholarly journals Maintained larval growth in mussel larvae exposed to acidified under-saturated seawater

2016 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Alexander Ventura ◽  
Sabrina Schulz ◽  
Sam Dupont
Keyword(s):  
Blue Mussel ◽  
Larval Mortality ◽  
Larval Growth ◽  
Energy Costs ◽  
Early Life Stages ◽  
Saturation State ◽  
Physiological Tolerance ◽  
Seawater Ph ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Trochophore Stage

Abstract Ocean acidification (OA) is known to affect bivalve early life-stages. We tested responses of blue mussel larvae to a wide range of pH in order to identify their tolerance threshold. Our results confirmed that decreasing seawater pH and decreasing saturation state increases larval mortality rate and the percentage of abnormally developing larvae. Virtually no larvae reared at average pHT 7.16 were able to feed or reach the D-shell stage and their development appeared to be arrested at the trochophore stage. However larvae were capable of reaching the D-shell stage under milder acidification (pHT ≈ 7.35, 7.6, 7.85) including in under-saturated seawater with Ω a as low as 0.54 ± 0.01 (mean ± s. e. m.), with a tipping point for normal development identified at pHT 7.765. Additionally growth rate of normally developing larvae was not affected by lower pHT despite potential increased energy costs associated with compensatory calcification in response to increased shell dissolution. Overall, our results on OA impacts on mussel larvae suggest an average pHT of 7.16 is beyond their physiological tolerance threshold and indicate a shift in energy allocation towards growth in some individuals revealing potential OA resilience.

scholarly journals Larval nutrition impacts survival to adulthood, body size, and the allometric scaling of metabolic rate in adult honeybees

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elizabeth Nicholls ◽  
Marta Rossi ◽  
Jeremy E. Niven
Keyword(s):  
Metabolic Rate ◽  
Body Mass ◽  
Diet Quality ◽  
Allometric Scaling ◽  
High Carbohydrate Diet ◽  
High Protein ◽  
Larval Diet ◽  
Carbohydrate Diet ◽  
High Carbohydrate ◽  
Growth Development

AbstractResting metabolic rate (RMR) is a fundamental physiological measure linked to numerous aspects of organismal function, including lifespan. Although dietary restriction in insects during larval growth/development affects adult RMR, the impact of larval diet quality on adult RMR has not been studied. Using in vitro rearing to control larval diet quality, we determined the effect of dietary protein and carbohydrate on honeybee survival-to-adulthood, time-to-eclosion, body mass/size and adult RMR. High carbohydrate larval diets increased survival-to-adulthood and time-to-eclosion compared to both low carbohydrate and high protein diets. Upon emergence, bees reared on the high protein diet were smaller and lighter than those reared on other diets, whilst those raised on the high carbohydrate diet varied more in body mass. Newly emerged adult bees’ reared on the high carbohydrate diet showed a significantly steeper increase in allometric scaling of RMR compared to those reared on other diets. This suggests that diet quality influences survival-to-adulthood, time-to-eclosion, and the allometric scaling of RMR. Given that agricultural intensification and increasing urbanisation have led to a decrease in both forage availability and dietary diversity for bees, our results are critical to improving understanding of the impacts of poor developmental nutrition on bee growth/development and physiology.Summary statementWe show, for the first time, that the nutritional quality of insect larval diets affects the scaling of metabolic rate with body mass in newly emerged adult honeybees.

scholarly journals Description of immature stages of Nemophora bellela (Walker, 1863) (Lepidoptera: Adelidae)

2019 ◽  
Vol 28 (2) ◽  
pp. 49-56 ◽  
Author(s):  
Matti Ahola ◽  
Donald Davis ◽  
Juhani Itämies ◽  
Reima Leinonen ◽  
Marko Mutanen
Keyword(s):  
Life History ◽  
Northern Europe ◽  
Peat Bogs ◽  
Immature Stages ◽  
Larval Diet ◽  
Larval Behavior ◽  
Pupal Exuviae ◽  
Betula Nana ◽  
Life History Data ◽  
History Of

Little life history data is available on the larvae of Adelidae (Lepidoptera, Adeloidea). We provide information on the life history of Nemophora bellela (Walker, 1863), a circumpolar adelid species occurring in northern Europe on peat bogs and open tundra with Betula nana. The habitat is described and details of the larval behavior and larval diet are provided. The later instar larvae are case dwelling and feed on the ground on detritus. The larval case and chaetotaxy are described in detail. The female pupal exuviae is described. Our observations on the life history of N. bellela are in general agreement with the known details of the life history of related species, but some differences were also observed.

scholarly journals Effects of larval diet on the life-history traits and phenotypic expression of pyrethroid resistance in the major malaria vector Anopheles gambiae s.s.

2022 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pierre Marie Sovegnon ◽  
Marie Joelle Fanou ◽  
Romaric Akoton ◽  
Oswald Yédjinnavênan Djihinto ◽  
Hamirath Odée Lagnika ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Life History ◽  
Insecticide Resistance ◽  
Life History Traits ◽  
Wing Length ◽  
Larval Mortality ◽  
Adult Emergence ◽  
Developmental Time ◽  
Larval Diet ◽  
Anopheles Gambiae S.S ◽  
Permanet 3.0

The success achieved in reducing malaria transmission by vector control is threatened by insecticide resistance. To strengthen the current vector control programmes, the non-genetic factors underlying the emergence of insecticide resistance in Anopheles vectors and its widespread need to be explored. This study aimed to assess the effects of larval diet on some life-history traits and pyrethroid-insecticide susceptibility of Anopheles gambiae s.s. Three (3) An. gambiae strains, namely Kisumu (insecticide susceptible), AcerKis (homozygous ace-1 R G119S resistant) and KisKdr (homozygous kdr R L1014F resistant) were fed with three different diets (low, medium, and high) of TetraMin ® Baby fish food. Pre-imaginal developmental time, larval mortality, adult emergence rate and female wing length were measured. Mosquito females were exposed to insecticide-treated net (ITN) PermaNet 2.0 and PermaNet 3.0. In the three An. gambiae strains, significant differences in adult emergence rates ( F = 1054.2; df = 2; p <0.01), mosquito wing length ( F = 970.5; df = 2; p <0.01) and adult survival post insecticide exposure ( χ2 = 173; df = 2; p <0.01), were noticed among the three larval diets. Larvae fed with the low food diets took more time to develop, were smaller at emergence and displayed a short lifespan, while the specimens fed with a high regime developed faster and into big adults. Although being fed with a high diet, none of An. gambiae strain harbouring the kdr R and ace-1 R allele survived 24 hours after exposure against PermaNet 3.0. This study showed that variation in the larval diet significantly impacts An. gambiae life-history traits such as larval mortality and developmental time, adult wing length, and female susceptibility to pyrethroid insecticides. Further investigations through field-based studies would allow an in-depth understanding of the implications of these non-genetic parameters on the physiological traits of malaria vectors and consequently improve resistance management.

A Life-history Study of the Brown House Moth, Hofmannophila pseudospretella (Staint.) (Lep., Oecophoridae)

1951 ◽  
Vol 41 (3) ◽  
pp. 529-553 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. E. Woodroffe
Keyword(s):  
Rapid Development ◽  
Larval Growth ◽  
Pupal Stage ◽  
High Sensitivity ◽  
Developmental Period ◽  
Physical Conditions ◽  
Percentage Survival ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Cheyletus Eruditus ◽  
A Minor

Hofmannophila pseudospretella is widely distributed in this country. It is a minor pest of stored foodstuffs, clothes and furnishings, and under certain conditions may give rise to a major infestation.The egg stage is characterised by a high sensitivity to temperature and almost complete indifference to humidity. The incubation period varied from 110 days at 10°C. (90 per cent. R.H.) to 8·5 days at 27°C. (90 per cent. R.H.) and from 9·8 days at 90 per cent. R.H. (25°C.). to 14·0 days at 8·5 per cent. R.H. (25°C.). The percentage survival was greatly reduced both at very low (<3 per cent. R.H.) and at very high (100 per cent. R.H.) humidities. The survival of eggs from a single female varied from 56 to 97 per cent. under favourable conditions.The duration of the feeding larval stage varied between 145 days at 13°C. and 71 days at 25°C. (at 90 per cent. R.H. on middlings). Larvae failed to mature below 80 per cent. R.H. at all temperatures. Larvae were reared successfully on a wide range of diets of both animal and vegetable origin, some predominantly carbohydrate, some almost entirely protein. The most rapid development occurred on dead adults and the slowest upon leather and yeast.Under most conditions fully grown larvae entered diapause. This was characterised by a diapause moult after which the larvae assumed a typical diapause appearance. The length of the diapause was extremely variable and was determined largely by the temperature during larval growth. Larvae grown at low temperature did not enter diapause when incubated at 25°C. as fully grown larvae. The diapausing larvae were remarkably resistant to desiccation.The duration of the pupal stage is affected by temperature but not by humidity. It lasted 98 days at 10°C. and 13 days at 28°C.The total length of the developmental period was highly variable because of the variability in the length of the diapause under constant conditions. When the conditions throughout were 25°C. and 90 per cent. R.H. the total developmental period varied between 152 and 266 days, and at 20°C. and 90 per cent. R.H. the figures were 192 to 440 days. The developmental period was approximately 12 months under field conditions.Under crowded conditions, mating was observed between males of H. pseudospretella and females of Endrosis lactella but none of the eggs developed.The weight of the female at emergence was the most important factor governing the number of eggs laid. Weight of females varied between 8·2 mg. and 43·6 mg. and the egg number between 106 and 657 at 25°C. and 70 per cent. R.H. The number laid was significantly reduced at lower temperatures (10°C.) and at lower humidities (20 per cent. R.H.).The sex ratio was found to be approximately 1:1, with a slight predominance of females.The longevity of the fertilised adult female depended upon its weight at emergence and upon the physical conditions. Variation in weights of males was small, and the length of life of mated males could be correlated directly with the physical conditions. The mean longevity of mated females of all weights was 11·9 days at 25°C. and 70 per cent. R.H., 19·0 days at 15°C. and 70 per cent. R.H. and 9·4 days at 25°C. and 20 per cent. R.H. At 25°C. mated males lived 7·1 days on the average, and 18·8 days at 15°C.The only important predator was the mite, Cheyletus eruditus, which destroyed numbers of eggs and young larvae.

Influence of food availability, predation risk and initial body size on growth and maturation of Cloeon dipterum (Ephemeroptera: Baetidae)

Zoosymposia ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 11 ◽  
pp. 53-64 ◽  
Author(s):  
JAN ŠUPINA ◽  
JINDŘIŠKA BOJKOVÁ ◽  
DAVID S. BOUKAL
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Life History ◽  
Body Size ◽  
Predation Risk ◽  
Food Availability ◽  
Larval Mortality ◽  
Food Limitation ◽  
Larval Growth ◽  
Influence Of Food ◽  
Cloeon Dipterum

Larval growth and maturation in aquatic insects are phenotypically plastic and can change in response to the amount and quality of resources, or under predation risk. While better food conditions typically lead to faster growth and earlier maturation at larger body size and hence higher fecundity, the effects of predation risk can vary depending on its strength and selectivity with respect to size or stage. Studies on lotic mayflies (Ephemeroptera) have reported two direct and two indirect life history responses to increased predation risk: slower growth rate and later maturation at the same or smaller size, and faster or unaltered growth rate and earlier maturation at smaller body size. However, life history responses of standing water mayflies to predation risk are unknown. To fill this gap, we carried out a full-factorial laboratory experiment to study the influence of food availability (full/reduced) and predation risk (present/absent predator cues) by dragonfly larvae on growth and maturation of larvae of the lentic mayfly Cloeon dipterum. Males and females responded similarly to food limitation and predation risk. Predation risk had no effect on maturation size, larval mortality and metamorphic failure. However, growth rate, number of moults and development time were all affected by predation risk, and its net effect was modified by food availability and initial body size of the larvae. These results suggest that life history responses to suboptimal conditions depend on body size at the onset of such conditions. Finally, a small group of larvae grew at much slower rates and developed much longer than other individuals of similar initial size, possibly due to bet-hedging or inclusion of multiple genotypes in the experiment.

scholarly journals Fitness of Herbicide-Resistant Weeds: Current Knowledge and Implications for Management

Plants ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (11) ◽  
pp. 469 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vila-Aiub
Keyword(s):  
Life History ◽  
Herbicide Resistance ◽  
Management Practices ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Resistance Management ◽  
Fitness Cost ◽  
Plant Fitness ◽  
Resistance Mutations ◽  
Fitness Costs ◽  
Wide Range

Herbicide resistance is the ultimate evidence of the extraordinary capacity of weeds to evolve under stressful conditions. Despite the extraordinary plant fitness advantage endowed by herbicide resistance mutations in agroecosystems under herbicide selection, resistance mutations are predicted to exhibit an adaptation cost (i.e., fitness cost), relative to the susceptible wild-type, in herbicide untreated conditions. Fitness costs associated with herbicide resistance mutations are not universal and their expression depends on the particular mutation, genetic background, dominance of the fitness cost, and environmental conditions. The detrimental effects of herbicide resistance mutations on plant fitness may arise as a direct impact on fitness-related traits and/or coevolution with changes in other life history traits that ultimately may lead to fitness costs under particular ecological conditions. This brings the idea that a “lower adaptive value” of herbicide resistance mutations represents an opportunity for the design of resistance management practices that could minimize the evolution of herbicide resistance. It is evident that the challenge for weed management practices aiming to control, minimize, or even reverse the frequency of resistance mutations in the agricultural landscape is to “create” those agroecological conditions that could expose, exploit, and exacerbate those life history and/or fitness traits affecting the evolution of herbicide resistance mutations. Ideally, resistance management should implement a wide range of cultural practices leading to environmentally mediated fitness costs associated with herbicide resistance mutations.

scholarly journals Not Only a Formulation: The Effects of Pickering Emulsion on the Entomopathogenic Action of Metarhizium brunneum

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (7) ◽  
pp. 499
Author(s):  
Nitsan Birnbaum ◽  
Victoria Reingold ◽  
Sabina Matveev ◽  
Chandrasekhar Kottakota ◽  
Michael Davidovitz ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Ricinus Communis ◽  
Larval Mortality ◽  
Acute Infection ◽  
Larval Growth ◽  
Disease Process ◽  
Pickering Emulsion ◽  
Broad Host Range ◽  
High Humidity ◽  
Conventional Agriculture ◽  
Metarhizium Brunneum

Growing global population and environmental concerns necessitate the transition from chemical to eco-friendly pest management. Entomopathogenic fungi (EPF) are rising candidates for this task due to their ease of growing, broad host range and unique disease process, allowing EPF to infect hosts directly through its cuticle. However, EPF’s requirement for high humidity negates their integration into conventional agriculture. To mitigate this problem, we formulated Metarhizium brunneum conidia in an oil-in-water Pickering emulsion. Conidia in aqueous and emulsion formulations were sprayed on Ricinus communis leaves, and Spodoptera littoralis larvae were introduced under low or high humidity. The following were examined: conidial dispersion on leaf, larval mortality, conidial acquisition by larvae, effects on larval growth and feeding, and dynamic of disease progression. Emulsion was found to disperse conidia more efficiently and caused two-fold more adhesion of conidia to host cuticle. Mortality from conidia in emulsion was significantly higher than other treatments reaching 86.5% under high humidity. Emulsion was also found to significantly reduce larval growth and feeding, while conferring faster fungal growth in-host. Results suggest that a Pickering emulsion is able to improve physical interactions between the conidia and their surroundings, while weakening the host through a plethora of mechanisms, increasing the chance of an acute infection.

DIET QUALITY OF MOROCCAN ADOLESCENTS LIVING IN MOROCCO AND IN SPAIN

2016 ◽  
Vol 49 (2) ◽  
pp. 173-186 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Del Pilar Montero ◽  
Ana Isabel Mora-Urda ◽  
Karim Anzid ◽  
Mohamed Cherkaoui ◽  
M. Dolores Marrodan
Keyword(s):  
Diet Quality ◽  
Eating Habits ◽  
Meat Consumption ◽  
Negative Consequences ◽  
The North ◽  
Socioeconomic Changes ◽  
Cholesterol Intake ◽  
Growth Development ◽  
And Migration

SummaryIntra-population socioeconomic changes and migration are powerful factors in changing eating habits. Changes in eating habits could affect the nutritional status, growth, development and health of adolescents. The aim of this study was to compare the diet of adolescents of Moroccan origin living in Spain with that of adolescents living in Morocco. The sample comprised 428 Moroccan adolescents aged from 12 to 19 recruited in high schools: 327 living in Ouarzazate (Morocco) and 101 living in Madrid (Spain). The variables studied were energy intake (kcal/day), diet quality indicators (adherence to the Mediterranean Adequacy Index (MAI); cholesterol intake (mg/day); fibre intake (g/day) and energy profile)); and indicators of keeping traditional customs (halalmeat consumption, bread made at home). Teenagers from Morocco living in Madrid consumed more calories, proteins, saturated fats and simple sugars (p<0.001) than those living in Morocco. Their diet was of lower quality than that of their peers in Morocco. This difference was more marked in boys than in girls. Changes in eating habits associated with migration from the south to the north Mediterranean basin can benefit young migrants in an immediate way (through greater availability of energy and nutrients), but later in life it could have negative consequences for their health, increasing the risk of overweight, obesity and cardiovascular and metabolic problems.

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