scholarly journals The Effect of Monochromatic LED Light Wavelengths and Photoperiods on Botrytis cinerea

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (11) ◽  
pp. 970
Author(s):  
Neringa Rasiukevičiūtė ◽  
Aušra Brazaitytė ◽  
Viktorija Vaštakaitė-Kairienė ◽  
Asta Kupčinskienė ◽  
Pavelas Duchovskis ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Botrytis Cinerea ◽  
Fungal Pathogen ◽  
Plant Protection ◽  
Growth Parameters ◽  
Grey Mould ◽  
Green Plant ◽  
Original Research ◽  
Mycelium Growth ◽  
Necrotrophic Pathogen ◽  
Led Light

Botrytis cinerea is a ubiquitous necrotrophic pathogen causing grey mould in economically important crops. Light effect in horticulture is undeniable and fungi also react to light. Selected specific light-emitting diodes (LEDs) and photoperiods can be used for fungal pathogen inhibition. This study aimed to evaluate how LED light wavelengths and photoperiods affect the growth parameters of B. cinerea. The morphological (mycelium appearance, sclerotia distribution) and phenotypic (conidia presence and size, mycelium growth rate, recovery) characteristics of the fungal pathogen B. cinerea were evaluated under royal blue 455 nm, blue 470 nm, cyan 505 nm, yellow 590 nm, and red 627 nm LED lights at various photoperiods (4, 8, 12, 16, 20, 24 h). The results revealed that the light conditions and photoperiods influenced the B. cinerea morphological and phenotypic characteristics. Overall, the highest B. cinerea inhibition was under yellow (590 nm) LED light at 4 and 8 h photoperiods. Conidia did not form under blue 455 nm at 8, 16, 20, and 24 h photoperiods. Therefore, it can be assumed that the phenotypic and morphological features of B. cinerea depend on the specific photoperiod and LED light wavelength. The results allowed an exploration of original research approaches, raised new scientific questions for further investigation, and suggested new green plant protection solutions.

scholarly journals Preliminary Studies on Development of a New Environmentally Friendly Plant Protection Product Against Grey Mould

2013 ◽  
Vol 67 (2) ◽  
pp. 199-202
Author(s):  
Valda Laugale ◽  
Līga Jankevica ◽  
Ineta Samsone ◽  
Jūlija Haļimona ◽  
Rita Sešķēna ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Botrytis Cinerea ◽  
Chlorophyll Content ◽  
Plant Protection ◽  
Environmentally Friendly ◽  
Grey Mould ◽  
Rubus Idaeus ◽  
Research Centre ◽  
Mycelium Growth ◽  
Chlorophyll Content And Fluorescence ◽  
The Impact

The development of new environmentally friendly plant protection products against grey mould disease (caused by Botrytis cinerea Pers.) was started in 2010. In the Latvian State Forest Research Institute “Silava”, production of coniferous biomass extracts using different solvents for extraction was performed. During 2010-2011, several laboratory investigations were carried out in the Institute of Biology, University of Latvia. Effectiveness of pine (Pinus sylvestris) and spruce (Picea abies) biomass extracts against Botrytis cinerea was tested. On the basis of coniferous extracts, 11 formulations were created and characterised. The effect of the formulations on mycelial growth of B. cinerea test cultures was tested using the fungal radial growth test. All formulations had inhibitory effect on mycelium growth (inhibition rate over 50%) at concentration 20 g L-1 in medium. The impact of formulations on plants after spraying was evaluated using in vitro propagated strawberry plants. Chlorophyll content and chlorophyll fluorescence were estimated. Extracts did not show negative effect on the chlorophyll content and fluorescence of strawberry leaves. Field investigations on strawberry (Fragaria × ananassa Duch.) ‘Senga Sengana’ and primocane raspberry (Rubus idaeus) ‘Gerakl’ were conducted in the Pûre Horticultural Research Centre in 2011. None of tested the coniferous biomass extract formulations showed higher effectiveness than fungicide Signum® (pyraclostrobin 6.7%+ boscalid 26.7%, BASF).

scholarly journals Population genomics reveals molecular determinants of specialization to tomato in the polyphagous fungal pathogen Botrytis cinerea in France

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alex Mercier ◽  
Adeline Simon ◽  
Nicolas Lapalu ◽  
Tatiana Giraud ◽  
Marc Bardin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Botrytis Cinerea ◽  
Fungal Pathogen ◽  
Plant Pathogens ◽  
Population Genomics ◽  
Grey Mould ◽  
Host Specialization ◽  
Genomic Changes ◽  
Fungal Plant Pathogens ◽  
Synonymous Sites ◽  
Pathogen Populations

Many fungal plant pathogens encompass multiple populations specialized on different plant species. Understanding the factors underlying pathogen adaptation to their hosts is a major challenge of evolutionary microbiology, and it should help preventing the emergence of new specialized pathogens on novel hosts. Previous studies have shown that French populations of the grey mould pathogen Botrytis cinerea parasitizing tomato and grapevine are differentiated from each other, and have higher aggressiveness on their host-of-origin than on other hosts, indicating some degree of host specialization in this polyphagous pathogen. Here, we aimed at identifying the genomic features underlying the specialization of B. cinerea populations to tomato and grapevine. Based on whole genome sequences of 32 isolates, we confirmed the subdivision of B. cinerea pathogens into two genetic clusters on grapevine and another, single cluster on tomato. Levels of genetic variation in the different clusters were similar, suggesting that the tomato-specific cluster has not recently emerged following a bottleneck. Using genome scans for selective sweeps and divergent selection, tests of positive selection based on polymorphism and divergence at synonymous and non-synonymous sites and analyses of presence/absence variation, we identified several candidate genes that represent possible determinants of host specialization in the tomato-associated population. This work deepens our understanding of the genomic changes underlying the specialization of fungal pathogen populations.

scholarly journals Effects of Silicon in the Nutrient Solution for Three Horticultural Plant Families on the Vegetative Growth, Cuticle, and Protection Against Botrytis cinerea

HortScience ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 50 (10) ◽  
pp. 1447-1452 ◽  
Author(s):  
Judith Pozo ◽  
Miguel Urrestarazu ◽  
Isidro Morales ◽  
Jessica Sánchez ◽  
Milagrosa Santos ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Botrytis Cinerea ◽  
Nutrient Solution ◽  
Plant Protection ◽  
Growth Parameters ◽  
Control Sample ◽  
Essential Element ◽  
Biotic And Abiotic Stress ◽  
Positive Effects ◽  
Cuticle Thickness ◽  
Pepper Plants

The silicon (Si) percentage in the dry matter of plants is between 0.1% and 10%, and even though its role in the metabolism of plants is not absolutely clear, Si’s positive effects on plant nutrition and plant protection against both biotic and abiotic stress are well documented. However, Si is not considered to be an essential element, so it is not always present in nutrient solutions. In this paper, an experiment was carried out in the University of Almeria’s greenhouse with hydroponic lettuce, tomato, pepper, melon, and cucumber plants. A standard nutrient solution was used as a control sample and was fertigated with Si. During the four-true-leaf seedling stage, various plant growth parameters were measured, including the dry weight and the wet weight as well as the foliar surface and the cuticle thickness of both the leaf and the stem. Additionally, in the lettuce, tomato, and pepper plants, the effect of the use of Si in the nutrient solution on the protection against the pathogen Botrytis cinerea was determined by measuring the penetration of the pathogen through the cuticle and the extension of the fungal infection by using leaf discs. The results suggest that all of the studied parameters, and both the cuticle thickness and the epidermis thickness, were increased by more than 10% on average for all of the plants. In the lettuce, tomato, and pepper plants, a beneficial effect against B. cinerea was observed when the nutrient solution containing Si was used.

scholarly journals Antifungal Activity of Plant Essential Oils Against Botrytis cinerea, Penicillium italicum and Penicillium digitatum

2013 ◽  
Vol 41 (1) ◽  
pp. 86 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrew VITORATOS ◽  
Dimitrios BILALIS ◽  
Anestis KARKANIS ◽  
Aspasia EFTHIMIADOU
Keyword(s):  
Essential Oils ◽  
Botrytis Cinerea ◽  
Disease Severity ◽  
Grey Mould ◽  
Penicillium Italicum ◽  
Postharvest Diseases ◽  
Mycelium Growth ◽  
Plant Essential Oils

Plant essential oils have the potential to replace the synthetic fungicides in the management of postharvest diseases of fruit and vegetables.The aim of this study was to access the in vitro and in vivo activity of essential oil obtained from oregano (Origanum vulgare L. ssp. hirtum), thyme (Thymus vulgaris L.) and lemon (Citrus limon L.) plants, against some important postharvest pathogens (Botrytis cinerea, Penicillium italicum and P. digitatum). In vitro experiments indicated that P. italicum did not show any mycelium growth in presence of thyme essential oils at concentration of 0.13 μl/ml. Moreover, B. cinerea did not show any mycelium growth in presence of lemon and oregano essential oils at concentration of 17 μl/ml and 0.02 μl/ml, respectively. Moreover, the essential oils from three species were effective in reducing the spore germination. The in vivo experiments confirmed the strong efficacy shown in vitro by essential oils. These oregano and lemon oils were very effective in controlling disease severity of infected fruit by B. cinera in tomatoes, strawberries and cucumbers. In tomatoes, grey mould due to B. cinerea was completed inhibited by oregano essential oils at 0.30 μl/ml. Moreover, lemon essential oils induced a significant reduction of grey mould disease severity. In strawberries, grey mould was completed inhibited by lemon essential oils at 0.05 μl/ml. In addition, lemon essential oils at 0.05 μl/ml showed 39% reduction of infected cucumber fruits by B. cinerea. These results indicate that essential oils after suitable formulation could be used for the control of postharvest diseases caused by Botrytis and Penicillium pathogens.

scholarly journals Botrytis cinerea control and the problem of fungicide resistance

2011 ◽  
Vol 26 (2) ◽  
pp. 99-110
Author(s):  
Brankica Tanovic ◽  
Jovana Hrustic ◽  
Milica Mihajlovic ◽  
Mila Grahovac ◽  
Goran Delibasic ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Botrytis Cinerea ◽  
Developmental Stages ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Brown Rot ◽  
Grey Mould ◽  
Application Rate ◽  
Causal Agent ◽  
Necrotrophic Pathogen ◽  
Fruit Decay ◽  
Almost All

Botrytis cinerea, the causal agent of grey mould, greatly affects fruit, grapevine, vegetable and ornamental crops production. It is a common causal agent of diseases in plants grown in protected areas, as well as fruit decay during storage and transport. The fungus invades almost all parts of the plant in all developmental stages, and the symptoms are usually described as grey mould, grey mildew, brown rot and seedling blight. The paper reviews the current knowledge on control possibilities of this necrotrophic pathogen. The attention is particularly paid to the mode of action of novel fungicides and to the problem of resistance. It is pointed out that by limiting the number of treatments in the growing season, avoiding the use of only one fungicide with a high risk for resistance development, appropriate application rate and timing, using mixtures of pesticides with different modes of action, as well as by alternative use of pesticides from different resistance groups, a longterm preservation of pesticide efficacy is provided.

scholarly journals Characterisation of Growth Variability and Mycelial Compatibility of Botrytis Cinerea Isolates Originated from Apple and Strawberry in Lithuania

2017 ◽  
Vol 71 (3) ◽  
pp. 217-224 ◽  
Author(s):  
Neringa Rasiukevičiūtė ◽  
Inga Moročko-Bičevska ◽  
Audrius Sasnauskas
Keyword(s):  
Botrytis Cinerea ◽  
Grey Mould ◽  
Growth Conditions ◽  
Fruit Crops ◽  
Necrotrophic Pathogen ◽  
Growth Variability ◽  
Horticultural Crops ◽  
Mycelial Compatibility ◽  
Agar Media ◽  
Very High

Abstract Botrytis cinerea Pers.:Fr. is a widespread necrotrophic pathogen causing grey mould on many economically important horticultural crops. The variability in various B. cinerea populations is known to be very high. Despite the economic importance, the variability of B. cinerea has not been investigated previously on fruit crops in Lithuania. The aim of the study was to characterise the variability of B. cinerea strains isolated from strawberry and apple in different growth conditions on various agar media and to assess mycelial compatibility among the isolates. Larger colony diameter after four days of incubation was observed for isolates from strawberry on potato dextrose and beer universal agars in 24 h dark or light regime, followed by pectin agar in 24 h light. Similarly, the maximum radial growth of the isolates from apple was on potato dextrose agar (dark), followed by beer universal agar (dark and light), after four days of incubation at 20 °C. In the mycelial compatibility tests, barrage formation was evident in mycelial contacts between several isolates, indicating their vegetative incompatibility. The tests revealed that 76% were compatible and 24% were incompatible among investigated strains.

scholarly journals POPULATION GENOMICS REVEALS MOLECULAR DETERMINANTS OF SPECIALIZATION TO TOMATO IN THE POLYPHAGOUS FUNGAL PATHOGEN BOTRYTIS CINEREA

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alex Mercier ◽  
Adeline Simon ◽  
Nicolas Lapalu ◽  
Tatiana Giraud ◽  
Marc Bardin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Botrytis Cinerea ◽  
Fungal Pathogen ◽  
Plant Pathogens ◽  
Population Genomics ◽  
Grey Mould ◽  
Host Specialization ◽  
Genomic Changes ◽  
Fungal Plant Pathogens ◽  
Synonymous Sites ◽  
Pathogen Populations

AbstractMany fungal plant pathogens encompass multiple populations specialized on different plant species. Understanding the factors underlying pathogen adaptation to their hosts is a major challenge of evolutionary microbiology, and it should help preventing the emergence of new specialized pathogens on novel hosts. Previous studies have shown that French populations of the grey mould pathogen Botrytis cinerea parasitizing tomato and grapevine are differentiated from each other, and have higher aggressiveness on their host-of-origin than on other hosts, indicating some degree of host specialization in this polyphagous pathogen. Here, we aimed at identifying the genomic features underlying the specialization of B. cinerea populations to tomato and grapevine. Based on whole genome sequences of 32 isolates, we confirmed the subdivision of B. cinerea pathogens into two genetic clusters on grapevine and another, single cluster on tomato. Levels of genetic variation in the different clusters were similar, suggesting that the tomato-specific cluster has not recently emerged following a bottleneck. Using genome scans for selective sweeps and divergent selection, tests of positive selection based on polymorphism and divergence at synonymous and non-synonymous sites and analyses of presence/absence variation, we identified several candidate genes that represent possible determinants of host specialization in the tomato-associated population. This work deepens our understanding of the genomic changes underlying the specialization of fungal pathogen populations.

scholarly journals Loss of bcbrn1 and bcpks13 in Botrytis cinerea Not Only Blocks Melanization But Also Increases Vegetative Growth and Virulence

2015 ◽  
Vol 28 (10) ◽  
pp. 1091-1101 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chenghua Zhang ◽  
Yifan He ◽  
Pinkuan Zhu ◽  
Lu Chen ◽  
Yiwen Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Botrytis Cinerea ◽  
Plant Cell Wall ◽  
Hydrolytic Enzyme ◽  
Complete Medium ◽  
Cell Wall Degrading Enzymes ◽  
Mycelium Growth ◽  
Necrotrophic Pathogen ◽  
Melanin Biosynthesis

Botrytis cinerea is a necrotrophic pathogen that causes gray mold disease in a broad range of plants. Dihydroxynaphthalene (DHN) melanin is a major component of the extracellular matrix of B. cinerea, but knowledge of the exact role of melanin biosynthesis in this pathogen is unclear. In this study, we characterize two genes in B. cinerea, bcpks13 and bcbrn1, encoding polyketide synthase and tetrahydroxynaphthalene (THN) reductases, respectively, and both have predicted roles in DHN melanin biosynthesis. The ∆bcpks13 and ∆bcbrn1 mutants show white and orange pigmentation, respectively, and the mutants are also deficient in conidiation in vitro but show enhanced growth rates and virulence on hosts. Moreover, the mutants display elevated acidification of the complete medium (CM), probably due to oxalic acid secretion and secretion of cell wall–degrading enzymes, and preferably utilize plant cell-wall components as carbon sources for mycelium growth in vitro. In contrast, overexpression of bcbrn1 (OE::bcbrn1 strain) results in attenuated hydrolytic enzyme secretion, acidification ability, and virulence. Taken together, these results indicate that bcpks13 and bcbrn1 participate in diverse cellular and developmental processes, such as melanization and conidiation in B. cinerea in vitro, but they negatively regulate the virulence of this pathogen.

scholarly journals Population genetic results of Hungarian Botrytis cinerea isolates establishing new technologies with decreased chemical usage against grey mould

2012 ◽  
pp. 259-261
Author(s):  
Erzsébet Sándor
Keyword(s):  
Botrytis Cinerea ◽  
New Technologies ◽  
Plant Protection ◽  
Molecular Genetic ◽  
Crop Protection ◽  
Grey Mould ◽  
Gray Mold ◽  
High Rate ◽  
High Genetic Diversity ◽  
Group I

Botrytis cinerea causes gray mold on a high number of crop plants. Information about the populations of plant pathogen fungi may help to develop new strategies for the effective and economic crop protection with reduced fungicide usage. Hungarian B. cinerea populations were characterized with using different molecular genetic parameters. B. cinerea group I strains, characterized with high rate of fenhexamid resistance, could be detected only in restricted number. The Hungarian B. cinerea populations were characterized with high genetic diversity, and the regular occurrence of sexual reproduction. These results highlight the importance of rotating different type of fungicide in the plant protection technology against grey mould.

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