scholarly journals Global Commodity Markets, Chinese Demand for Maize, and Deforestation in Northern Myanmar

Land ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (11) ◽  
pp. 1232
Author(s):  
Enze Han ◽  
Qiongyu Huang
Keyword(s):  
Significant Contribution ◽  
Environmental Changes ◽  
Market Access ◽  
Field Research ◽  
Commodity Price ◽  
Forest Change ◽  
Ground Field ◽  
Global Trends ◽  
Global Commodity Markets ◽  
Local Farmers

This paper makes a significant contribution to understanding the logic of deforestation in Northern Myanmar and connects global trends and regional political economy with local environmental changes. Methodologically, through a combination of remote sensing GIS analysis, for which we use a newly available Myanmar Forest Change dataset produced by TerraPulse and the Smithsonian Conservation Biology Institute, as well as on-the-ground field research observations and interviews with farmers, this paper examines how the expansion of maize plantations in the northern part of Myanmar has implications for deforestation in the region. It argues that a combination of global commodity price shock around 2011–2012 plus easy market access to China generated strong incentives for local farmers to increase the cultivation of maize. The paper contributes to how we understand the environmental impacts of Chinese demands for agricultural products in Southeast Asia.

Understanding a “Broken World”

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dianna Bell
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Religious Beliefs ◽  
Environmental Changes ◽  
Field Research ◽  
Beliefs And Practices ◽  
Political Ideas ◽  
Religion And Ethics ◽  
The World ◽  
Broken World

The chapter and the Mali field research it is based on reveal how Muslim subjects in Mali encounter climate change and respond to it with a fascinating and creative blend of religious and political ideas. Ethnographic anecdotes relate the environmental changes that people in Ouélessébougou have confronted during their lifetimes and illustrate how residents dealt with the causes of climate change. In southern Mali, residents’ religious beliefs and practices played a central role in their interpretations of climate change and their criticisms of the moral state of the world in their blend of politics, religion, and ethics to assess causality and find meaning in chronic, climate-change-related drought.

scholarly journals Conflict, institutional changes and food insecurity in eastern D.R. Congo

Afrika Focus ◽  
2009 ◽  
Vol 22 (2) ◽  
pp. 41-63 ◽  
Author(s):  
Els Lecoutere ◽  
Koen Vlassenroot ◽  
Timothy Raeymaekers
Keyword(s):  
Food Insecurity ◽  
Democratic Republic ◽  
Market Access ◽  
Democratic Republic Of Congo ◽  
Rural Households ◽  
Field Research ◽  
Livelihood Strategies ◽  
Institutional Changes ◽  
Long Run ◽  
The Impact

The protracted crisis in eastern Democratic Republic of Congo that lasted from 1996 till 2003 aggravated processes of land alienation and reduced market access. Field research conducted in 2005 in three eastern DR.C areas shows that these processes made rural households increasingly vulnerable and deepened structural causes of food insecurity. Households adapt their livelihood strategies because of the need to deal with the impact of different adversities and to anticipate various risks threatening their livelihoods. This further erodes the resilience of poorly endowed households and forces them to forsake food security in the long run to avoid acute destitution. Yet, standard food relief interventions often solely focus on direct food availability and fail to address the underlying structural causes for food insecurity such as limited access to land and markets. We recommend a combination of interventions that address both in order to lift rural households in protracted crisis situations out of the food insecurity trap.

Strategic National Urban Forest Inventory for the United States

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christopher B Edgar ◽  
David J Nowak ◽  
Mark A Majewsky ◽  
Tonya W Lister ◽  
James A Westfall ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Forest Inventory ◽  
Environmental Changes ◽  
Urban Forest ◽  
Urban Expansion ◽  
Urban Forests ◽  
Strategic Plan ◽  
The United States ◽  
Forest Change ◽  
Urban Settings

Abstract In response to the strategic plan required by the Agricultural Act of 2014, the USDA Forest Service Forest Inventory and Analysis (FIA) program is initiating a strategic inventory of the nation’s urban forests. The inventory is designed to provide timely and credible data on urban forests, thereby meeting an expanding need for information on trees located in communities where more than 80% of people live. The program monitors the status and trends of trees in urban settings (i.e., urban forests), enabling assessment of their composition and structure, ecosystem services and values, health, and risk from pests and disease. At full implementation with funding, resources, and partnerships in place, the program as designed would provide annual updates of urban forest conditions on approximately 68 million acres of land and for 100 of the most populous cities in the United States. The traditional forestland inventory of FIA continues and is complemented by the new urban inventory providing the means for a more complete assessment of the tree and forest resources across the United States. Study Implications Urban forests provide many benefits that improve the quality of life for people residing in urban settings. By initiating an urban inventory, the FIA program seeks to provide consistent, timely, and credible data about urban forests across the United States and thereby meet the needs of users and partners as expressed in its strategic plan. In addition to baseline information, the urban inventory will provide information on urban forest change for managers to help guide or mitigate forest and environmental changes to desirable outcomes. State, regional, and national urban forest assessments useful to setting policy will be strengthened by the standardized data collection procedures. The urban inventory is a significant step toward more seamless rural-urban monitoring and “all tree” assessments that will be necessary to address the challenges that urban expansion presents to adjacent rural and forestlands.

Contribuții la cercetarea etnoiatriei în Maramureș

2016 ◽  
Vol 30 ◽  
pp. 83-94
Author(s):  
Pamfil Bilțiu ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Rural Communities ◽  
Significant Contribution ◽  
Field Research ◽  
Unique Character ◽  
The People ◽  
Unexplored Area ◽  
Oil Water ◽  
The Rich ◽  
Cereal Plants

Our research is designed to mark a significant contribution to the study of an unexplored area in Maramures until now, so it has a unique character. In the first part we analyzed the role of the healer in the rural communities, and we focused on identifying the cause of the disease, in order to treat it. We then presented the system of measures to protect people’s health, highlighting the role and functions of amulets and charms. The investigation part of the introduction is an analysis of the circumstances and factors that generated the folk pharmacopoeia, giving importance to the composition of remedies used to treat various diseases and to the cure categories: hemostatic, astringent, cicatrising, toxic. We wrote in the recipe book different categories of medicines used for a single disease, with a view to highlight its alternative treating, counting on a better result of its healing. We focused our analysis on the elements that make up the rich folk pharmacopoeia: plants, chemicals, fruits, vegetables, cereal plants, trees, resins, wax and honey, oil, water - sometimes prepared magically etc. In the second part of the investigation, we reproduced, based on information provided by performers, results of the field research, a rich medical recipe book meant to show the richness of the folk pharmacopoeia, and the variety of internal and external diseases that were treated by a lot of remedies which we grouped in simple remedies, cure based on combinations, and remedies necessary in treatments that use magic or in mixed form, counting on magic combined with medicines. We have not omitted to point out the beliefs-bans and superstitions, made by man of the people, to act in order to prevent diseases.

Designing Marketplace Literacy Education in Resource-Constrained Contexts: Implications for Public Policy and Marketing

2009 ◽  
Vol 28 (1) ◽  
pp. 85-94 ◽  
Author(s):  
Madhubalan Viswanathan ◽  
Srinivas Sridharan ◽  
Roland Gau ◽  
Robin Ritchie
Keyword(s):  
Procedural Knowledge ◽  
Market Access ◽  
Marketing Research ◽  
Field Research ◽  
Educational Interventions ◽  
Literacy Education ◽  
Lessons Learned ◽  
Key Factors ◽  
Know How ◽  
Informed Consumer

This article describes the findings of an immersive program of field research on consumers living in poverty in South India and the lessons learned from the development and operation of educational interventions designed to enhance the marketplace literacy of these consumers. Whereas extant research and practice have traditionally addressed two key factors that facilitate market participation for the poor—market access and financial resources—the current research focuses on a third critical and complementary factor—namely, marketplace literacy. The authors contend that to sustainably benefit from enhanced market access and resources, (1) people living in subsistence conditions need to develop tactical or procedural knowledge, or concrete “know-how,” regarding how to be an informed consumer or seller, and (2) this know-how must be grounded in conceptual/strategic knowledge, or “know-why” understanding, of marketplace exchanges. To that end, the educational program outlined begins by familiarizing participants with the purpose and logic of marketplaces and then transitions to the tangible aspects of how these marketplaces function. The article concludes with reflection on the implications for consumer policy, marketing research, and business practice.

scholarly journals Pergerakan Sosial Perempuan Pesisir dalam Memperjuangkan Hak Asasi Manusia dan Kesetaraan Gender

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 105-117
Author(s):  
Ratna Indrawasih ◽  
Lengga Pradipta
Keyword(s):  
Social Movement ◽  
Significant Contribution ◽  
Field Research ◽  
Family Needs ◽  
Poverty Level ◽  
Legal Subject ◽  
Secondary Sources ◽  
Productive Activities ◽  
Building Program ◽  
Capacity Building Program

Komunitas pesisir di Indonesia sangat rentan dengan kemiskinan. Untuk mengatasi kemiskinan, kontribusi dari laki laki dan perempuan sangat dibutuhkan. Menurut data terkini, terdapat 2.7 juta nelayan di Indonesia dan mayoritas berada di garis kemiskinan. Nelayan yang masuk dalam kategori ini bukan hanya nelayan laki–laki, namun juga nelayan perempuan. Berbicara mengenai nelayan, laki–laki selalu menjadi sentra utama dalam kegiatan perikanan. Namun pada kenyatannya, di beberapa daerah di Indonesia, kaum perempuan cenderung memiliki peranan lebih signifikan dibanding laki-laki, baik di area domestik maupun pada kegiatan produktif yang berhubungan dengan perikanan. Artikel ini bertujuan untuk menganalisa keterlibatan serta peran perempuan pesisir dalam memenuhi kebutuhan hidup keluarganya serta memberikan pemahaman mengenai kondisi serta pergerakan sosial perempuan pesisir Demak, agar keberadaan mereka diakui oleh pemerintah. Artikel ini dibuat berdasarkan hasil penelitian di Kabupaten Demak dengan menggunakan metode kualitatif melalui pengumpulan data primer (ke lapangan) dan analisa data sekunder. Hasil yang diperoleh melalui penelitian ini menggambarkan bahwa perempuan nelayan di Kabupaten Demak telah menyadari bahwa mereka harus melakukan pergerakan sosial agar bisa memperjuangkan hak dan kesetaraan mereka sebagai subjek hukum yang diakui oleh negara karena melalui pergerakan tersebut barulah mereka bisa mengakses segala program peningkatan kapasitas yang bermanfaat untuk pengurangan kemiskinan.   In Indonesian coastal communities, poverty is becoming one of the major issue. To eradicate poverty, there should be a significant contribution from male and female. According to the latest data, there are 2.7 million fishermen in Indonesia who trapped in poverty. Fishermen who included in this category are not only male, but also female. Discussing about fishermen, male have always been the main centers in fishing activities. But in fact, in some regions in Indonesia, women have more significant role than men, both in the domestic area and in productive activities. This article aims to analyze the involvement of coastal women in fulfilling their family needs as well as to give such understanding about their vivid condition in conducting social movement, so that their existence will be acknowledged by government. This article is based on field research conducted in Demak regency using qualitative methods, such as data collected from primary and secondary sources. The result of this research elucidates that fisherwomen in Demak has realized that they need to conduct social movement to fight for the rights and equalities as the legal subject of a State, because through that movement, then they might access the capacity building program which can eradicate their poverty level.

Introduction

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elisabeth Jay Friedman
Keyword(s):  
Conceptual Framework ◽  
Latin American ◽  
Political Representation ◽  
Field Research ◽  
Legal Reform ◽  
Global South ◽  
Gender And Sexuality ◽  
Information Ecology ◽  
Global Trends ◽  
Identity Recognition

The introduction sets out the conceptual framework and main subjects of the book. It acquaints readers with a feminist sociomaterial approach, which analyzes technology and society, particularly its gendered aspects, as an integrated whole, by insisting on the need to analyze internet practices in context. It also explains why Latin American feminist and queer counterpublics are ideal sites for the evaluation of global trends in digitally enhanced activism. This has been the Global South region at the forefront of internet adoption, as well as one where long-standing, vibrant, and diverse gender- and sexuality-based organizing has achieved notable successes in terms of political representation, legal reform, and identity recognition. The introduction also delves into why counterpublics are a key “information ecology” in which to study the mutual constitution of internet and society. It then covers the field research upon which the analysis is based, and offers an overview of the remaining chapters.

scholarly journals PRINSIP-PRINSIP GATS (GENERAL AGREEMENT ON TRADE IN SERVICES) TERHADAP PERDAGANGAN JASA PENDIDIKAN TINGGI

2017 ◽  
Vol 5 (4) ◽  
pp. 757
Author(s):  
Alberta Hartiana
Keyword(s):  
Higher Education ◽  
International Trade ◽  
Market Access ◽  
Trade In Services ◽  
National Treatment ◽  
Reliable System ◽  
Global Trends ◽  
Services Sector ◽  
Fair And Equitable Treatment ◽  
Equitable Treatment

International trade in higher education belongs to the more complex reality in the international trade in services, become global trends and reform in system of higher education all over the world. This research is aimed at finding out both modes of supply and principles of GATS regarding international trade in services. The main objective of the GATS is creating a credible and reliable system of international trade rules; ensuring fair and equitable treatment of all members; stimulating economic activity through guaranteed policy bindings and promoting trade and development through progressive liberalization. This study used normative research. The method used for collecting data was the statute approach. Primary legal sources derived from WTO Trade in Services Division regarding GATS obligations and the principles of the international trade in services. The result of this study, it was found that, there were four modes of supply trade in education under GATS (article 1:2) such as: cross-border supply; consumption abroad; commercial presence and delivery abroad; and the principles of GATS divided into two categories; Firstly, unconditionally obligations, such as the Most-Favoured Nation (article II GATS) and Transparency (article III GATS) apply directly and automatically to all WTO members and services sector regardless of whether WTO member schedule commitment or not; Secondly, conditionally obligations such as: National Treatment (article XVII) and Market Access (article XVI)  and only applies to commitment listed in national schedules.Perdagangan internasional dalam pendidikan tinggi milik realitas yang lebih kompleks dalam perdagangan internasional di bidang jasa, menjadi tren global dan reformasi dalam sistem pendidikan tinggi di seluruh dunia. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui model-model pasokan dan prinsip-prinsip GATS mengenai perdagangan internasional di bidang jasa. Tujuan utama dari GATS adalah menciptakan sistem yang kredibel dan terpercaya aturan perdagangan internasional; memastikan perlakuan yang adil dan merata dari seluruh anggota; merangsang kegiatan ekonomi melalui binding kebijakan dijamin dan mempromosikan perdagangan dan pembangunan melalui liberalisasi yang progresif. Penelitian ini menggunakan penelitian normatif. Metode yang digunakan untuk mengumpulkan data adalah pendekatan undang-undang. Sumber hukum primer berasal dari WTO/GATS Divisi Perdagangan Jasa mengenai kewajiban dan prinsip-prinsip perdagangan internasional di bidang jasa. Hasil penelitian ini, ditemukan bahwa, ada empat model perdagangan pasokan dalam pendidikan di bawah GATS (pasal 1: 2) seperti: pasokan lintas batas; Konsumsi di luar negeri; Kehadiran komersial dan pengiriman luar negeri; dan prinsip-prinsip GATS dibagi menjadi dua kategori; Pertama, kategori kewajiban tanpa syarat, yaitu: Most-Favoured Nation (pasal II GATS) dan Transparansi (pasal III GATS) berlaku secara langsung dan secara otomatis kepada semua anggota WTO dan sektor jasa terlepas dari apakah anggota WTO membuat jadwal  komitmen atau tidak; Kedua, kewajiban dengan persyaratan seperti: Perlakuan Nasional (pasal XVII) dan Akses Pasar (pasal XVI) dan hanya diaplikasikan terhadap daftar komitmen yang tercantum dalam jadwal nasional.

Through the Japanese field research in Greenland: A changing natural environment and its impact on human society

Polar Record ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 56 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shin Sugiyama
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Changes ◽  
Field Research ◽  
Local Communities ◽  
Local Economy ◽  
Human Society ◽  
Multidisciplinary Study ◽  
Abrupt Changes ◽  
Resource Exploration ◽  
The Village

Abstract Under the influence of a rapidly warming climate, abrupt changes have been observed along the coast of Greenland. This commentary is based on a Japanese research project initiated in 2012, in which we examined the recent changes in the coastal environment and their impacts on human society in Qaanaaq, a village in northwestern Greenland. Initially, our research sought to quantify the mass loss of glaciers and its interaction with the ocean in the Qaanaaq region. Over the course of the project in collaboration with local communities, we soon realised that the changes in glaciers and the ocean directly impacted the ~600 residents of Qaanaaq. We observed natural disasters triggered by climate change. Environmental changes are also important for local economy and industry because loss of sea ice may lead to growth in transportation, tourism and mineral resource exploration. In order to share the results of our study with the Qaanaaq community, and to gain understanding of local and traditional knowledge, we organised an annual meeting in the village every summer since 2016. Our experience demonstrates the critical importance of performing a long-term multidisciplinary study, including participation of the local communities to understand the changing environment, and to contribute to a sustainable future in Qaanaaq.

scholarly journals DO BRASIL PARA MOÇAMBIQUE: transferência e implementação do programa mais alimentos

2020 ◽  
Vol 24 (2) ◽  
pp. 782
Author(s):  
Letícia Cunha de Andrade Oliveira ◽  
Adriana Schor
Keyword(s):  
Market Access ◽  
Field Research ◽  
Small Farmers ◽  
Technical Cooperation ◽  
Agricultural Machinery ◽  
International Program ◽  
Credit Line ◽  
Rural Zone

O Programa Mais Alimentos Internacional combina a convencional cooperação técnica em agricultura com uma linha de crédito direcionada a pequenos agricultores moçambicanos para aquisição de maquinário brasileiro para o mercado agrícola. O objetivo deste artigo é analisar o processo de implementação do PMAI em Moçambique. Para tanto, realiza cerca de quarenta entrevistas no Brasil e em Moçambique, uma pesquisa de campo de quinze dias em onze municípios de Moçambique, inclusive na zona rural, e análise de comunicação telegráfica entre os governos brasileiro e moçambicano. Acombinação dessas técnicas permitiu concluir que a) o PMAI em Moçambique não impactou significativamente nenhum dos lados envolvidos na cooperação, b) o Brasil pode superar o discurso tradicional da diplomacia e se beneficiar dacooperação sul-sul através de ganhos comerciais e c) o PMAI, embora tenha proporcionado aumento da produtividade dos agricultores moçambicanos de forma geral, esbarrou no problema do acesso ao mercado.Palavras-chave: Programa Mais Alimentos Internacional. Brasil. Moçambique. Transferência. Implementação.FROM BRAZIL TO MOZAMBIQUE: transference and implementation of More Food ProgramAbstractMore Food Program combines the conventional technical cooperation in agriculture with a credit line directed to Mozambican small farmers for acquiring Brazilian agricultural machinery. This article aims at analyzing MFP’s implementation in Mozambique, goal that was fulfilled through the following techniques - almost forty interviews in Brazil and Mozambique, a field research in eleven Mozambican municipalities, including the rural zone, and analysis of telegraphic communication between Brazilian and Mozambican governments. The combination of these techniques showed that a) MFP did not materially impact any of the sides involved in this cooperation, b) Brazil can overcome traditional diplomatic discourse and benefit from south-south cooperation through commercial gains and c) MFP enables Mozambican farmers to increase their productivity but comes into conflict with market access issues.Keywords: More Food International Program. Brazil. Mozambique. Transference. Implementation.

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