scholarly journals Agricultural Solid Waste as Source of Supplementary Cementitious Materials in Developing Countries

Materials ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 12 (7) ◽  
pp. 1112 ◽  
Author(s):  
Suvash Chandra Paul ◽  
Peter Mbewe ◽  
Sih Kong ◽  
Branko Šavija
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Cementitious Materials ◽  
Agricultural Wastes ◽  
Cement Industry ◽  
Supplementary Cementitious Materials ◽  
Engineering Properties ◽  
Partial Replacement ◽  
Cement Production ◽  
Cement Replacement ◽  
Concrete Production

Concrete production utilizes cement as its major ingredient. Cement production is an important consumer of natural resources and energy. Furthermore, the cement industry is a significant CO2 producer. To reduce the environmental impact of concrete production, supplementary cementitious materials such as fly ash, blast furnace slag, and silica fume are commonly used as (partial) cement replacement materials. However, these materials are industrial by-products and their availability is expected to decrease in the future due to, e.g., closing of coal power plants. In addition, these materials are not available everywhere, for example, in developing countries. In these countries, industrial and agricultural wastes with pozzolanic behavior offer opportunities for use in concrete production. This paper summarizes the engineering properties of concrete produced using widespread agricultural wastes such as palm oil fuel ash, rice husk ash, sugarcane bagasse ash, and bamboo leaf ash. Research on cement replacement containing agricultural wastes has shown that there is great potential for their utilization as partial replacement for cement and aggregates in concrete production. When properly designed, concretes containing these wastes have similar or slightly better mechanical and durability properties compared to ordinary Portland cement (OPC) concrete. Thus, successful use of these wastes in concrete offers novel sustainable materials and contributes to greener construction as it reduces the amount of waste, while also minimizing the use of virgin raw materials for cement production. This paper will help the concrete industry choose relevant waste products and their optimum content for concrete production. Furthermore, this study identifies research gaps which may help researchers in further studying concrete based on agricultural waste materials.

scholarly journals Assessing, Understanding and Unlocking Supplementary Cementitious Materials

2016 ◽  
Vol 1 ◽  
pp. 50 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ruben Snellings
Keyword(s):  
Co2 Emissions ◽  
Cementitious Materials ◽  
Cement Industry ◽  
Supplementary Cementitious Materials ◽  
Partial Replacement ◽  
New Materials ◽  
Cement Production ◽  
Blended Cements ◽  
International Commitments ◽  
Roll Out

The partial replacement of Portland clinker by supplementary cementitious materials (SCM) is one of the most popular and effective measures to reduce both costs and CO2 emissions related to cement production. An estimated 800 Mt/y of blast furnace slags, fly ashes and other materials are currently being used as SCM, but still the cement industry accounts for 5-8% of global CO2 emissions. If no further actions are taken, by the year 2050 this share might even rise beyond 25%. There is thus a clear challenge as to how emissions will be kept at bay and sustainability targets set by international commitments and policy documents will be met.Part of the solution will be a further roll-out of blended cements in which SCMs constitute the main part of the binder to which activators such as Portland cement are added. Since supply concerns are being raised for conventional high-quality SCMs it is clear that new materials and beneficiation technologies will need to step in to achieve further progress. This paper presents opportunities and challenges for new SCMs and demonstrates how advances towards more powerful and reliable characterisation techniques help to better understand and exploit SCM reactivity.

Application of Zeolite as a Partial Replacement of Cement in Concrete Production

2014 ◽  
Vol 621 ◽  
pp. 30-34
Author(s):  
Eva Vejmelková ◽  
Dana Koňáková ◽  
Monika Čáchová ◽  
Martin Keppert ◽  
Adam Hubáček ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Portland Cement ◽  
Natural Zeolite ◽  
General Rule ◽  
Cementitious Materials ◽  
Supplementary Cementitious Materials ◽  
Partial Replacement ◽  
Large Variability ◽  
Substitution Level ◽  
Concrete Production ◽  
Zeolite Rock

Natural zeolite rocks are known to be able to act as Supplementary Cementitious Materials (SCM) in Portland cement based concrete. Generally SCMs are reacting with portlandite and providing binding hydration products just as Portland cement does. In this way an SCM can substitute certain amount of Portland cement in concrete and thus reduce the related energy consumption and CO2 generation. Due to a large variability of SCMs composition and properties there is not any general rule for an optimum Portland cement substitution level. In this paper, the influence of natural zeolite rock on selected mechanical, hygric and thermal properties of concrete is studied. Experimental results show that the analyzed zeolite is acting as a pozzolan but for higher amounts its application leads to an increase in concrete porosity which affects its properties in a significant way.

scholarly journals Effectiveness of agricultural wastes in soil stabilization.

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 14
Author(s):  
Deborah Dauda ◽  
Manju Dominic
Keyword(s):  
Waste Disposal ◽  
Soil Stabilization ◽  
Expansive Soils ◽  
Agricultural Waste ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Cementitious Materials ◽  
Agricultural Wastes ◽  
Supplementary Cementitious Materials ◽  
Concrete Production ◽  
The Cost

Many ways have been sought to improve soils, especially expansive soils which have been problematic to structures and pavements built over them and soil stabilization seems to be one of the effective ways. But soil stabilization in itself is not cost-effective hence the introduction of agricultural wastes being researched on and seen as a cheaper means to be used as stabilizing agents which helps in minimizing the cost of soil stabilization, thereby reducing the problem of waste disposal. Agricultural wastes like Rice Husk Ash, Bagasse Ash, Sugarcane Straw Ash, Saw Dust Ash, Coconut Husk Ash, Millet Husk Ash, Corn Cob Ash, Locust Bean Pod Ash, Cassava Peel Ash and Bamboo Leaf Ash have been experimented with in stabilizing soils and as well, serving as supplementary cementitious materials for cement in concrete production. The strengths of the soils and the concrete stabilized with these wastes were seen to improve significantly and their effectiveness was estimated based on an average optimum value. Agricultural waste processing Industries can be set up to help in the massive production of these natural stabilizers which would lessen the cost of soil stabilization using cement and chemicals and also generally reduce problems that are associated with waste disposal, helping in waste management.  Keywords—expansive soils, soil stabilization, agricultural wastes

scholarly journals Performance of Beting Bamboo (Gigantochloa Levis) as Partial Replacement for Coarse Aggregate in Concrete

2021 ◽  
Vol 920 (1) ◽  
pp. 012014
Author(s):  
R M K Tahara ◽  
M H Hasnan ◽  
N Z N Azizan
Keyword(s):  
Coarse Aggregate ◽  
Construction Materials ◽  
Environmental Issues ◽  
Cementitious Materials ◽  
Natural Fibre ◽  
Supplementary Cementitious Materials ◽  
Partial Replacement ◽  
Concrete Mixtures ◽  
Concrete Production ◽  
Alternative Materials

Abstract Conventional construction materials are considered as exploitation to natural resources. Thus, numerous alternative materials using natural or waste materials are proposed for concrete production as a response for greener, renewable and biodegradable environments with regard to sustainability. Natural fibre such as bamboo has been rapidly proposed for many applications especially for concrete production in construction. In order to tackle the environmental issues and focusing on sustainability, natural fibre of Beting bamboo is proposed for partial replacement used as supplementary cementitious materials. Current study investigates the partial replacement of coarse aggregate with Beting bamboo in concrete mixtures. The outcome of the study discovers that through the mix design, replacing 5% by weight of Beting bamboo is an ideal % to achieve concrete mixture for structural and nonstructural application. However, with the increase % of Beting bamboo for partial replacement, the strength of the concrete gradually decreased.

The Study of the Properties of Concrete Containing Waste Powder as a Fine Aggregate

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Magdalena Dobiszewska ◽  
Krzysztof Wrzecion
Keyword(s):  
Asphalt Mixture ◽  
Cement Industry ◽  
Partial Substitution ◽  
Partial Replacement ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Fine Aggregate ◽  
Natural Sand ◽  
Cement Production ◽  
Freeze Resistance ◽  
Concrete Production

Concrete production consumes much energy and large amounts of natural resources. It causes environmental, energy and economic losses. Cement industry contributes to production for about 7% of all CO2 generated in the world. Every ton of cement production releases nearly one ton of CO2 to atmosphere. Thus the concrete and cement industry changes the environment appearance and affects it to a great extent. On the other hand, there is an increase in demand and decrease in natural sources of concrete constituents, like sand. The use of rock dust as the replacement for natural sand will solve the problem of dust disposal. The present study shows the results of the research concerning the modi-fication of concrete with waste dust. It is the waste from the preparation of aggregate used in asphalt mixture production. Concrete modification consists in that the powder waste is added to concrete as partial replacement of fine aggregate. Previous studies have shown that analysed waste has a beneficial effect on compressive strength, flexural strength as well as freeze resistance. The use of mineral powder as the partial substitution of fine aggregate allows for the effective management of industrial waste and improves some properties of concrete.

Assessment of Raw Mineral Waste as Building Materials in Developing Countries

2018 ◽  
Vol 40 ◽  
pp. 30-46
Author(s):  
Njarazo Rakotondrabezaharinoro ◽  
Moutari Ado ◽  
Willy Hermann Juimo Tchamdjou
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Developing Countries ◽  
Portland Cement ◽  
Building Materials ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Activity Index ◽  
Cementitious Materials ◽  
Supplementary Cementitious Materials ◽  
Cement Replacement ◽  
Mineral Waste

In many developing country’s mining exploitations are the main activities sources, and its exploitation is generating many mining wastes and environmental impacts. In order to use these waste, an innovative powder and aggregate were designed, aimed at providing alternative materials by cementitious supplementary materials and sand in Portland cement mortars. This paper investigates the use of raw mineral waste from some developing countries, namely Granite Residue (GR), from Niger, Mining Tailings (MT), from Madagascar, and red Volcanic Scoria (VS), from Cameroon as building materials. These raw materials were valorized as supplementary cementitious materials (GR powder, MS powder and VS powder) and as sand (GR sand and VS sand). GR sand and VS sand were used by 100% replacement of standard sand and GR powder, MS powder and VS powder were used by 5, 15, 25, or/and 35% cement replacement. Physical properties and mechanical properties of raw materials used and mortars obtained were investigated. The effects of these raw materials on properties of mortar mixes were studied and reported. Results show that, with sand from raw mineral waste materials, the compressive and flexural strengths of the produced mortar represented up than 70% and up than 85% respectively in comparison with mortar produce with siliceous standard sand. The reduction of strength of mortar with raw powder as ordinary Portland cement replacement is generally smaller than replacement ratio. Activity index of each raw powder is about 75% for ratio replacement of 5, 15 and 25%. Particle size distribution of raw powder and sand have an influence on the workability and mechanical properties of mortars. In conclusion, the use of raw mineral waste as a raw powder or as sand for mortar production presents an economical and environmental advantage for developing countries where mining exploitations are abundant.

scholarly journals A Study on the Strength Aspects of Concrete with Metakaolin, GGBFS and Rice Husk Ash as Partial Replacement of OPC

2021 ◽  
Vol 889 (1) ◽  
pp. 012072
Author(s):  
Amit Sharma ◽  
Sanjeev Gupta
Keyword(s):  
Rice Husk ◽  
Rice Husk Ash ◽  
Research Work ◽  
Cementitious Materials ◽  
Supplementary Cementitious Materials ◽  
Engineering Properties ◽  
Partial Replacement ◽  
Test Results ◽  
Conventional Concrete ◽  
The Impact

Abstract The impact of the OPC on the environment is important as its production generates a large amount of CO2. In order to reduce the use of pure raw materials as resources, the use of industrial waste or secondary materials in construction sites for the production of cement and concrete has been encouraged. The volume of wastes generated worldwide has increased over the years due to the population, social and economic performance and social development. One of the most attractive options for waste management is to minimize waste and reuse the possibility of recycling. The cost of cement used in concrete works is increasing and unsatisfactory, but the demand for this material and other housing needs is rising, so it is important to find alternatives that can be used alone or in a partial replacement. In this research work several auxiliary cementitious ingredients such as metakaoline, GGBFS and Rice Husk Ash (RHA) were used to improve the strength properties of the conservative concrete. Metakaolin and GGBFS was used at a fixed percentage of 10 percent as fractional substitution of the OPC-43 grade cement, while the RHA was used at different percent ranging from 0 to 25 percent at an increment of 5 percent in each case as fractional substitution of the OPC-43 grade cement. Numerous examinations were executed so as to envisage the effect of these materials over the strength and engineering properties of the concrete. The test results conclude that the usage of the metakaolin, GGBFS and the RHA in combined form increased the strength and engineering properties of the conventional concrete up to a great extent. From the obtained test results it can be further concluded that the particle size of the supplementary cementitious materials plays a significant role in enhancing the internal micro-structure of the concrete and which further leads to the higher strength of the concrete. Also the main reason behind the advanced strength was the presence of the metakaolin and GGBFS in the concrete, whose chemical properties densifies the concrete and made the concrete more stable and promotes higher strength. Future work can also be done on the usage of several other supplementary cementitious materials at different other percentages so as to improve concrete properties.

scholarly journals EFFECT OF VOLCANIC ASH AS PARTIAL REPLACEMENT OF CEMENT IN CONCRETE SUBJECT TO AGGRESSIVE CHEMICAL ENVIRONEMNT

2021 ◽  
Vol 6 (5) ◽  
Author(s):  
Agboola Shamsudeen Abdulazeez ◽  
Amina Omolola Suleiman ◽  
Simdima Gabriel Gideon ◽  
Solomon Wutong Poki
Keyword(s):  
Compressive Strength ◽  
Volcanic Ash ◽  
Setting Time ◽  
Cementitious Materials ◽  
Supplementary Cementitious Materials ◽  
Target Strength ◽  
Partial Replacement ◽  
Hardened Concrete ◽  
Split Tensile Strength ◽  
Concrete Production

- Presently researches all over the world is concentrating on alternative materials as partial cement replacement in concrete production. The use of pozzolanic material in concrete is becoming increasingly important because of the need for more sustainable cementing products. Volcanic ash is a form of natural pozzolan and has a chemical composition comparable to other supplementary cementitious materials. In this paper, volcanic ash was used to partially replace cement in the ratio of 0%, 5%, 10%, 15% and 20% by volume in concrete and cured in H2SO4 and MgSO4 environment. 28-day target strength was adopted and concrete tested at 7, 14, 28 and 56 days’ hydration period. Specific gravity, bulk density and setting time test on volcanic ash were carried out. Fresh concrete tests such as slump and compacting factor test were carried out along-side hardened concrete tests like compressive strength and split tensile strength. The result shows that the maximum compressive strength at 28 days was at 0% control concrete, while at 56 days the maximum strength was observed at 10% replacement of cement with volcanic ash and it is considered as optimum percentage replacement.

Effect of ground granulated blast funrnace slag and fly ash on strength, permeability, and under-water abrasion of fine-grained concrete

2020 ◽  
Vol 71 (7) ◽  
pp. 775-788
Author(s):  
Quyet Truong Van ◽  
Sang Nguyen Thanh
Keyword(s):  
Fly Ash ◽  
Concrete Strength ◽  
Cementitious Materials ◽  
Supplementary Cementitious Materials ◽  
Chloride Permeability ◽  
Cement Replacement ◽  
Fine Grained ◽  
Granulated Blast Furnace Slag ◽  
Compressive Strength Test ◽  
Economic Ground

The utilisation of supplementary cementitious materials (SCMs) is widespread in the concrete industry because of the performance benefits and economic. Ground granulated blast furnace slag (GGBFS) and fly ash (FA) have been used as the SCMs in concrete for reducing the weight of cement and improving durability properties. In this study, GGBFS at different cement replacement ratios of 0%, 20%, 40% and 60% by weight were used in fine-grained concrete. The ternary binders containing GGBFS and FA at cement replacement ratio of 60% by weight have also evaluated. Flexural and compressive strength test, rapid chloride permeability test and under-water abrasion test were performed. Experimental results show that the increase in concrete strength with GGBFS contents from 20% to 40% but at a higher period of maturity (56 days and more). The chloride permeability the under-water abrasion reduced with the increasing cement replacement by GGBFS or a combination of GGBFS and FA

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