scholarly journals Evolution and Collapse of Ejidos in Mexico—To What Extent Is Communal Land Used for Urban Development?

Land ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (10) ◽  
pp. 146 ◽  
Author(s):  
Melissa Schumacher ◽  
Pamela Durán-Díaz ◽  
Anne Kristiina Kurjenoja ◽  
Eduardo Gutiérrez-Juárez ◽  
David A. González-Rivas
Keyword(s):  
Rural Communities ◽  
Urban Development ◽  
Land Tenure ◽  
Land Use Changes ◽  
Real Estate Market ◽  
Google Earth ◽  
Local Planning ◽  
Private Sector Development ◽  
Communal Land ◽  
San Andres

The ejido system, based on communal land in Mexico, was transformed to private ownership due to neoliberal trends in the 1990s. Based on the theory of stakeholders being agents of change, this study aimed to describe the land policies that changed the ejido system into private development to show how land tenure change is shaping urban growth. To demonstrate this, municipalities of San Andrés Cholula and Santa Clara Ocoyucan were selected as case studies. Within this context, we evaluated how much ejido land is being urbanized due to real estate market forces and what type of urbanization model has been created. These two areas represent different development scales with different stakeholders—San Andrés Cholula, where ejidos were expropriated as part of a regional urban development plan and Santa Clara Ocoyucan, where ejidos and rural land were reached by private developers without local planning. To analyze both municipalities, historical satellite images from Google Earth were used with GRASS GIS 7.4 (Bonn, Germany) and corrected with QGIS 2.18 (Boston, MA, US). We found that privatization of ejidos fragmented and segregated the rural world for the construction of massive gated communities as an effect of a disturbing land tenure change that has occurred over the last 30 years. Hence, this research questions the roles of local authorities in permitting land use changes with no regulations or local planning. The resulting urbanization model is a private sector development that isolates rural communities in their own territories, for which we provide recommendations.

scholarly journals Evolution and Collapse of Ejidos in Mexico: How Far is Communal Land Used for Urban Development?

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Melissa Schumacher ◽  
Pamela Durán-Díaz ◽  
Anne Kristiina Kurjenoja ◽  
Eduardo Gutiérrez-Juárez ◽  
David A. González-Rivas
Keyword(s):  
Rural Communities ◽  
Urban Development ◽  
Land Tenure ◽  
Real Estate Market ◽  
Google Earth ◽  
Local Planning ◽  
Private Sector Development ◽  
Communal Land ◽  
Rural World

The ejido system in Mexico based on communal land was transformed for private ownership due to neoliberal trends during 1990. This research describes the evolution of Mexican land policies that changed the ejido system into private development to answer why land tenure change is shaping urban growth. To demonstrate this, municipalities of San Andrés Cholula and Ocoyucan were selected as a case study. Within this context, we evaluated how much ejido land is being urbanized due to real estate market forces and what type of urbanization model is created. These two areas represent different development scales: S.A. Cholula where its ejidos were expropriated as part of a regional urban development plan; and Ocoyucan where its ejidos and rural land were reached by private developers without local planning. To analyze both municipalities, historical satellite images from Google Earth were used with GRASS GIS 7.4 and corrected with QGIS 2.18. We found that privatization of ejidos fragmented and segregated the rural world for the construction of massive gated-communities. Therefore, a disturbing land tenure change occurred during the last 30 years, hence this research questions the role of local authorities in permitting land use change without regulations or local planning. The resulting urbanization model is a private sector development that isolates rural communities in their own territories, for which we provide recommendations.

Just Sustainability in the Global South: A Case Study of the Megacity of Dhaka

2018 ◽  
Vol 34 (4) ◽  
pp. 401-424 ◽  
Author(s):  
Saleh Ahmed ◽  
Mahbubur Meenar
Keyword(s):  
Urban Development ◽  
Land Tenure ◽  
Global South ◽  
Real Estate Market ◽  
Capital City ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Slum Dwellers ◽  
Just Sustainability ◽  
Policy And Planning

Dhaka, the capital city of Bangladesh, accommodates 18 million people and is one of the largest megacities in the world. A large share of its population is poor and lives in informal settlements which can be called slums. In addition to precarious and unhealthy living conditions, these slum dwellers lack formal land tenure rights and therefore are subject to government-supported evictions. Slum evictions due to various urban development pressures may bring short-term benefits to the urban real estate market but have adverse long-term effects on sustainability and livelihoods of the city’s poor residents. Using the conceptual lens of just sustainability (JS)—which facilitates an investigation of the normative and practical challenges of sustainability and environmental justice—the authors argue that urban development in Dhaka needs to ensure social justice and sustainability. While the geographic focus of this article is Dhaka, this study has direct relevance—in terms of policy and planning implications—for other cities in the Global South.

scholarly journals LAND USE CHANGES AND SOCIOECONOMIC CONDITIONS OF COMMUNITIES ALONG THE CARAJÁS RAILROAD IN EASTERN AMAZONIA

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Laís Cristo ◽  
Marco Santos ◽  
Valente Matlaba
Keyword(s):  
Land Use ◽  
Rural Communities ◽  
Satellite Images ◽  
Statistical Tests ◽  
Land Use Changes ◽  
Google Earth ◽  
Joint Analysis ◽  
Socioeconomic Indicators ◽  
Significance Level ◽  
Student’S T

Studies on communities along large railroad infrastructures are very relevant because their operations can present socioeconomic and environmental impacts. This article examines the socioeconomic and environmental conditions of 32 communities directly affected by the Carajás Railroad, located in Pará and Maranhão states, eastern Amazon. The study analyses land-use changes in the territory and the indicators of those dimensions from 2010 to 2017. The environmental dimension involved qualitative analysis of satellite images from Google Earth, whereas the socioeconomic examined 17 variables collected during fieldwork in 2016 and 2017. To compare the indicators between urban and rural communities, the statistical tests of Kolmogorov Smirnov normality, the parametric Student’s t, and the non-parametric Mann-Whitney and Kruskal-Wallis were conducted, considering a 5% significance level. Overall, the results show urban communities are in better condition and that those on the Maranhão railroad side are in a less sustainable situation. The study also found that the community’s location along the railroad is associated with the forms of land-use and occupation in the territory; and directly influences the living conditions of locals since, in the communities near the railroad, there was a higher variation in land cover and socioeconomic indicators. The joint analysis of socioeconomic data with satellite images, in defined periods, can subsidize actions aimed at reducing risk situations and increasing the resilience and communities’ sustainability endeavors.

scholarly journals Economic Consequences of Adopting Local Spatial Development Plans for the Spatial Management System: The Case of Poland

Land ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 112
Author(s):  
Przemysław Śleszyński ◽  
Maciej Nowak ◽  
Paweł Sudra ◽  
Magdalena Załęczna ◽  
Małgorzata Blaszke
Keyword(s):  
Management System ◽  
Institutional Economics ◽  
Private Property ◽  
Size Structure ◽  
Spatial Development ◽  
Real Estate Market ◽  
Economic Consequences ◽  
Local Planning ◽  
The Real Estate ◽  
Spatial Management

The spatial management system in Poland struggles with serious costs as a consequence of local planning. The problem is the lack of appropriate value capturing mechanisms and cost compensation for municipalities, along with significant burdens. Private property is subject to special protection, but the public good is less valued. The article attempts to assess the situation in Poland, recalling also the experiences of spatial management systems from other European countries. It combines legal, economic, and geographical perspectives. The specific objectives were demonstration of geographical (interregional and functional) regularities related to the economic (financial) consequences of adopting local plans and identification of financial effects resulting from the implementation of local plans in communes, i.e., in particular, their size, structure of revenues (income), and expenditures, in relations with the budgets of municipalities and the population living in communes. First, the determinants of spatial policy were defined in the context of institutional economics and the real estate market. Then, a unique database of forecasted and realized budgetary revenues and expenditures of 2477 communes in Poland related to spatial development (infrastructure construction, land transformation, purchase, etc.) was analyzed statistically. Additionally, for five selected communes of different functional types, this issue was examined in detail. It has been shown that municipalities do not derive adequate income from spatial development, and improper policy of local self-governments results in heavy burdens, threatening to disturb their financial balance. The formulated conclusions regarding the legal, economic, and spatial mechanisms may contribute to building tools (instruments) for more effective spatial management in various countries.

Origins of the Mass Party

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Edwin F. Ackerman
Keyword(s):  
Land Tenure ◽  
Critical Mass ◽  
Political Organization ◽  
Local Administration ◽  
Partido Revolucionario Institucional ◽  
Communal Property ◽  
Communal Land ◽  
Land Privatization ◽  
Village Government ◽  
Property Holding

This book argues that the mass party emerged as the product of two distinct but related “primitive accumulations”—the dismantling of communal land tenure and the corresponding dispossession of the means of local administration. It illustrates this argument by studying the party central to one of the longest regimes of the 20th century—the Partido Revolucionario Institucional (PRI) in Mexico, which emerged as a mass party during the 1930s and 1940s. I place the PRI in comparative perspective, studying the failed emergence of Bolivia’s Movimiento Nacionalista Revolucionario (MNR) (1952–64), attempted under similar conditions as the Mexican case. Why was party emergence successful in one case but not the other? The PRI emerged as a mass party in areas in Mexico where land privatization was more intensive and communal village government was weakened, enabling the party’s construction and subsequent absorption of peasant unions and organizations. Ultimately, the overall strength of communal property-holding and concomitant traditional political authority structures blocked the emergence of the MNR as a mass party. Where economic and political expropriation was more pronounced, there was a critical mass of individuals available for political organization, with articulatable interests, and a burgeoning cast of professional politicians that facilitated connections between the party and the peasantry.

scholarly journals Dinamika Kepentingan dan Interaksi Sosial Pedesaan: Studi Implikasi Alih Fungsi Lahan

2016 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 64
Author(s):  
Dhina Yuliana ◽  
Faris Rahmadian ◽  
Nana Kristiawan ◽  
Selvy Anggriani Syarif
Keyword(s):  
Land Use ◽  
Rural Communities ◽  
Social Interactions ◽  
Social Relations ◽  
Land Use Changes ◽  
Land Conversion ◽  
The West ◽  
The Social ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
Housing Estates

Land-use changes or land conversion issues not only poses a threat of ecological or environmental, but also trigger a variety of dynamics and complexity of social relations in it. West Cilebut Villages has been the target of investors and developers of housing since the 1990s, and now the West Cilebut Villages has changed from an area full of green “romantic” village, into the region filled with concrete. Therefore, this study was conducted to answer fundamental issues related to the issue of land conversion in the West Cilebut Village, first is to see the map and interests between actors in relation to land conversion in the West Cilebut Village, and second to know the social interactions dynamics that occur in West Cilebut community, following the land conversion from the farm into housing estates. The results showed that there are three main actors in relation to issues of land use change in West Cilebut Village: (1) The Housing Developer; (2) Village Apparatus / Government; (3) Society; where the three actors have a role and importance of different orientations. Meanwhile, social interaction between housing and rural communities basically shows a relationship of mutual need. Construction of housing community that luxurious and exclusive slowly turns into inclusive and reflect a resiprocity of the two communities. 

scholarly journals The Concept of “Indigenous Land Tenure” Surfaces in Namibia: A Comparative Overview ‒ Agnes Kahimbi Kashela v Katima Mulilo Town Council (SA 15/2017) [2018] NASC 409 (16 November 2018)

Obiter ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 42 (1) ◽  
pp. 175-185
Author(s):  
George Barrie
Keyword(s):  
West Africa ◽  
Land Tenure ◽  
The State ◽  
Traditional Authority ◽  
South West ◽  
The Supreme Court ◽  
Communal Land ◽  
South West Africa ◽  
Communal Lands ◽  
Indigenous Land

The facts in this case, which fell to be decided by the Supreme Court of Namibia in November 2018, can be succinctly put: in 1985, Ms Kashela’s late father was allocated a piece of land as part of communal land by the Mafwe Traditional Authority (MTA) in the Caprivi region of the then-South West Africa (now Namibia). In 1985, the Caprivi region fell under the then-South West Africa Administration. Following the independence of Namibia on 21 March 1990, all communal lands became property of the state of Namibia by virtue of section 124 of the Constitution of Namibia Act 1 of 1990, read with Schedule 5 of the Constitution. Paragraph (3) of Schedule 5 of the Constitution states that the afore-mentioned communal lands became property of the state “subject to any existing right, charge, obligation or trust existing on or over such property”.

Information Acquisition and Conservation Farming Practices for Sustainable Agriculture in Rural Vietnam

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
pp. 32-48
Author(s):  
Quynh Anh Le Thi ◽  
◽  
Yasuharu Shimamura ◽  
Hiroyuki Yamada ◽  
◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Rural Communities ◽  
Sustainable Agriculture ◽  
Land Tenure ◽  
Information Acquisition ◽  
Agricultural Extension ◽  
Household Wealth ◽  
Organic Fertilizers ◽  
Agricultural Practice ◽  
Extension Services ◽  
Farming Households

Soil fertility conservation has become an increasing concern in Vietnamese agriculture owing to excessive use of agrochemicals. The use of organic fertilizers is considered an environment-friendly practice for sustainable agriculture. Although environmental awareness has emerged and production technologies of organic fertilizers have been introduced in recent years, their adoption remains limited among farming households. This study focuses on the causal effects of information acquisition on the use of organic fertilizers from agricultural extension services and from peers of farming households. The estimation results show that land size, land tenure, educational level, family labor endowment, and household wealth are significantly associated with the likelihood of using organic fertilizers. Information acquisition through both information sources positively affects the use of organic fertilizers. However, information acquisition from agricultural extension services has a greater marginal impact than that from peers. Despite its lower influence, information acquisition from peers plays a supplemental role in incentivizing farming households to use organic fertilizers as an environmentfriendly agricultural practice among rural communities in Vietnam.

Local Commitment

2012 ◽  
pp. 20-38 ◽  
Author(s):  
Laure Heland
Keyword(s):  
Sustainable Development ◽  
Urban Development ◽  
Planning Process ◽  
Development Work ◽  
Local Planning ◽  
Rehabilitation Process ◽  
Ecological Rehabilitation ◽  
Cultural Challenges ◽  
Urban Neighbourhoods ◽  
The City

This contribution concerns the planning process applicable to sustainable urban neighbourhoods whose increasing number in Europe appears to be changing the framework of urban development. Having briefly presented the main characteristics of sustainable neighbourhoods in Europe, this chapter then specifically concentrates on sustainable urban neighbourhoods resulting from an ecological rehabilitation process in the city of Albertslund, in Denmark. While these rehabilitation experiments remain anecdotal when compared with new sustainable districts, they nevertheless represent a far greater structuring potential for cities. Our hypothesis is that the implementation of sustainable development renews local planning practices. We shall also see how these districts attempt to overcome a major contradiction inherent in new eco-neighbourhoods by combining a search for eco-technological performances with the incorporation of more social and cultural challenges. Our research suggests that the local actions of inhabitants can play an important role in making sustainable development work.

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