scholarly journals Soil Organic Matter, Mitigation of and Adaptation to Climate Change in Cocoa–Based Agroforestry Systems

Land ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (9) ◽  
pp. 323 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sikstus Gusli ◽  
Sri Sumeni ◽  
Riyami Sabodin ◽  
Ikram Hadi Muqfi ◽  
Mustakim Nur ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Secondary Forest ◽  
Soil Bulk Density ◽  
Agroforestry Systems ◽  
Forest Conversion ◽  
Adaptation To Climate Change ◽  
Organic C ◽  
C Storage ◽  
C Stock ◽  
Mountainous Landscape

Belowground roles of agroforestry in climate change mitigation (C storage) and adaptation (reduced vulnerability to drought) are less obvious than easy-to-measure aspects aboveground. Documentation on these roles is lacking. We quantified the organic C concentration (Corg) and soil physical properties in a mountainous landscape in Sulawesi (Indonesia) for five land cover types: secondary forest (SF), multistrata cocoa–based agroforestry (CAF) aged 4–5 years (CAF4), 10–12 years (CAF10), 17–34 years (CAF17), and multistrata (mixed fruit and timber) agroforest (MAF45) aged 45–68 years. With four replicate plots per cover type, we measured five pools of C-stock according to IPCC guidelines, soil bulk density (BD), macro porosity (MP), hydraulic conductivity (Ks), and available water capacity of the soil (AWC). The highest C-stock, in SF, was around 320 Mg ha−1, the lowest, 74 Mg ha−1, was in CAF4, with the older agroforestry systems being intermediate with 120 to 150 Mg ha−1. Soil compaction after forest conversion led to increased BD and reduced MP, Ks, and AWC. Older agroforestry partly recovered buffering: AWC per m of rooted soil profile increased by 5.7 mm per unit (g kg−1) increase of Corg. The restored AWC can support about a week’s worth of evapotranspiration without rain, assisting in climate change adaptation.

scholarly journals CARBON STORAGE IN SHELTERBELTS IN THE AGROFORESTRY SYSTEMS OF THE BAČKA PALANKA AREA (SERBIA)

AGROFOR ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Sara LUKIĆ ◽  
Snežana BELANOVIĆ SIMIĆ ◽  
Damjan PANTIĆ ◽  
Jelena BELOICA ◽  
Aleksandar BAUMGERTEL ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Stock ◽  
Black Locust ◽  
Robinia Pseudoacacia ◽  
Agroforestry Systems ◽  
Species Selection ◽  
C Storage ◽  
C Stock ◽  
Selection For ◽  
Preferred Species ◽  
Robinia Pseudoacacia L

Field shelterbelts as agroforestry practice provides numerous ecosystem services.Carbon capture and storage potential in biomass and soil is among regulatingservices shelterbelts provide. Designing shelterbelts to address the various demandsand provide services, requests special attention to choosing structural and spatialcharacteristics of shelterbelts, and species selection for shelterbelts. This paperpresents the research results of C storage in 20-years old shelterbelts established onGleyic Phaeozem in the area of Bačka Palanka (Serbia). Investigated shelterbeltswere consisted of the most commonly used species for shelterbelt establishment inSerbia: Siberian elm (Ulmus pumila L.), poplar (Populus x euramericana (Dode)Guin. cv. „Serotina“) and black locust (Robinia pseudoacacia L.). The diameter atbreast height (d) and the height (h) of all trees in studied shelterbelts weremeasured. Carbon stock in biomass was estimated according to IPCC (2003)methodology. Soil profiles were opened in studied shelterbelts with soil samplingcarried out at fixed depths of 0-10 cm, 10-20 cm and 20-40 cm. Assessment ofcarbon storage in soil was performed according to IPCC (2003). According to theresearch results, living biomass C stock in 20-years old Siberian elm and poplarshelterbelts per tree is almost the same 0.333 t per tree and 0.300 t per tree,respectively. In black locust shelterbelt carbon stock is considerable less 0.111 t pertree. However, in species selection for shelterbelts some characteristics should takeinto account such as adaptability and suitability to the environmental conditions,longevity and their impact on crops that are grown in the sheltered fields, as well asthe natural potential vegetation communities of the area. The results of this studyindicate that the poplar is preferred species than the Siberian elm in givenenvironmental conditions. The average carbon stock in the soil of studiedshelterbelts in a layer 0-40 cm is 9.33 kg m-2 C.

scholarly journals Biogeochemical factors contributing to enhanced carbon storage following afforestation of a semi-arid shrubland

2007 ◽  
Vol 4 (4) ◽  
pp. 2111-2145 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. M. Grünzweig ◽  
I. Gelfand ◽  
D. Yakir
Keyword(s):  
Pinus Halepensis ◽  
Accumulation Rate ◽  
C Sequestration ◽  
Decay Rates ◽  
Organic C ◽  
C Storage ◽  
Land Use Types ◽  
C Stock ◽  
Significant Addition ◽  
Semi Arid

Abstract. Ecosystems in dry regions are generally low in productivity and carbon (C) storage. We report, however, large increases in C sequestration following afforestation of a semi-arid shrubland with Pinus halepensis trees. Using C and nitrogen (N) inventories, based in part on site-specific allometric equations, we measured an increase in the standing ecosystem C stock from 2380 g C m−2 in the shrubland to 5840 g C m−2 in the forest after 35 years, with no significant change in N stocks. The total amount of C produced by the forest was estimated as 6250 g C m−2. Carbon sequestration following afforestation was associated with increased N use efficiency as reflected by an overall increase in C/N ratio from 7.6 in the shrubland to 16.6 in the forest. The C accumulation rate in the forest was particularly high for soil organic C (SOC; increase of 1760 g C m−2 or 50 g C m−2 yr−1), which was associated with the following factors: 1) Analysis of a small 13C signal within this pure C3 system combined with size fractionation of soil organic matter indicated a significant addition of new SOC derived from forest vegetation (68% of total forest SOC) and a considerable portion of the old original shrubland SOC (53%) still remaining in the forest. 2) A large part of both new and old SOC appeared to be protected from decomposition as about 60% of SOC under both land-use types were in mineral-associated fractions. 3) A short-term decomposition study indicated decreased decomposition of lower-quality litter and SOC in the forest, based on reduced decay rates of up to 90% for forest compared to shrubland litter. 4) Forest soil included a significant component of live and dead roots. Our results showed the considerable potential for C sequestration, particularly in soils, following afforestation in semi-arid regions, which is particularly relevant in light of persistent predictions of drying trends in the Mediterranean and other regions.

Carbon stock in the solum of some coarse-textured soils under secondary forest, grassland fallow, and bare footpath in the derived savanna of south-eastern Nigeria

Soil Research ◽  
2012 ◽  
Vol 50 (2) ◽  
pp. 157 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. E. Obalum ◽  
Y. Watanabe ◽  
C. A. Igwe ◽  
M. E. Obi ◽  
T. Wakatsuki
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Stock ◽  
Secondary Forest ◽  
Terrestrial Ecosystems ◽  
C Sequestration ◽  
Management Options ◽  
Organic C ◽  
South Eastern ◽  
Derived Savanna ◽  
C Stock ◽  
Relative Potential

Quantitative data on carbon stock (C stock) in and beyond the topsoil (0–30 cm) under natural terrestrial ecosystems in West African savanna could provide information about their relative potential, and management options, for C sequestration, but these data are still scanty in the region. In selected locations (Nsukka, Obimo, and Ibagwa-aka) in the derived savanna zone of south-eastern Nigeria, secondary forest (SFT), grassland fallow (GLF), and bare footpath (BFP) were sampled from the topsoils (0–30 cm) and subsoils (30–60 cm) in triplicate. The soils are generally sandy, with low (1.4–13.8%) mean silt content. Mean bulk density ranged from 1.30 to 1.83 Mg/m3. The soils were acidic (pHwater 4.0–4.8) and low in organic C (0.10–1.14%). There was a consistent trend in C stock (SFT > GLF > BFP) in the topsoil, whereas only higher values in SFT than BFP were consistent in the subsoil. In both soil layers, the scale of the differences among the land-cover types was location-specific. Values of C stock were higher in the topsoil than subsoil, except for GLF and BFP at Obimo due to recent bush burning. Irrespective of location, the mean topsoil–subsoil values under SFT, GLF, and BFP were 45.7–30.6, 27.7–25.8, and 19.0–18.8 Mg/ha, respectively. Soil structural stability, indexed as the ratio of organic matter to silt + clay, explained roughly 61 and 89% of the variability in C stock of topsoils and subsoils, respectively. These results should benefit the planning of C sequestration projects in savanna agroecosystems of West Africa.

scholarly journals Carbon input control over soil organic matter dynamics in a temperate grassland exposed to elevated CO<sub>2</sub> and warming

2010 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 1575-1602 ◽  
Author(s):  
Y. Carrillo ◽  
E. Pendall ◽  
F. A. Dijkstra ◽  
J. A. Morgan ◽  
J. M. Newcomb
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Organic Matter ◽  
Elevated Co2 ◽  
Combined Effects ◽  
Organic C ◽  
Soil C ◽  
C Storage ◽  
C Pools ◽  
Labile C ◽  
Semi Arid

Abstract. Elevated CO2 generally increases soil C pools. However, greater available C concentrations can potentially stimulate soil organic matter (SOM) decomposition. The effects of climate warming on C storage can also be positive or negative. There is a high degree of uncertainty on the combined effects of climate warming and atmospheric CO2 increase on SOM dynamics and its potential feedbacks to climate change. Semi-arid systems are predicted to show strong ecosystem responses to both factors. Global change factors can have contrasting effects for different SOM pools, thus, to understand the mechanisms underlying the combined effects of multiple factors on soil C storage, effects on individual C pools and their kinetics should be evaluated. We assessed SOM dynamics by conducting long-term laboratory incubations of soils from PHACE (Prairie Heating and CO2 Enrichment experiment), an elevated CO2 and warming field experiment in semi-arid, native northern mixed grass prairie, Wyoming, USA. We measured total C mineralization and estimated the size of the labile pool and the decomposition rates of the labile and resistant SOM pools. To examine the role of plant inputs on SOM dynamics we measured aboveground biomass, root biomass, and soil dissolved organic C (DOC). Greater aboveground productivity under elevated CO2 translated into enlarged pools of readily available C (measured as total mineralized C, labile C pool and DOC). The effects of warming on the labile C only occurred in the first year of warming suggesting a transient effect of the microbial response to increased temperature. Experimental climate change affected the intrinsic decomposability of both the labile and resistant C pools. Positive relationships of the rate of decomposition of the resistant C with aboveground and belowground biomass and dissolved organic C suggested that plant inputs mediated the response by enhancing the degradability of the resistant C. Our results contribute to a growing body of literature suggesting that priming is a ubiquitous phenomenon that should be included in C cycle models.

scholarly journals Stability of Woodchips Biochar and Impact on Soil Carbon Stocks: Results from a Two-Year Field Experiment

Forests ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (10) ◽  
pp. 1350
Author(s):  
Irene Criscuoli ◽  
Maurizio Ventura ◽  
Katja Wiedner ◽  
Bruno Glaser ◽  
Pietro Panzacchi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Field Experiment ◽  
Priming Effect ◽  
Soil Organic C ◽  
Organic C ◽  
Soil C ◽  
Total Soil ◽  
C Stock ◽  
The Stability

Biochar has been shown to improve soil quality and crop yields. Furthermore, thanks to its high carbon content (C) and stable chemical structure, biochar can sequester C in the soil for a long time, mitigating climate change. However, the variability in published biochar stability in the soil makes verifying this trait under different environmental and agricultural conditions necessary. Moreover, most of the published literature refers to short-term incubation experiments, which are considered to not adequately represent long-term dynamics under field conditions. This article reports the results of a field experiment carried out in a vineyard near Merano, northern Italy, where the stability of woodchips biochar in soil, its impact on the total soil C stocks as well as on the original soil organic C (priming effect) were studied over two years. Vineyard soil (Dystric Eutrochrept) was amended with biochar (25 and 50 t ha−1) alone or together with compost (45 t ha−1) and compared with unamended control soil. Two methods assessed the stability of biochar in soil: the isotopic mass balance approach and the quantification of Benzene PolyCarboxylic Acids (BPCAs), molecular markers of biochar. The amount of C in the soil organic matter (SOM-C) was determined in the amended plots by subtracting the amount of biochar-C from the total soil organic C stock, and the occurrence of priming effect was verified by comparing SOM-C values at the beginning and at the end of the experiment. Results did not show any significant biochar degradation for both application rates, but results were characterized by a high variation. The application of 50 t ha−1 of biochar significantly increased soil C stock while no effect of biochar on the degradation of SOM-C was observed. Results were confirmed in the case of biochar application together with compost. It can be concluded that the use of woodchips biochar as a soil amendment can increase soil C content in the medium term. However, further analyses are recommended to evaluate the impact of biochar on climate change mitigation in the long term.

scholarly journals Carbon and nitrogen stocks of an Arenosol under irrigated fruit orchards in semiarid Brazil

2007 ◽  
Vol 64 (2) ◽  
pp. 169-175 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alberto Carlos de Campos Bernardi ◽  
Pedro Luiz Oliveira de Almeida Machado ◽  
Beata Emoke Madari ◽  
Sílvio Roberto de Lucena Tavares ◽  
David Vilas Boas de Campos ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Secondary Forest ◽  
Mangifera Indica ◽  
Soil Bulk Density ◽  
Psidium Guajava ◽  
Soil Productivity ◽  
Forest Conversion ◽  
Total N ◽  
Manilkara Zapota ◽  
Fruit Orchard ◽  
Fruit Orchards

Soil organic matter accumulation provides benefits to soil productivity and reduces atmospheric carbon concentration. However, little is known about the accumulation of C and N by sandy soils under perennial irrigated crops in semiarid regions. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of irrigated fruit orchard cultivation on the stocks of soil organic carbon (SOC) and total nitrogen (N) of an Arenosol/Quartzpsament from Paraipaba-CE, Semiarid Brazil. Soil samples were taken from irrigated orchards of banana (Musa ssp.), cashew (Anacardium ocidentale), guava (Psidium guajava), bullock's heart (Annona reticulata), mango (Mangifera indica), and sapote (Manilkara zapota) in the wetted-bulb and non-irrigated area between the plant rows. Additional samples were collected from adjacent areas under secondary Caatinga forest, and under a 2-year-old deforested area. Sampling depths were: 0-0.1, 0.1-0.2, and 0.2-0.4 m. The highest contents of SOC and N were found in the surface layer. The soil bulk density did not change in depth. The stocks of SOC and total N under secondary forest at 0-0.40 m layer were 27.6 and 2.4 Mg ha-1, respectively. Caatinga Forest conversion into fruit orchard cultivation led to a decrease of 5 to 23% and 4 to 21% on SOC and N stocks, respectively. Compared to other soil uses, sapote and bullock's heart contributed for a lower decrease of SOC and N stocks after deforestation. Guava, bullock's heart, mango and sapote contributed for improving the SOC stratification index.

scholarly journals Historical and simulated ecosystem carbon dynamics in Ghana: land use, management, and climate

2009 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 45-58 ◽  
Author(s):  
Z. Tan ◽  
L. L. Tieszen ◽  
E. Tachie-Obeng ◽  
S. Liu ◽  
A. M. Dieye
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Land Use ◽  
Crop Production ◽  
Fertilization Rate ◽  
N Fertilization ◽  
Crop Species ◽  
Organic C ◽  
Soil C ◽  
Ecosystem Carbon ◽  
C Stock

Abstract. We used the General Ensemble biogeochemical Modeling System (GEMS) to simulate responses of natural and managed ecosystems to changes in land use and land cover, management, and climate for a forest/savanna transitional zone in central Ghana. Model results show that deforestation for crop production during the 20th century resulted in a substantial reduction in ecosystem carbon (C) stock from 135.4 Mg C ha−1 in 1900 to 77.0 Mg C ha−1 in 2000, and in soil organic C stock within the top 20 cm of soil from 26.6 Mg C ha−1 to 21.2 Mg C ha−1. If no land use change takes place from 2000 through 2100, low and high climate change scenarios (increase in temperature and decrease in precipitation over time) will result in losses of soil organic C stock by 16% and 20%, respectively. A low nitrogen (N) fertilization rate is the principal constraint on current crop production. An increase in N fertilization under the low climate change scenario would lead to an increase in the average crop yield by 21% with 30 kg N ha−1 and by 42% with 60 kg N ha−1 (varying with crop species), accordingly, the average soil C stock would decrease by 2% and increase by 17%, in all cropping systems by 2100. The results suggest that a reasonable N fertilization rate is critical to achieve food security and agricultural sustainability in the study area through the 21st century. Adaptation strategies for climate change in this study area require national plans to support policies and practices that provide adequate N fertilizers to sustain soil C and crop yields and to consider high temperature tolerant crop species if these temperature projections are exceeded.

scholarly journals Soil macroporosity, physical properties and nutrient leaching after forest conversion to rubber and oil palm plantation in an Acrisol of Jambi, Indonesia

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 3155-3163
Author(s):  
Sri Rahayu Utami ◽  
Syahrul Kurniawan ◽  
Christanti Agustina ◽  
Marife De Corre
Keyword(s):  
Bulk Density ◽  
Oil Palm ◽  
Soil Profile ◽  
Secondary Forest ◽  
Aggregate Stability ◽  
Nutrient Leaching ◽  
Forest Conversion ◽  
Organic C ◽  
Oil Palm Plantation ◽  
Jungle Rubber

Soil degradation is expected to continue as forest conversion into other land uses increases significantly. In Indonesia, Jambi is one of the main areas for the development of oil palm and rubber, whichare mainly converted from the forest. As a base for better management, we attempted to study macro-porosity in rubber and oil palm plantation, in comparison to secondary forests. Four landuse systems (secondary forest, jungle rubber, rubber plantation and oil palm plantations) in Bukit Duabelas, Sarolangun District, Jambi Province, Sumatera, were selected for this study. The number of macropores in vertical or horizontal planes and their related factors (root mass, litter thickness, % organic C, bulk density, water content at pF 0 and pF 2.54, aggregate stability) were measured within the soil profiles. Forest conversion to jungle rubber, rubber and oil palm plantation led to a decrease of macro-porosity in the soil profile, especially in the upper 50 cm. Macropores, both at vertical and horizontal planes in the secondary forest was significantly higher than other landuses. Horizontal macropores in jungle rubber were higher than rubber and oil palm plantation, but not the vertical macropores. Among the soil properties measured, litter thickness, coarse root dry mass (Ø >2 mm), mesopores and aggregate stability were closely associated with soil macro-porosity. However, macro-porosity in the soil profile was insignificantly correlated to soil bulk density and % organic C. Increasing the number of horizontal macropores resulted in higher nutrient leaching, especially K and Na.

scholarly journals Calculating Organic Carbon Stock from Forest Soils

2015 ◽  
Vol 43 (2) ◽  
pp. 568-575 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lucian Constantin DINCĂ ◽  
Maria DINCĂ ◽  
Diana VASILE ◽  
Gheorghe SPÂRCHEZ ◽  
Liviu HOLONEC
Keyword(s):  
Organic Carbon ◽  
Forest Soils ◽  
Soil Type ◽  
Carbon Stock ◽  
Correlation Coefficients ◽  
Soil Bulk Density ◽  
Regression Equations ◽  
Organic C ◽  
C Stock ◽  
Organic Carbon Stock

The organic carbon stock (SOC) (t/ha) was calculated in different approaches in order to enhance the differences among methods and their utility regarding specific studies. Using data obtained in Romania (2000-2012) from 4,500 profiles and 9,523 soil horizons, the organic carbon stock was calculated for the main forest soils (18 types) using three different methods: 1) on pedogenetical horizons, by soil bulk density and depth class/horizon thickness; 2) by soil type and standard depths; 3) using regression equations between the quantity of organic C and harvesting depths. Even though the same data were used, the differences between the values of C stock obtained from the three methods were relatively high. The first method led to an overvaluation of the C stock. The differences between methods 1 and 2 were high (and reached 33% for andosol), while the differences between methods 2 and 3 were smaller (a maximum of 23% for rendzic leptosol). The differences between methods 2 and 3 were significantly lower especially for andosol, arenosol and vertisol. A thorough analysis of all three methods concluded that the best method to evaluate the organic C stock was to distribute the obtained values on the following standard depths: 0 - 10 cm; 10 - 20 cm; 20 - 40 cm; > 40 cm. For each soil type, a correlation between the quantity of organic C and the sample harvesting depth was also established. These correlations were significant for all types of soil; however, lower correlation coefficients were registered for rendzic leptosol, haplic podzol and fluvisol.

Carbon Management Index and Carbon Stock of a Cohesive Oxisol Under Different in the Region Northeast of Brazil

2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (9) ◽  
pp. 284
Author(s):  
Ésio de Castro Paes ◽  
Fabiane Pereira Machado Dias ◽  
Iara Oliveira Fernandes ◽  
Elisângela Gonçalves Pereira ◽  
Elton da Silva Leite ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Surface Layer ◽  
Soil Organic Matter ◽  
Soil Quality ◽  
Secondary Forest ◽  
Agroforestry System ◽  
Agroforestry Systems ◽  
Organic C ◽  
Carbon Management ◽  
Carbon Management Index

The objective of this study was to evaluate the soil organic carbon fractions and the carbon management index (CMI) in a cohesive oxisol under different uses. Conventional cassava planting (CC), pasture (PP), and 7- and 12-year agroforestry systems (AF7 and AF12, respectively), were tested against secondary forest (SF). Soil samples of these areas were physically fractionated in order to determine total organic matter (TOC) as well as the labile- (LOC) and non-labile (NOC) fractions of the soil organic matter, as well as carbon management index (CMI). Total organic C ranged from 14.17 to 27.20 g kg-1 of soil, showing no differences in the surface layer among the land uses as compared to the secondary forest. No differences were found in the surface layer for LOC as well, except for the AF12 where LOC was higher. This condition accounts for higher microbial activity and nutrient cycling in the soil. This system also showed higher CMI values, pointing to a better response of soil quality under long-term agroforestry system. This system improved soil organic matter, regardless of the depth. On the other hand, conventional cassava and planted pasture systems reduced carbon in soil. In conclusion, the agroforestry system is the best choice of farmers, when they seek for better soil quality.

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