Biotechnological Importance of Torulaspora delbrueckii: From the Obscurity to the Spotlight

Torulaspora delbrueckii has attracted interest in recent years, especially due to its biotechnological potential, arising from its flavor- and aroma-enhancing properties when used in wine, beer or bread dough fermentation, as well as from its remarkable resistance to osmotic and freezing stresses. In the present review, genomic, biochemical, and phenotypic features of T. delbrueckii are described, comparing them with other species, particularly with the biotechnologically well-established yeast, Saccharomyces cerevisiae. We conclude about the aspects that make this yeast a promising biotechnological model to be exploited in a wide range of industries, particularly in wine and bakery. A phylogenetic analysis was also performed, using the core proteome of T. delbrueckii, to compare the number of homologous proteins relative to the most closely related species, understanding the phylogenetic placement of this species with robust support. Lastly, the genetic tools available for T. delbrueckii improvement are discussed, focusing on adaptive laboratorial evolution and its potential.

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Genome-Scale Analysis Reveals Sst2 as the Principal Regulator of Mating Pheromone Signaling in the Yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae

Eukaryotic Cell ◽

10.1128/ec.5.2.330-346.2006 ◽

2006 ◽

Vol 5 (2) ◽

pp. 330-346 ◽

Cited By ~ 46

Author(s):

Scott A. Chasse ◽

Paul Flanary ◽

Stephen C. Parnell ◽

Nan Hao ◽

Jiyoung Y. Cha ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Saccharomyces Cerevisiae ◽

Transition State ◽

G Protein ◽

Common Property ◽

Rgs Proteins ◽

Homologous Proteins ◽

Yeast Saccharomyces Cerevisiae ◽

Α Subunit ◽

Pheromone Signaling

ABSTRACT A common property of G protein-coupled receptors is that they become less responsive with prolonged stimulation. Regulators of G protein signaling (RGS proteins) are well known to accelerate G protein GTPase activity and do so by stabilizing the transition state conformation of the G protein α subunit. In the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae there are four RGS-homologous proteins (Sst2, Rgs2, Rax1, and Mdm1) and two Gα proteins (Gpa1 and Gpa2). We show that Sst2 is the only RGS protein that binds selectively to the transition state conformation of Gpa1. The other RGS proteins also bind Gpa1 and modulate pheromone signaling, but to a lesser extent and in a manner clearly distinct from Sst2. To identify other candidate pathway regulators, we compared pheromone responses in 4,349 gene deletion mutants representing nearly all nonessential genes in yeast. A number of mutants produced an increase (sst2, bar1, asc1, and ygl024w) or decrease (cla4) in pheromone sensitivity or resulted in pheromone-independent signaling (sst2, pbs2, gas1, and ygl024w). These findings suggest that Sst2 is the principal regulator of Gpa1-mediated signaling in vivo but that other proteins also contribute in distinct ways to pathway regulation.

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Yil102c-A is a Functional Homologue of the DPMII Subunit of Dolichyl Phosphate Mannose Synthase in Saccharomyces cerevisiae

International Journal of Molecular Sciences ◽

10.3390/ijms21238938 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 21 (23) ◽

pp. 8938

Author(s):

Sebastian Piłsyk ◽

Urszula Perlinska-Lenart ◽

Anna Janik ◽

Elżbieta Gryz ◽

Marta Ajchler-Adamska ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Saccharomyces Cerevisiae ◽

Functional Analysis ◽

Trichoderma Reesei ◽

Transmembrane Domain ◽

Human Cells ◽

Catalytic Subunit ◽

Yeast Saccharomyces Cerevisiae ◽

Dolichyl Phosphate ◽

Functional Homolog ◽

Wide Range

In a wide range of organisms, dolichyl phosphate mannose (DPM) synthase is a complex of tree proteins Dpm1, Dpm2, and Dpm3. However, in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, it is believed to be a single Dpm1 protein. The function of Dpm3 is performed in S. cerevisiae by the C-terminal transmembrane domain of the catalytic subunit Dpm1. Until present, the regulatory Dpm2 protein has not been found in S. cerevisiae. In this study, we show that, in fact, the Yil102c-A protein interacts directly with Dpm1 in S. cerevisiae and influences its DPM synthase activity. Deletion of the YIL102c-A gene is lethal, and this phenotype is reversed by the dpm2 gene from Trichoderma reesei. Functional analysis of Yil102c-A revealed that it also interacts with glucosylphosphatidylinositol-N-acetylglucosaminyl transferase (GPI-GnT), similar to DPM2 in human cells. Taken together, these results show that Yil102c-A is a functional homolog of DPMII from T. reesei and DPM2 from humans.

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Identification and phylogenetic classification of eleven putative P-type calcium transport ATPase genes in the yeasts Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Schizosaccharomyces pombe

Bioscience Reports ◽

10.1007/bf01206198 ◽

1996 ◽

Vol 16 (2) ◽

pp. 75-85 ◽

Cited By ~ 22

Author(s):

P. Catty ◽

A. Goffeau

Keyword(s):

Saccharomyces Cerevisiae ◽

Subcellular Location ◽

Homologous Proteins ◽

Yeast Saccharomyces Cerevisiae ◽

Phylogenetic Classification ◽

New Class ◽

Atpase Gene ◽

Protein Sequence Homology ◽

P Type

Calcium is an essential second messenger in yeast metabolism and physiology. So far, only four genes coding for calcium translocating ATPases had been discovered in yeast. The recent completion of the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae genome allowed us to identify six new putative Ca++-ATPases encoding genes. Protein sequence homology analysis and phylogenetic classification of all putative Ca++-ATPase gene products from the yeasts Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Schizosacchraomyces pombe reveal three clusters of homologous proteins. Two of them comprises seven proteins which might belong to a new class of P-type ATPases of unknown subcellular location and of unknown physiological function.

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Signalling functions for sphingolipid long-chain bases in Saccharomyces cerevisiae

Biochemical Society Transactions ◽

10.1042/bst0331170 ◽

2005 ◽

Vol 33 (5) ◽

pp. 1170-1173 ◽

Cited By ~ 15

Author(s):

K. Liu ◽

X. Zhang ◽

C. Sumanasekera ◽

R.L. Lester ◽

R.C. Dickson

Keyword(s):

Saccharomyces Cerevisiae ◽

Protein Kinase ◽

Second Messengers ◽

Dependent Protein Kinase ◽

Yeast Saccharomyces Cerevisiae ◽

Signalling Molecules ◽

Cellular Processes ◽

Wide Range ◽

Dependent Protein ◽

Long Chain

Over the past several years, studies of sphingolipid functions in the baker's yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae have revealed that the sphingoid LCBs (long-chain bases), dihydrosphingosine and PHS (phytosphingosine), are important signalling molecules or second messengers under heat stress and during non-stressed conditions. LCBs are now recognized as regulators of AGC-type protein kinase (where AGC stands for protein kinases A, G and C) Pkh1 and Pkh2, which are homologues of mammalian phosphoinositide-dependent protein kinase 1. LCBs were previously shown to activate Pkh1 and Pkh2, which then activate the downstream protein kinase Pkc1. We have recently demonstrated that PHS stimulates Pkh1 to activate additional downstream kinases including Ypk1, Ypk2 and Sch9. We have also found that PHS acts downstream of Pkh1 and partially activates Ypk1, Ypk2 and Sch9. These kinases control a wide range of cellular processes including growth, cell wall integrity, stress resistance, endocytosis and aging. As we learn more about the cellular processes controlled by Ypk1, Ypk2 and Sch9, we will have a far greater appreciation of LCBs as second messengers.

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Isolation and characterization of omnipotent suppressors in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae.

Genetics ◽

10.1093/genetics/124.3.515 ◽

1990 ◽

Vol 124 (3) ◽

pp. 515-522

Author(s):

L P Wakem ◽

F Sherman

Keyword(s):

Saccharomyces Cerevisiae ◽

Genetic Analysis ◽

Low Temperatures ◽

Carbon Sources ◽

Yeast Saccharomyces Cerevisiae ◽

Hypertonic Medium ◽

Isolation And Characterization ◽

Wide Range ◽

Chromosome Ii

Abstract Approximately 290 omnipotent suppressors, which enhance translational misreading, were isolated in strains of the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae containing the psi+ extrachromosomal determinant. The suppressors could be assigned to 8 classes by their pattern of suppression of five nutritional markers. The suppressors were further distinguished by differences in growth on paromomycin medium, hypertonic medium, low temperatures (10 degrees), nonfermentable carbon sources, alpha-aminoadipic acid medium, and by their dominance and recessiveness. Genetic analysis of 12 representative suppressors resulted in the assignment of these suppressors to 6 different loci, including the three previously described loci SUP35 (chromosome IV), SUP45 (chromosome II) and SUP46 (chromosome II), as well as three new loci SUP42 (chromosome IV), SUP43 (chromosome XV) and SUP44 (chromosome VII). Suppressors belonging to the same locus had a wide range of different phenotypes. Differences between alleles of the same locus and similarities between alleles of different loci suggest that the omnipotent suppressors encode proteins that effect different functions and that altered forms of each of the proteins can effect the same function.

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D-Xylose Sensing in Saccharomyces cerevisiae: Insights from D-Glucose Signaling and Native D-Xylose Utilizers

International Journal of Molecular Sciences ◽

10.3390/ijms222212410 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 22 (22) ◽

pp. 12410

Author(s):

Daniel P. Brink ◽

Celina Borgström ◽

Viktor C. Persson ◽

Karen Ofuji Osiro ◽

Marie F. Gorwa-Grauslund

Keyword(s):

Saccharomyces Cerevisiae ◽

Signaling Pathways ◽

Raw Materials ◽

Current Status ◽

Chemical Production ◽

Edible Plant ◽

Yeast Saccharomyces Cerevisiae ◽

Glucose Signaling ◽

Glucose Depletion ◽

Wide Range

Extension of the substrate range is among one of the metabolic engineering goals for microorganisms used in biotechnological processes because it enables the use of a wide range of raw materials as substrates. One of the most prominent examples is the engineering of baker’s yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae for the utilization of d-xylose, a five-carbon sugar found in high abundance in lignocellulosic biomass and a key substrate to achieve good process economy in chemical production from renewable and non-edible plant feedstocks. Despite many excellent engineering strategies that have allowed recombinant S. cerevisiae to ferment d-xylose to ethanol at high yields, the consumption rate of d-xylose is still significantly lower than that of its preferred sugar d-glucose. In mixed d-glucose/d-xylose cultivations, d-xylose is only utilized after d-glucose depletion, which leads to prolonged process times and added costs. Due to this limitation, the response on d-xylose in the native sugar signaling pathways has emerged as a promising next-level engineering target. Here we review the current status of the knowledge of the response of S. cerevisiae signaling pathways to d-xylose. To do this, we first summarize the response of the native sensing and signaling pathways in S. cerevisiae to d-glucose (the preferred sugar of the yeast). Using the d-glucose case as a point of reference, we then proceed to discuss the known signaling response to d-xylose in S. cerevisiae and current attempts of improving the response by signaling engineering using native targets and synthetic (non-native) regulatory circuits.

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The Resistance of Yeast Saccharomyces Cerevisiae to Extreme Conditions

UNIVERSITY NEWS. NORTH-CAUCASIAN REGION. NATURAL SCIENCES SERIES ◽

10.18522/1026-2237-2021-2-113-118 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 113-118

Author(s):

Elvira A. Islammagomedova ◽

Eslanda A. Khalilova ◽

Rasul Z. Gasanov ◽

Aida A. Abakarova ◽

Dinara A. Aliverdieva

Keyword(s):

Saccharomyces Cerevisiae ◽

Extreme Values ◽

Maximum Size ◽

Surface Color ◽

Yeast Saccharomyces Cerevisiae ◽

Wide Range ◽

Extreme Factors ◽

Alkaline Conditions ◽

Biotechnological Processes ◽

Resistant Strains

The resistance of the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae DAW-3а and Y-503 to the conditions of extreme values of pH, NaCl, temperature has been studied. Under different cultivation modes, the rounded shape of DAW-3a cells is pre-served and this parameter Y-503 changes. Under conditions of different pH values and 30°C, the maximum sizes of cells and giant colonies of the polyploid Y-503 strain were found in comparison with the haploid DAW-3a; at 37°C, the advantage of Y-503 was not observed and the colony sizes of both strains were practically the same. The reaction of the strains to critical concentrations of NaCl in the medium was identical: a decrease in the size of cells and colonies was found; change in the shape, surface, color and structure of colonies. Under conditions of the simultaneous influence of an elevated temperature of 37°C, a wide range of pH and 5 % NaCl, the cell size decreased slightly; under neutral and alkaline conditions of cultivation, a slightly greater tolerance of yeast to salt stress was established; a decrease in the size of giant colonies was found, while the maximum size of the studied strains was noted at pH 11.0, the minimum at pH 3.0. The study of the tolerance of the yeast S. cerevisiae DAW-3a and Y-503 to extreme factors is of particular interest in connection with the possibility of using stress-resistant strains in biotechnological processes.

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Gcn4 Is Required for the Response to Peroxide Stress in the Yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae

Molecular Biology of the Cell ◽

10.1091/mbc.e07-11-1173 ◽

2008 ◽

Vol 19 (7) ◽

pp. 2995-3007 ◽

Cited By ~ 65

Author(s):

Claire Mascarenhas ◽

Laura C. Edwards-Ingram ◽

Leo Zeef ◽

Daniel Shenton ◽

Mark P. Ashe ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Oxidative Stress ◽

Saccharomyces Cerevisiae ◽

Translation Initiation ◽

Antioxidant Defenses ◽

Initiation Factor ◽

Yeast Saccharomyces Cerevisiae ◽

Α Subunit ◽

Regulation Of Translation ◽

Wide Range ◽

Specific Regulation

An oxidative stress occurs when reactive oxygen species overwhelm the cellular antioxidant defenses. We have examined the regulation of protein synthesis in Saccharomyces cerevisiae in response to oxidative stress induced by exposure to hydroperoxides (hydrogen peroxide, and cumene hydroperoxide), a thiol oxidant (diamide), and a heavy metal (cadmium). Examination of translational activity indicates that these oxidants inhibit translation at the initiation and postinitiation phases. Inhibition of translation initiation in response to hydroperoxides is entirely dependent on phosphorylation of the α subunit of eukaryotic initiation factor (eIF)2 by the Gcn2 kinase. Activation of Gcn2 is mediated by uncharged tRNA because mutation of its HisRS domain abolishes regulation in response to hydroperoxides. Furthermore, Gcn4 is translationally up-regulated in response to H2O2, and it is required for hydroperoxide resistance. We used transcriptional profiling to identify a wide range of genes that mediate this response as part of the Gcn4-dependent H2O2-regulon. In contrast to hydroperoxides, regulation of translation initiation in response to cadmium and diamide depends on both Gcn2 and the eIF4E binding protein Eap1. Thus, the response to oxidative stress is mediated by oxidant-specific regulation of translation initiation, and we suggest that this is an important mechanism underlying the ability of cells to adapt to different oxidants.

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POB3 Is Required for Both Transcription and Replication in the Yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae

Genetics ◽

10.1093/genetics/155.4.1593 ◽

2000 ◽

Vol 155 (4) ◽

pp. 1593-1606 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Mylynda B Schlesinger ◽

Tim Formosa

Keyword(s):

Saccharomyces Cerevisiae ◽

S Phase ◽

Direct Examination ◽

Homologous Proteins ◽

Yeast Saccharomyces Cerevisiae ◽

Ribonucleotide Reductase Inhibitor ◽

Dna Contents ◽

Genes Encoding ◽

Replication Factors ◽

Transcription And Replication

Abstract Spt16 and Pob3 form stable heterodimers in Saccharomyces cerevisiae, and homologous proteins have also been purified as complexes from diverse eukaryotes. This conserved factor has been implicated in both transcription and replication and may affect both by altering the characteristics of chromatin. Here we describe the isolation and properties of a set of pob3 mutants and confirm that they have defects in both replication and transcription. Mutation of POB3 caused the Spt− phenotype, spt16 and pob3 alleles displayed severe synthetic defects, and elevated levels of Pob3 suppressed some spt16 phenotypes. These results are consistent with previous reports that Spt16 and Pob3 act in a complex that modulates transcription. Additional genetic interactions were observed between pob3 mutations and the genes encoding several DNA replication factors, including POL1, CTF4, DNA2, and CHL12. pob3 alleles caused sensitivity to the ribonucleotide reductase inhibitor hydroxyurea, indicating a defect in a process requiring rapid dNTP synthesis. Mutation of the S phase checkpoint gene MEC1 caused pob3 mutants to lose viability rapidly under restrictive conditions, revealing defects in a process monitored by Mec1. Direct examination of DNA contents by flow cytometry showed that S phase onset and progression were delayed when POB3 was mutated. We conclude that Pob3 is required for normal replication as well as for transcription.

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The rules of aging: are they universal? Is the yeast model relevant for gerontology?

Acta Biochimica Polonica ◽

10.18388/abp.2014_1828 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 61 (4) ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Tomasz Bilinski ◽

Renata Zadrag-Tecza

Keyword(s):

Saccharomyces Cerevisiae ◽

Direct Consequence ◽

Experimental Biology ◽

Model Organisms ◽

Survival Curves ◽

Yeast Saccharomyces Cerevisiae ◽

Complex Process ◽

Wide Range ◽

Unicellular Organisms ◽

Multicellular Organisms

The success of experimental biology was possible due to the use of model organisms. It is believed that the mechanisms of aging have a universal character and they are conserved in a wide range of organisms. The explanation of these universal mechanisms by tracing survival curves of model organisms clearly suggests that death of individuals is a direct consequence of aging. Furthermore, the use of unicellular organisms like yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae to explain the aging processes of multicellular organisms runs the risk of oversimplification. Aging is a very complex process and therefore in this paper we present arguments suggesting that some of these fundamental assumptions require a deep rethinking and verification.

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