scholarly journals Manufacture of Sustainable Clay Bricks Using Waste from Secondary Aluminum Recycling as Raw Material

Materials ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 11 (12) ◽  
pp. 2439 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eduardo Bonet-Martínez ◽  
Luis Pérez-Villarejo ◽  
Dolores Eliche-Quesada ◽  
Eulogio Castro
Keyword(s):  
Compressive Strength ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Physical And Mechanical Properties ◽  
Linear Shrinkage ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Partial Substitution ◽  
Secondary Aluminum ◽  
Recycling Industry ◽  
Clay Bricks ◽  
Aluminum Recycling

The aluminum recycling industry produces aluminum filter dust (AFD), a waste byproduct of the aluminum recycling process composed mainly of aluminum oxide in a percentage between 60–70%, 8% calcium oxide, almost 15% sodium chloride, and between 5–10% potassium chloride. Due to its aluminum content, this waste can be used as a raw material in the manufacture of ceramic bricks, at the same time reducing the environmental impact produced in landfill. In this work, the partial substitution of a clay mixture (40% black, 30% red, and 30% yellow clay) by different proportions of AFD in the range 0–25 wt % for the production of fired clay brick was studied. The raw materials, clays, and waste were characterized by XRF and XRD. The brick specimens were fired at 950 °C and their physical and mechanical properties, such as water absorption, water suction, loss of ignition, linear shrinkage, bulk density, and compressive strength, were analyzed. The more relevant results were obtained with the addition of up to 20 wt % AFD, obtaining bricks with physical properties comparable to pure clay-based bricks used as a reference and better compressive strength and thermal conductivity due to the balance between the melting and pore-forming effects of the waste. These sustainable bricks also comply with the regulations of heavy metals leached to the environment, as indicated by the leaching test.

scholarly journals Olive Stone Ash as Secondary Raw Material for Fired Clay Bricks

2016 ◽  
Vol 2016 ◽  
pp. 1-9 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. Eliche-Quesada ◽  
M. A. Felipe-Sesé ◽  
A. Infantes-Molina
Keyword(s):  
Compressive Strength ◽  
Water Absorption ◽  
Bulk Density ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Linear Shrinkage ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Engineering Properties ◽  
Clay Bricks ◽  
Olive Stone ◽  
Secondary Raw Material

This work evaluates the effect of incorporation of olive stone ash, as secondary raw material, on the properties of fired clay bricks. To this end, three compositions containing 10, 20, and 30 wt% olive stone ash in a mixture of clays (30 wt% red, 30 wt% yellow, and 40 wt% black clay) from Spain were prepared. The raw materials, clay and olive stone ash, were characterized by means of XRD, XRF, SEM-EDS, and TG-TDA analysis. The engineering properties of the press molded specimens fired at 900°C (4 h) such as linear shrinkage, bulk density, apparent porosity, water absorption, and compressive strength were evaluated. The results indicated that the incorporation of 10 wt% of olive stone ash produced bricks with suitable technological properties, with values of compressive strength of 41.9 MPa but with a reduced bulk density, by almost 4%. By contrast, the incorporation of 20 wt% and 30 wt% sharply increased the water absorption as a consequence of the large amount of open porosity and low mechanical strength presented by these formulations, which do not meet the standards for their use as face bricks. The bricks do not present environmental problems according to the leaching test.

Comparison of Dolomite Clay and Cullet Addition on Physical and Mechanical Properties of Clay Bricks

2018 ◽  
Vol 766 ◽  
pp. 241-245
Author(s):  
Rattaphon Kantajan ◽  
Soravich Mulinta
Keyword(s):  
Compressive Strength ◽  
Water Absorption ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Physical And Mechanical Properties ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Component Ratio ◽  
Clay Brick ◽  
Red Clay ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Clay Bricks

The purpose of this study was to study and characterize the properties of physical – mechanical for clay bricks. The raw materials used in the study are from local sources. They are Sri Khum red clay, dolomite and cullet. The component ratio of clay brick as an addition Sri Khum red clay 50–90 %, foaming agent (dolomite and cullet) 10–50%. The characterization of raw material was analyzed by particle analyzer, X-ray fluorescence (XRF) and X-ray diffraction (XRD). The shrinkage, water absorption and compressive strength of clay brick were tested. The results showed that the properties of clay bricks after firing at temperature at 900°C were studied. The Sri Khum red clay 80% and cullet 20% had a shrinkage of 6.95%, water absorption of 20.4% and compressive strength of 182 kg/cm2. The physical – mechanical of clay brick achieved the requirements of Thai industrial standard (TIS 77-2545).

Research on Simulation Test of Coal Similar Material

2013 ◽  
Vol 850-851 ◽  
pp. 847-850 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lin Chao Dai
Keyword(s):  
Compressive Strength ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Similarity Theory ◽  
Design Method ◽  
Uniform Design ◽  
Physical And Mechanical Properties ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Similar Material ◽  
Cement Ratio ◽  
Water Cement Ratio

In order to study the coal and gas outburst similar simulation experiment, coal similar material was made up based on the similarity theory. Based on the previous similar material study, the cement, sand, water, activated carbon and coal powder was selected as the raw material of similar material. Meanwhile similar material matching program with 5 factors and 6 levels was designed by using Uniform Design Method. And the physical and mechanical properties of the similar material compressive strength was measured under different proportions circumstances. The relationship between similar material and the raw materials was analyzed. The results show that choosing different materials can compound different similar materials with different requirements. And the water-cement ratio plays a decisive influence on the compressive strength of similar material. The compressive strength of similar material decreases linearly when the water-cement ratio increases.

Integration of Port Dredged Sediments Into the Production of Fired Clay Bricks

2019 ◽  
Vol 45 (4) ◽  
pp. 428-440
Author(s):  
Ikram Frar ◽  
Houdaifa Bakkali ◽  
Mohammed Ammari ◽  
Laïla Ben Allal
Keyword(s):  
Compressive Strength ◽  
Substitution Rate ◽  
Mechanical Characteristics ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Partial Substitution ◽  
Dredged Sediment ◽  
Natural Clay ◽  
Dredged Sediments ◽  
Clay Bricks ◽  
Fired Bricks

Bricks manufactured, based on dredged sediments extracted from Tangier and Larache ports in Morocco were investigated. Chemical, physical, geotechnical, mineralogical and environmental characterizations studies of ports dredged sediments were performed. Partial substitution of natural clay by dredged sediments was achieved with different substitution rates by weight (20%, 40%, 50%, 60% and 70%) to manufacture brick samples at the laboratory scale. The compressive strength was the factor determining the optimal substitution rate of the natural clay. Compressive strength values of fired bricks with different rates of sediments incorporated show that the manufactured bricks have mechanical characteristics relatively close to natural clay until 60% substitution for Larache port dredged sediment (SL) and until 50% for Tangier port dredged sediment (ST). The results in this study confirm that dredged sediments from the ports of Tangier and Larache can be used as an alternative raw materials resource for the manufacturing of fired bricks.

scholarly journals Effects of Lizardite Addition on Technological Properties of Forsterite-Monticellite Rich White Ceramics Prepared From Natural Magnesite and Dolomite

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ahmed Manni ◽  
Achraf Harrati ◽  
Abdelilah El Haddar ◽  
Abdelwahed Chari ◽  
Ali Sdiri ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Ceramic Industry ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Physical And Mechanical Properties ◽  
Linear Shrinkage ◽  
Thermomechanical Properties ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Technological Properties ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
Potential Use

Abstract Lizardite rich peridotite has never been used to prepare ceramic specimens, especially in Morocco. For this raison, potential use of naturally abundant lazirditic material from the Rif domain (NW morocco), as a supply for ceramic industry, has been evaluated. The effects of lizardite addition to magnesite and dolomite mixtures on the thermomechanical properties of the calcined ceramics were also detailed. To achieve this target, natural lizardite, magnesite and dolomite samples were collected in ultrabasic Beni Bousra massif. Those raw samples were used for the synthesis of a forsterite-monticellite rich ceramics. Both raw and sintered samples were characterized by x-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscope (SEM) and fourier transform infrared (FTIR). Main physical and mechanical properties were assessed and correlated to their respective microstructural changes. The obtained results showed that both magnesite and dolomite were mainly composed of MgCO3 and CaCO3. In contrast, lizardite sample showed high amounts of silica, magnesia and iron oxide. Technological tests indicated that the prepared mixtures had increased flexural strengths. An increased amount of lizardite in the initial mixtures enhanced mechanical properties of the prepared ceramic specimens. The same data showed that lizardite has led to a decrease in linear shrinkage during calcination and subsequently, the production of ceramics with the required technological properties. Thus, the preparation of lizardite-based ceramics from the raw material deposits of the Rif area, Morocco, is technically feasible, economically justifiable and socially desirable due to the contribution to the economic growth of the raw materials sector, especially ceramic industry.

scholarly journals INCORPORAÇÃO DO RESÍDUO DE VIDRO PLANO EM CERÂMICA VERMELHA

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (207) ◽  
pp. 1-19
Author(s):  
Juan Peixoto Barroco Magalhães
Keyword(s):  
Raw Materials ◽  
Flat Glass ◽  
Physical And Mechanical Properties ◽  
Linear Shrinkage ◽  
Positive Influence ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Glass Waste ◽  
Firing Shrinkage ◽  
Firing Properties

The present work aims to evaluate the influence of different residue incorporations on the physical and mechanical properties of a typical red ceramic composition, replacing the sand, by using the residue from the first stage of tempered glass manufacturing. Ceramic specimens were prepared with incorporations of 0 and 20% of flat glass waste. The samples were obtained by extrusion, dried and fired at 800, 900, 1000 ° C in a laboratory oven. Analyzes of the raw materials were performed, among which the thermal, morphological, physical and chemical can be highlighted. Tests on the fired ceramic specimens were also performed. The firing properties obtained were the dry bulk density, relative density, water absorption, dry linear shrinkage, linear firing shrinkage and flexural strength. The results showed that both the increase of the glass content and the increase of temperature had a positive influence on the studied properties. Furthermore, it confirmed that the glass waste acted in order to lower the proper firing temperature. Flat glass waste is therefore a highly recommended fluxing element for the red ceramic industry, as it can be incorporated in quantities as significant as 20% without major negative effects on the properties, therefore optimizing the amount of waste used and acting positively on the properties studied, reducing energy and raw material costs.

scholarly journals Alkali-Activated Zeolite 4A Granules—Characterization and Suitability Assessment for the Application of Adsorption

Crystals ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 360
Author(s):  
Pauls P. Argalis ◽  
Laura Vitola ◽  
Diana Bajare ◽  
Kristine Vegere
Keyword(s):  
Compressive Strength ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Physical And Mechanical Properties ◽  
Morphological Properties ◽  
Solid Ratio ◽  
Suitability Assessment ◽  
Bet Analysis ◽  
Zeolite 4A ◽  
Compressive Strength Test ◽  
Alkali Activated

A major problem in the field of adsorbents is that binders (kaolin clay, bentonite) introduced to bind zeolites and ensure the needed mechanical strength, are not able to sorb gases like CO2 and N2, and decrease the overall adsorption capacity. To solve this problem, one of the pathways is to introduce a binder able to sorb such gases. Thus, in this study, the physical and mechanical properties of a novel binder based on metakaolin and its composite with zeolite 4A in the granular form were studied. Metakaolin was used as a precursor for alkali-activated binder, which was synthesized using an 8M NaOH activation solution. Raw materials were characterized using granulometry, X-ray diffraction (XRD), and differential thermal analysis (DTA); and final products were characterized using density measurements, a compressive strength test, XRD, Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET) analysis, and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Alkali-activated metakaolin was found to be efficient as a binding material when data for morphological properties were analyzed. A relationship was observed—by increasing the liquid-to-solid ratio (L/S), compressive strength decreased. Zeolite granule attrition was higher than expected: 2.42% and 4.55% for ZG-0.8, 3.64% and 5.76% for ZG-1.0, and 2.73% and 4.85% for ZG-1.2, measured at 4 and 5 atmospheres, respectively.

scholarly journals Incorporation of sugarcane bagasse ash waste as an alternative raw material for red ceramic

Cerâmica ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 59 (351) ◽  
pp. 473-480 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. C. P. Faria ◽  
J. N. F. Holanda
Keyword(s):  
Sugarcane Bagasse ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Phase Evolution ◽  
Linear Shrinkage ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Partial Replacement ◽  
Clay Material ◽  
Natural Clay ◽  
Materials Used ◽  
Sugarcane Industry

The sugarcane industry generates huge amounts of sugarcane bagasse ashes (SCBA). This work investigates the incorporation of a SCBA waste as an alternative raw material into a clay body, replacing natural clay material by up to 20 wt.%. Clay ceramic pieces were produced by uniaxial pressing and fired at temperatures varying from 700 to 1100 ºC. The technological properties of the clay ceramic pieces (linear shrinkage, apparent density, water absorption, and tensile strength) as function of the firing temperature and waste addition are investigated. The phase evolution during firing was followed by X-ray diffraction. The results showed that the SCBA waste could be incorporated into red ceramics (bricks and roofing tiles) in partial replacement for natural clay material. These results confirm the feasibility of valorisation of SCBA waste to produce red ceramic. This use of SCBA can also contribute greatly to reducing the environmental problems of the sugarcane industry, and also save the sources of natural raw materials used in the ceramic industry.

scholarly journals PEMANFAATAN LIMBAH FLY ASH DARI PEMBAKARAN BATUBARA PADA PEMBUATAN SEMEN PCC (PORTLAND COMPOSITE CEMENT) DI PT SEMEN XYZ LAMPUNG

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Dwi Septiyana Sari ◽  
◽  
Susanti Sundari
Keyword(s):  
Compressive Strength ◽  
Fly Ash ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Testing Machine ◽  
Technical Aspect ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Physical Test ◽  
Composite Cement ◽  
The Difference ◽  
The Cost

Abstract This study discusses the use of fly ash waste from coal burning on the manufacture of PCC (Portland composite cement) at PT. XYZ Lampung. The purpose of this research is to look at the technical studies and the efficiency of raw materials in the use of fly ash in cement making, in this case PCC cement (Portland Composite Cement). The steps taken in analyzing the data in this study were viewed from a technical aspect by means of a physical test, namely the cement compressive strength test at the age of 3 days, 7 days, and 28 days using the Compression Testing Machine. This test was conducted to see the comparison of the compressive strength of PCC cement using limestone and fly ash as raw materials, then calculate the difference in raw material costs in the year before and after the replacement of limestone with fly ash. The results showed that cement with the addition of fly ash after 3 days, 7 days and 28 days had an increased compressive strength value, which increased 21.69%, 16.07% and 8.05% respectively of the compressive strength of cement using limestone. The use of fly ash as a substitute for limestone has an effect on the cost of raw materials, where the difference between the cost of raw materials in 2019 and the cost of raw materials in 2018 is Rp. 39,440,952,074.

Ceramic Composition Material with Mullite Crystals Obtained from the Clayy Raw Material of Yakutia

2020 ◽  
Vol 992 ◽  
pp. 253-258
Author(s):  
M.P. Lebedev ◽  
V.N. Tagrov ◽  
E.S. Lukin
Keyword(s):  
Building Materials ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Practical Interest ◽  
Physical And Mechanical Properties ◽  
Ceramic Materials ◽  
Strength Properties ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Composition Material ◽  
Material Base ◽  
Wide Range

The article deals with the manufacture of modern structural ceramic materials from clay and loam deposits of the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia). The importance and relevance of the development of the production of building materials from local raw materials is emphasized, since this will certainly affect the effectiveness of the construction complex as a whole. The successful development of the construction complex is capable of not only stimulating growth in all sectors of the economy, but also contributes to solving the most pressing social problems. Today, Yakutia has huge reserves of mineral raw materials for the production of a wide range of building materials and products. Of practical interest are wall materials made from clay soils. Given the features of the region’s raw material base, this work focuses on additional processing of traditional material. Controlling the complex physicochemical and structural-mechanical transformations that occur during heat treatment, a methodology has been developed for creating a composite material that will allow competitive innovative materials with enhanced strength properties to be produced with a reinforcing element with a glassy phase matrix of mullite crystals. The fabricated samples have a wide range of physical and mechanical properties and allow using it as a high-quality structural building ceramics, as well as industrial floor technical tile.

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