scholarly journals Comparative Evaluation of Mechanical Properties and Wear Ability of Five CAD/CAM Dental Blocks

Materials ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 12 (14) ◽  
pp. 2252 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yin ◽  
Jang ◽  
Lee ◽  
Bae
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Surface Roughness ◽  
Vickers Hardness ◽  
Computer Aided Design ◽  
Filler Content ◽  
Machined Surface ◽  
Volume Percentage ◽  
Computer Aided ◽  
Cad Cam ◽  
Aided Design

This study compares the mechanical properties and wear ability of five CAD/CAM (computer-aided design/computer-aided manufacturing) millable dental blocks. All the discs, including Amber Mill Hybrid, Vita Enamic, Katana Avencia, Lava Ultimate, and Amber Mill, were cut in dimensions of 1.2 mm in thickness and 12 mm in diameter, polished to a machined surface, and immersed in distilled water for seven days. Vickers hardness was measured and the indentations were observed using microscope. The discs were brushed under a 150 g load. Mean surface roughness (Ra) and topography were determined after 100,000 cycles. Finally the biaxial flexure strength of the discs was measured and the broken surfaces were observed using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The data was subjected to Weibull analysis. All data were analyzed by one-way analysis (ANOVA). The results of Vickers hardness are shown as: Amber Mill > Vita Enamic > Amber Mill Hybrid > Lava Ultimate > Katana Avencia. Katana Avencia showed the highest volume percentage reduction and the roughest surface after toothbrushing. The biaxial flexural strength is shown as: Amber Mill > Katana Avencia > Lava Ultimate > Amber Mill Hybrid > Vita Enamic. All the tested materials exhibited varying degrees of mass loss and surface roughness. The properties of the composite materials are related to the filler content, filler volume, and polymerization methods.

scholarly journals Evaluation of mechanical properties of CAD/CAM ceramic systems: literature review

2020 ◽  
Vol 68 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ana Emanuela Cisne de LIMA ◽  
Hilmo Barreto Leite FALCÃO FILHO ◽  
Helena de Freitas Oliveira PARANHOS
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Literature Review ◽  
Computer Aided Design ◽  
Limiting Factor ◽  
Mechanical Resistance ◽  
Aesthetic Result ◽  
Computer Aided ◽  
Cad Cam ◽  
Aided Design ◽  
Cam Systems

ABSTRACT Computer aided design / computer aided manufacturing (CAD/CAM) systems are among the most technological advanced techniques in oral rehab today. Compared with conventional techniques, they can optimize the resistance and the adaptation of dental ceramics. Thus, their indications of use have been widened, making the technique more and more well-known and widespread. Therefore, the aim of this study is to present a literature review on comparative studies of the mechanical properties of ceramic systems produced by CAD / CAM. A search for scientific articles published between 2009 and 2019, in English, Spanish or Portuguese, was performed through the databases SCIELO, BIREME and PUBMED, using the descriptors “Ceramics”, “Computer Aided Design” and “ Partial Fixed Prosthesis “. Currently, all ceramic systems appear to have adequate strength for simple rehabilitations, but ceramic restorations produced by CAD/CAM systems present greater reliability than other manufacturing methods, presenting a wider array of indications due to their higher mechanical resistance. These systems, besides their versatility, also present an excellent aesthetic result, guaranteeing appropriate optical properties such as translucency and fluorescence, similar to natural teeth. Although the cost is a limiting factor, CAD/CAM technology is in full development and with high success rates that qualifies it as the state of art in oral rehabilitation.

Effect of Simulated Mastication on the Surface Roughness and Wear of Machinable Ceramics and Opposing Dental Enamel

2019 ◽  
Vol 44 (1) ◽  
pp. 88-95 ◽  
Author(s):  
G Daryakenari ◽  
H Alaghehmand ◽  
A Bijani
Keyword(s):  
Surface Roughness ◽  
Wear Rate ◽  
Computer Aided Design ◽  
Dental Enamel ◽  
Wear Rates ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Computer Aided ◽  
Cad Cam ◽  
Three Body ◽  
Aided Design

SUMMARY Objective: Computer aided design-computer aided machining (CAD-CAM) ceramic crowns are replacing ceramo-metal ones due to newly developed mechanical properties and esthetics. To obtain knowledge about their interactions due to polishing and occlusal contacts with the opposing dental enamel specimen, including surface roughness and wear, the three-body wear simulation was investigated. Methods and Materials: The surface roughness (RA) and wear rate (mm) of four CAD-CAM blocks with different compositions including Vita Mark II, e.max, Suprinity, and Enamic, after two surface treatments of glazing and polishing, and their opposing enamel specimens, were investigated using a mastication simulator and atomic force microscope. Results: The roughness of all ceramic and to a greater extent enamel samples, with the exception of enamel opposing polished Enamic samples, was decreased after wear. No significant difference in wear was evident for the ceramic samples between the glazed and polished treatments. Lower wear rates were recorded only for polished Vita Mark II and polished Enamic in comparison to the glazed ones. Conclusion: The newly developed polishing systems for CAD-CAM ceramics can be good alternatives to reglazing, because the roughness and wear rate of both the ceramic and the opposing enamel will either not change or decrease.

Differences in Radiopacity, Surface Properties, and Plaque Accumulation for CAD/CAM-Fabricated vs Conventionally Processed Polymer-based Temporary Materials

2019 ◽  
Vol 45 (4) ◽  
pp. 407-415 ◽  
Author(s):  
P Nassary Zadeh ◽  
N Lümkemann ◽  
M Eichberger ◽  
B Stawarczyk ◽  
M Kollmuss
Keyword(s):  
Surface Roughness ◽  
Free Energy ◽  
Surface Free Energy ◽  
Computer Aided Design ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Actinomyces Naeslundii ◽  
Gingival Health ◽  
Computer Aided ◽  
Cad Cam ◽  
Aided Design

Clinical Relevance As temporary materials are often used in prosthetic dentistry, there is need to investigate their behavior in the oral environment. Parameters such as surface roughness and surface free energy correlate to the level of plaque adhesion, which can impact gingival health. SUMMARY Objective: To test computer-aided design/computer-aided manufacturing (CAD/CAM)-fabricated and conventionally processed polymer-based temporary materials in terms of radiopacity (RO), surface free energy (SFE), surface roughness (SR), and plaque accumulation (PA). Methods and Materials: Six temporary materials (n=10/n=10) were tested, including three CAD/CAM-fabricated (CC) materials—Art Bloc Temp (CC-ABT), Telio CAD (CC-TC), and VITA CAD Temp (CC-VCT)—and three conventionally processed (cp) materials: Integrity Multi Cure (cp-IMC), Luxatemp Automix Plus (cp-LAP), and Protemp 4 (cp-PT4). Zirconia acted as the control group (CG, n=10). RO was evaluated according to DIN EN ISO 13116. SFE was investigated using contact angle measurements. SR was measured using a profilometer. The PA tests were performed using three microorganisms: Streptococcus mutans, Actinomyces naeslundii, and Veillonella parvula. Data were analyzed using Kolmogorov-Smirnov, Kruskal-Wallis, Mann-Whitney U-, Dunn-Bonferroni, Wilcoxon, Levene, and Pearson tests and one-way analysis of variance with post hoc Scheffé test (α=0.05). Results: No radiopacity was observed for any CC material or cp-PT4. CG showed the highest RO, while no differences between cp-IMC and cp-LAP were found. CG showed lower SFE compared to all polymer temporary materials, except in the case of CC-TC. cp-LAP and cp-IMC presented higher SFE than did CC-TC and CG. CC-ABT presented lower initial SR values compared to cp-PT4 and cp-LAP. For cp-LAP, a higher initial SR was measured than for all CAD/CAM materials and cp-IMC. All specimens showed a certain amount of PA after the incubation period. A naeslundii and V parvula resulted in comparable PA values, whereas the values for S mutans were lower by one log level. CAD/CAM materials showed superior results for SR, SFE, and PA, whereas all materials lacked RO.

Influence of Surface Roughness on Mechanical Properties of Two Computer-aided Design/Computer-aided Manufacturing (CAD/CAM) Ceramic Materials

2012 ◽  
Vol 37 (6) ◽  
pp. 617-624 ◽  
Author(s):  
S Flury ◽  
A Peutzfeldt ◽  
A Lussi
Keyword(s):  
Surface Roughness ◽  
Computer Aided Design ◽  
Rank Correlation ◽  
Correlation Coefficients ◽  
Ceramic Materials ◽  
Spearman Rank Correlation ◽  
Spearman Rank ◽  
Computer Aided ◽  
Cad Cam ◽  
Aided Design

SUMMARY The aim of this study was to evaluate the influence of surface roughness on surface hardness (Vickers; VHN), elastic modulus (EM), and flexural strength (FLS) of two computer-aided design/computer-aided manufacturing (CAD/CAM) ceramic materials. One hundred sixty-two samples of VITABLOCS Mark II (VMII) and 162 samples of IPS Empress CAD (IPS) were ground according to six standardized protocols producing decreasing surface roughnesses (n=27/group): grinding with 1) silicon carbide (SiC) paper #80, 2) SiC paper #120, 3) SiC paper #220, 4) SiC paper #320, 5) SiC paper #500, and 6) SiC paper #1000. Surface roughness (Ra/Rz) was measured with a surface roughness meter, VHN and EM with a hardness indentation device, and FLS with a three-point bending test. To test for a correlation between surface roughness (Ra/Rz) and VHN, EM, or FLS, Spearman rank correlation coefficients were calculated. The decrease in surface roughness led to an increase in VHN from (VMII/IPS; medians) 263.7/256.5 VHN to 646.8/601.5 VHN, an increase in EM from 45.4/41.0 GPa to 66.8/58.4 GPa, and an increase in FLS from 49.5/44.3 MPa to 73.0/97.2 MPa. For both ceramic materials, Spearman rank correlation coefficients showed a strong negative correlation between surface roughness (Ra/Rz) and VHN or EM and a moderate negative correlation between Ra/Rz and FLS. In conclusion, a decrease in surface roughness generally improved the mechanical properties of the CAD/CAM ceramic materials tested. However, FLS was less influenced by surface roughness than expected.

Structural Analysis of Product and Computer-Aided Assembly Planning in AssemBL Software Package

2018 ◽  
pp. 11-33
Author(s):  
A. N. Bozhko
Keyword(s):  
Computer Aided Design ◽  
State Of The Art ◽  
Graph Model ◽  
Design System ◽  
Assembly Planning ◽  
Complex Products ◽  
Assembly Sequences ◽  
Computer Aided ◽  
Cad Cam ◽  
Aided Design

Computer-aided design of assembly processes (Computer aided assembly planning, CAAP) of complex products is an important and urgent problem of state-of-the-art information technologies. Intensive research on CAAP has been underway since the 1980s. Meanwhile, specialized design systems were created to provide synthesis of assembly plans and product decompositions into assembly units. Such systems as ASPE, RAPID, XAP / 1, FLAPS, Archimedes, PRELEIDES, HAP, etc. can be given, as an example. These experimental developments did not get widespread use in industry, since they are based on the models of products with limited adequacy and require an expert’s active involvement in preparing initial information. The design tools for the state-of-the-art full-featured CAD/CAM systems (Siemens NX, Dassault CATIA and PTC Creo Elements / Pro), which are designed to provide CAAP, mainly take into account the geometric constraints that the design imposes on design solutions. These systems often synthesize technologically incorrect assembly sequences in which known technological heuristics are violated, for example orderliness in accuracy, consistency with the system of dimension chains, etc.An AssemBL software application package has been developed for a structured analysis of products and a synthesis of assembly plans and decompositions. The AssemBL uses a hyper-graph model of a product that correctly describes coherent and sequential assembly operations and processes. In terms of the hyper-graph model, an assembly operation is described as shrinkage of edge, an assembly plan is a sequence of shrinkages that converts a hyper-graph into the point, and a decomposition of product into assembly units is a hyper-graph partition into sub-graphs.The AssemBL solves the problem of minimizing the number of direct checks for geometric solvability when assembling complex products. This task is posed as a plus-sum two-person game of bicoloured brushing of an ordered set. In the paradigm of this model, the brushing operation is to check a certain structured fragment for solvability by collision detection methods. A rational brushing strategy minimizes the number of such checks.The package is integrated into the Siemens NX 10.0 computer-aided design system. This solution allowed us to combine specialized AssemBL tools with a developed toolkit of one of the most powerful and popular integrated CAD/CAM /CAE systems.

scholarly journals Evaluation of the Feasibility of NaCaPO4-Blended Zirconia as a New CAD/CAM Material for Dental Restoration

Materials ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (14) ◽  
pp. 3819
Author(s):  
Ting-Hsun Lan ◽  
Yu-Feng Chen ◽  
Yen-Yun Wang ◽  
Mitch M. C. Chou
Keyword(s):  
Computer Aided Design ◽  
Optical Microscope ◽  
Dental Restoration ◽  
Numerical Control ◽  
Test Results ◽  
Cnc Machine ◽  
Computer Aided ◽  
Cad Cam ◽  
Aided Design ◽  
Better Than

The computer-aided design/computer-aided manufacturing (CAD/CAM) fabrication technique has become one of the hottest topics in the dental field. This technology can be applied to fixed partial dentures, removable dentures, and implant prostheses. This study aimed to evaluate the feasibility of NaCaPO4-blended zirconia as a new CAD/CAM material. Eleven different proportional samples of zirconia and NaCaPO4 (xZyN) were prepared and characterized by X-ray diffractometry (XRD) and Vickers microhardness, and the milling property of these new samples was tested via a digital optical microscope. After calcination at 950 °C for 4 h, XRD results showed that the intensity of tetragonal ZrO2 gradually decreased with an increase in the content of NaCaPO4. Furthermore, with the increase in NaCaPO4 content, the sintering became more obvious, which improved the densification of the sintered body and reduced its porosity. Specimens went through milling by a computer numerical control (CNC) machine, and the marginal integrity revealed that being sintered at 1350 °C was better than being sintered at 950 °C. Moreover, 7Z3N showed better marginal fit than that of 6Z4N among thirty-six samples when sintered at 1350 °C (p < 0.05). The milling test results revealed that 7Z3N could be a new CAD/CAM material for dental restoration use in the future.

scholarly journals Characterisation of the Filler Fraction in CAD/CAM Resin-Based Composites

Materials ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (8) ◽  
pp. 1986
Author(s):  
Andreas Koenig ◽  
Julius Schmidtke ◽  
Leonie Schmohl ◽  
Sibylle Schneider-Feyrer ◽  
Martin Rosentritt ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Computer Aided Design ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Specific Information ◽  
Dental Resin ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Computer Aided ◽  
Cad Cam ◽  
Filler Fraction ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Aided Design

The performance of dental resin-based composites (RBCs) heavily depends on the characteristic properties of the individual filler fraction. As specific information regarding the properties of the filler fraction is often missing, the current study aims to characterize the filler fractions of several contemporary computer-aided design/computer-aided manufacturing (CAD/CAM) RBCs from a material science point of view. The filler fractions of seven commercially available CAD/CAM RBCs featuring different translucency variants were analysed using Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) with Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy (EDS), Micro-X-ray Computed Tomography (µXCT), Thermogravimetric Analysis (TG) and X-ray Diffractometry (XRD). All CAD/CAM RBCs investigated included midifill hybrid type filler fractions, and the size of the individual particles was clearly larger than the individual specifications of the manufacturer. The fillers in Shofu Block HC featured a sphericity of ≈0.8, while it was <0.7 in all other RBCs. All RBCs featured only X-ray amorphous phases. However, in Lava Ultimate, zircon crystals with low crystallinity were detected. In some CAD/CAM RBCs, inhomogeneities (X-ray opaque fillers or pores) with a size <80 µm were identified, but the effects were minor in relation to the total volume (<0.01 vol.%). The characteristic parameters of the filler fraction in RBCs are essential for the interpretation of the individual material’s mechanical and optical properties.

scholarly journals Influence of Sequential CAD/CAM Milling on the Fitting Accuracy of Titanium Three-Unit Fixed Dental Prostheses

Materials ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (6) ◽  
pp. 1401
Author(s):  
Doo-Bin Song ◽  
Man-So Han ◽  
Si-Chul Kim ◽  
Junyong Ahn ◽  
Yong-Woon Im ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Titanium Alloy ◽  
Computer Aided Design ◽  
Dental Prostheses ◽  
Computer Aided ◽  
Cad Cam ◽  
Fixed Dental Prostheses ◽  
Gap Data ◽  
Aided Design ◽  
Fitting Accuracy

This study investigated the fitting accuracy of titanium alloy fixed dental prostheses (FDP) after sequential CAD/CAM (Computer Aided Design/Computer Aided Manufacturing) fabrication. A three-unit FDP model connecting mandibular second premolars and molars was prepared and scanned to fabricate titanium FDPs by CAD/CAM milling. A total of six FDPs were sequentially milled in one titanium alloy disk using a new set of burs every time (n = 4). The fitting accuracy of FDPs was mesiodistally evaluated by a silicone replica technique and the measurement was triplicated at four different locations: MO (marginal opening), MG (marginal gap), AG (axial gap), and OG (occlusal gap). Data were statistically analyzed using ANOVA and Tukey’s HSD test. The fitting accuracy of PMMA (polymethyl methacrylate) FDPs milled using the worn or new bur were evaluated by the same procedure (n = 6). The mean dimensions of titanium FDP for all measuring positions, except for AG, were significantly increased from the third milling. However, no difference was noted between the first FDP and the second FDP milled with the same set of burs. Severe edge chippings were observed in all milling burs. Detrimental effects of the worn burs on the fitting accuracy were demonstrated in the CAD/CAM-milled PMMA FDP. The results recommend proper changing frequency of cutting burs to achieve the quality of fit and predictable outcomes for dental CAD/CAM prostheses.

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