scholarly journals Effect of Heat Treatment Temperature on Microstructure and Properties of PM Borated Stainless Steel Prepared by Hot Isostatic Pressing

Materials ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (16) ◽  
pp. 4646
Author(s):  
Yanbin Pei ◽  
Xuanhui Qu ◽  
Qilu Ge ◽  
Tiejun Wang
Keyword(s):  
Heat Treatment ◽  
Stainless Steel ◽  
Heat Treatment Temperature ◽  
Hot Isostatic Pressing ◽  
Fracture Morphology ◽  
Treatment Temperature ◽  
Isostatic Pressing ◽  
Different Temperatures ◽  
Strength And Plasticity ◽  
Borated Stainless Steel

Borated stainless steel (BSS) with a boron content of 1.86% was prepared by a powder metallurgy process incorporating atomization and hot isostatic pressing. After solution quenching at 900–1200 °C, the phase composition of the alloy was studied by quantitative X-ray diffraction phase analysis. The microstructure, fracture morphology, and distributions of boron, chromium, and iron in grains of the alloy were analyzed by field-emission scanning electron microscopy with secondary electron and energy-dispersive spectroscopy. After the coupons were heat treated at different temperatures ranging from 900 to 1200 °C, the strength and plasticity were tested, and the fracture surfaces were analyzed. Undergoing heat treatment at different temperatures, the phases of the alloy were austenite and Fe1.1Cr0.9B0.9 phase. Since the diffusion coefficients of Cr, Fe, and B varied at different temperatures, the distribution of elements in the alloy was not uniform. The alloy with good strength and plasticity can be obtained when the heat treatment temperature of alloy ranged from 1000 to 1150 °C while the tensile strength was about 800 MPa, with the elongation standing about 20%.

scholarly journals Study on the Hot Deformation Characterization of Borated Stainless Steel by Hot Isostatic Pressing

Materials ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (23) ◽  
pp. 7110
Author(s):  
Yanbin Pei ◽  
Xuanhui Qu ◽  
Qilu Ge ◽  
Tiejun Wang
Keyword(s):  
Stainless Steel ◽  
Hot Deformation ◽  
True Strain ◽  
Hot Isostatic Pressing ◽  
Microstructural Analysis ◽  
Critical Conditions ◽  
True Strain Rate ◽  
Isostatic Pressing ◽  
Different Temperatures ◽  
Borated Stainless Steel

Borated stainless steel (BSS) specimens have a boron content of 1.86 wt%, and are prepared by hot isostatic pressing (HIP) conducted at different temperatures, ranging from 1000 to 1100 °C and a constant true strain rate (0.01, 0.1, 1 and 10 s−1). These tests, with observations and microstructural analysis, have achieved the hot deformation characteristics and mechanisms of BSS. In this research, the activation energy (Q) and Zener–Hollomon parameter (Z) were contrasted against the flow curves: Q = 442.35 kJ/mol. The critical conditions associated with the initiation of dynamic recrystallization (DRX) for BSS were precisely calculated based on the function between the strain hardening rate with the flow stress: at different temperatures from 1000 to 1100 °C: the critical stresses were 146.69–254.77 MPa and the critical strains were 0.022–0.044. The facts show that the boron-containing phase of BSS prevented the onset of DRX, despite the saturated boron in the austenite initiated DRX. The microstructural analysis showed that hot deformation promoted the generation of borides, which differed from the initial microstructure of HIP. The inhomogeneous distribution of elements in the boron-containing phase was caused by hot compression.

scholarly journals Effect of Annealing Heat Treatment on the Microstructural Evolution and Mechanical Properties of Hot Isostatic Pressed 316L Stainless Steel Fabricated by Laser Powder Bed Fusion

Metals ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (6) ◽  
pp. 753 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kanwal Chadha ◽  
Yuan Tian ◽  
John Spray ◽  
Clodualdo Aranas
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Heat Treatment ◽  
Stainless Steel ◽  
316L Stainless Steel ◽  
Hot Isostatic Pressing ◽  
Isostatic Pressing ◽  
Heat Treated ◽  
Two Samples ◽  
Annealing Heat Treatment ◽  
Annealing Heat

In this work, the microstructural features and mechanical properties of an additively manufactured 316L stainless steel have been determined. Three types of samples were characterized: (i) as printed (AP), (ii) annealing heat treated (AHT), and (iii) hot isostatic pressed and annealing heat treated (HIP + AHT). Microstructural analysis reveals that the AP sample formed melt pool boundaries with nano-scale cellular structures. These structures disappeared after annealing heat treatment and hot isostatic pressing. The AP and AHT samples have similar grain morphologies; however, the latter has a lower dislocation density and contains precipitates. Conversely, the HIP + AHT sample displays polygon-shaped grains with twin structures; a completely different morphology compared to the first two samples. Optical micrography reveals that the application of hot isostatic pressing reduces the porosity generated after laser processing. The tensile strengths of all the samples are comparable (about 600 MPa); however, the elongation of the HIP + AHT sample (48%) was superior to that of other two samples. The enhanced ductility of the HIP + AHT sample, however, resulted in lower yield strength. Based on these findings, annealing heat treatment after hot isostatic pressing was found to improve the ductility of as-printed 316L stainless steel by as much as 130%, without sacrificing tensile strength, but the sample may have a reduced (40%) yield strength. The tensile strength determined here has been shown to be higher than that of the hot isostatic pressed, additively manufactured 316L stainless steel available from the literature.

Effect of Heat Treatment Temperature on the Spinning Structure and Properties of a Cu–Sn Alloy

2019 ◽  
Vol 26 (1) ◽  
pp. 29-35
Author(s):  
Jinli Liu ◽  
Wenyuan Zheng ◽  
Huiqin Yin
Keyword(s):  
Heat Treatment ◽  
Grain Size ◽  
Grain Boundary ◽  
Heat Treatment Temperature ◽  
Treatment Temperature ◽  
Recrystallization Temperature ◽  
Boundary Orientation ◽  
Different Temperatures ◽  
Alloy Microstructure ◽  
Electron Back Scattered Diffraction

AbstractA thin-walled copper (Cu)–tin (Sn) alloy cylinder was treated after spinning at 200–400°C for 0.5 h. The characteristics of the alloy microstructure under different temperatures were analyzed through electron back-scattered diffraction. The results were as follows. The grain size at 200–300°C decreases as the heat treatment temperature rises, but the grain size at 400°C increases. At 200–300°C, the microstructure primarily consists of deformed grains. It is found that the main reason for the formation of high-angle grain boundaries (HAGBs) is static recrystallization. For the grain boundary orientation differential, the low-angle sub-grain boundary gradually grows into the HAGB, and multiple annealing twin Σ9 boundaries appear. Grain orientation is generally random at any temperature range. The mechanical property test indicated that, at the upper critical recrystallization temperature of 300°C, the elongation of the Cu–Sn alloy gradually increases, and its yield strength and ultimate tensile strength rapidly decrease.

scholarly journals Influence of Different Heat Treatment Temperatures on the Microstructure, Corrosion, and Mechanical Properties Behavior of Fe-Based Amorphous/Nanocrystalline Coatings

Coatings ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (12) ◽  
pp. 858
Author(s):  
Shenglin Liu ◽  
Yongsheng Zhu ◽  
Xinyue Lai ◽  
Xueping Zheng ◽  
Runnan Jia ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Heat Treatment ◽  
Corrosion Resistance ◽  
Heat Treatment Temperature ◽  
Annealing Treatment ◽  
Treatment Temperature ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
Crystalline Phases ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Different Temperatures ◽  
Sprayed Coating

Fe-based amorphous/nanocrystalline coatings with smooth, compact interior structure and low porosity were fabricated via supersonic plasma spraying (SPS). The coatings showed outstanding corrosion resistance in a 3.5% NaCl solution at room temperature. In order to analyze the effect of annealing treatment on the microstructure, corrosion resistance and microhardness, the as-sprayed coating was annealed for 1 h under different temperatures such as 350, 450, 550 and 650 °C, respectively. The results showed that the number of oxides and cracks in the coatings presented an obvious increase with increasing annealing temperature, and the corrosion resistance of the coatings showed an obvious reduction. However, the microhardness of coatings showed an important increase. The microhardness of the coating could reach 1018 HV when the heat treatment temperature reached 650 °C. The X-ray diffraction (XRD) results showed that there appeared a number of crystalline phases in the coating when the heat treatment temperature was at 650 °C. The crystalline phases led to the increase of the microhardness.

scholarly journals Effects of Si and Sn Contents and Heat-Treatment Temperature on the Corrosion Behavior of AISI 439 Ferrite Stainless Steel

2022 ◽  
Vol 60 (1) ◽  
pp. 26-34
Author(s):  
Chan Yang Kim ◽  
Do hyung Kim ◽  
Won sub Chung
Keyword(s):  
Heat Treatment ◽  
Stainless Steel ◽  
Corrosion Resistance ◽  
Passive Film ◽  
Heat Treatment Temperature ◽  
Inhibitory Effect ◽  
Heat Treatment Condition ◽  
Treatment Temperature ◽  
Fe Oxide ◽  
The Stability

This study was conducted to evaluate the corrosion resistance and optimize the heat-treatment process of AISI 439 ferrite stainless steel silicon and tin alloys with reduced chromium. The microstructure of the specimens and deposition under each condition were analyzed. The production of oxide films was compared based on the thickness of the film and the change in the contents of each element. In addition, electrochemical analyses of each heat-treatment condition was used to quantitatively compare corrosion resistance and passive film stability based on the relative chromium, silicon, and tin contents. It was found that the addition of silicon and tin compensated for the decrease in corrosion resistance induced by the chromium reduction. The addition of the two elements inhibited iron (Fe) oxide production in the surface oxide film, thereby improving the corrosion resistance of the material and improving the stability of the passive film. Moreover, the SiO2 and SnO2 layers inhibited the production of Fe oxide and contributed to the stability of the film along with Cr2O3, the main component of the passive film. However, when the heat treatment temperature increased above a specific temperature, the oxide inhibitory effect of the two elements was relatively offset. Nevertheless, further research to optimize the content of the three elements will help develop materials with superior mechanical properties and corrosion resistance.

Effect of cooling rate after heat treatment on pitting corrosion of super duplex stainless steel UNS S 32750

2018 ◽  
Vol 65 (5) ◽  
pp. 492-498 ◽  
Author(s):  
Byung-Hyun Shin ◽  
Junghyun Park ◽  
Jongbae Jeon ◽  
Sung-bo Heo ◽  
Wonsub Chung
Keyword(s):  
Heat Treatment ◽  
Stainless Steel ◽  
Corrosion Resistance ◽  
Cooling Rate ◽  
Pitting Corrosion ◽  
Heat Treatment Temperature ◽  
Secondary Phase ◽  
Treatment Temperature ◽  
Super Duplex Stainless Steel ◽  
Content Type

Purpose In this study, super duplex stainless steel (SDSS) was heat-treated. The purpose of this study is to assess the effect of the cooling rate after heat treatment on the pitting corrosion of SDSS. Design/methodology/approach The heat treatment from 1,000°C to 1,300°C was applied to SDSS to check the effect of the cooling rate. Findings The heat treatment temperature produced a different SDSS microstructure, and the cooling rate led to the growth of austenite. The casted SDSS indicated the presence of heterogeneous austenite, and the precipitation secondary phase under 1.6 per cent precipitated to bare metal. By applying heat treatment and cooling SDSS, its corrosion resistance changes because of the change in the chemical composition. The cooling rate at 5,600 J/s has the highest critical pitting temperature (CPT) at 1,100°C, and the cooling rate at 1.6 J/s has the highest CPT at 1,200°C. Low cooling rate (0.4 J/s) made the secondary phase at all temperature range. Research limitations/implications The effect of secondary phase not consider because that is well known to decreasing corrosion resistance. Practical implications Solution annealing is taken into account to optimize the corrosion resistance. But that is not consider the cooling rate at each temperature. This study assessed the effect of the cooling rate at each temperature point. Social implications Manufacturers need to know the effect of the cooling rate to optimize the corrosion resistance, and this study can be applied in the industrial scene. Originality/value SDSS is hard the optimization because SDSS is a dual-phase stainless steel. Corrosion resistance can be optimized by controlling heat treatment temperature and the cooling rate. Anyone not studied the effect of the cooling rate at each temperature. The effect of the cooling rate should be considered to optimize the corrosion resistance.

scholarly journals Microstructure, Mechanical, and Corrosion Properties of Ni-Free Austenitic Stainless Steel Prepared by Mechanical Alloying and HIPping

Materials ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 12 (20) ◽  
pp. 3416
Author(s):  
Eliza Romanczuk ◽  
Krzysztof Perkowski ◽  
Zbigniew Oksiuta
Keyword(s):  
Heat Treatment ◽  
Tensile Strength ◽  
Stainless Steel ◽  
Corrosion Resistance ◽  
Austenitic Stainless Steel ◽  
Hot Isostatic Pressing ◽  
Total Elongation ◽  
Nitrogen Atmosphere ◽  
Corrosion Properties ◽  
Isostatic Pressing

An influence of the powder metallurgy route on the phase structure, mechanical properties, and corrosion resistance of Fe–18%Cr–12%Mn–N nickel-free austenitic stainless steel as a potential material for medical applications were studied. The powder was mechanically alloyed in a high purity nitrogen atmosphere for 90 h followed by Hot Isostatic Pressing at 1150 °C (1423 K) and heat treatment at 1175 °C (1423 K) for 1 h in a vacuum with furnace cooling and water quenching. More than 96% of theoretical density was obtained for the samples after Hot Isostatic Pressing that had a direct influence on the tensile strength of the tested samples (Ultimate Tensile Strength is 935 MPa) with the total elongation of 0.5%. Heat treatment did not affect the tensile strength of the tested material, however, an elongation was improved by up to 3.5%. Corrosion properties of the tested austenitic stainless steel in various stages of the manufacturing process were evaluated applying the anodic polarization measurements and compared with the austenitic 316LV stainless steel. In general, the heat treatment applied after Hot Isostatic Pressing improved the corrosion resistance. The Hot Isostatic Pressing sample shows dissolution, while heat treatment causes a passivity range, the noblest corrosion potential, and lower current density of this sample.

Effect of Heat Treatment on the Microstructure of TiO2 Nanofibers Prepared by Refluxing in Basic Solution

2008 ◽  
Vol 368-372 ◽  
pp. 800-802 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shi Ying Zhang ◽  
Fan Ping Xiao ◽  
Luo Yi Wu ◽  
Cheng Yong Li ◽  
Zhen Hua Chen
Keyword(s):  
Heat Treatment ◽  
Heat Treatment Temperature ◽  
Treatment Temperature ◽  
Basic Solution ◽  
Tio2 Powder ◽  
Gel Method ◽  
Different Temperatures ◽  
Amorphous Tio2 ◽  
Ft Ir ◽  
Titania Nanofibers

Using tetrabutyltitanate as titanium source, amorphous TiO2 powder was firstly prepared by a sol–miniemulsion–gel method. Prepared powder was refluxed in basic solution and then calcined at different temperatures to synthesize titania nanofibers. The prepared samples were characterized by XRD, TG–DSC, FT–IR and TEM. The results show that when the heat–treatment temperature increases, crystallization of the titania nanofibers occurs with two Ti–OH bonds dehydrate, meanwhile morphology of the fibers is gradually obvious and ratio of length to diameter decreases. When the temperature was raised above 550 °C, titania nanofibers were sintered.

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