scholarly journals Influence of Firing Temperature on Phase Composition and Color Properties of Ceramic Tile Bodies

Materials ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (21) ◽  
pp. 6380
Author(s):  
Kornelia Wiśniewska ◽  
Waldemar Pichór ◽  
Ewelina Kłosek-Wawrzyn
Keyword(s):  
Phase Composition ◽  
Flexural Strength ◽  
Water Absorption ◽  
Amorphous Phase ◽  
Firing Temperature ◽  
Open Porosity ◽  
Ceramic Materials ◽  
Linear Shrinkage ◽  
Total Water ◽  
Blue Shade

This study is focused on the behavior of the cream-firing clays from Opoczno region (Poland). The ceramic masses on which tests were carried out consisted of cream-firingBorkowice clay and dolomite in two different grain sizes as an additive that changes the color of ceramic materials. Test samples were prepared by plastic method and fired at range of 1100–1240 °C. Phase composition of theinvestigated materials was characterized by XRD method with quantitive analysis of the amorphous phase determined by the Retvield technique.Color properties of the surface of the obtained ceramic materials were determined in CIE-Lab color space. The phase composition of the obtained ceramics depends on the firing temperature. The color of the surface of the ceramic materials also depends on the firing temperature. There was a tendency to decrease the brightness, decrease the blue shade, and increase the yellow shade of the surface of materials with increasing the temperature. The conducted tests allowed to conclude that the color of ceramic materials depends on their phase composition. The most important role in the formation of color correspond to the amorphous phase, formed during the process. The lower content of the amorphous phase in the material allows to obtain brighter products with a lower proportion of yellow, and therefore closer to white. Moreover, following tests were carried out: total water absorption, total open porosity, linear shrinkage, and flexural strength. With increasing the temperature, total water absorption and total open porosity decrease, and total linear shrinkage increases due to the progressive sintering process. Flexural strength increases with the increase of the firing temperature for materials consisting of Borkowice clay. The addition of dolomite introduced new pores into the material, which resulted in an increase in flexural strength at lower firing temperatures and a decrease in flexural strength at higher firing temperatures.

scholarly journals Influence of the firing temperature on the dielectric properties of ceramics based on barium titanate

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (3(61)) ◽  
pp. 10-13
Author(s):  
Georgiy Lisachuk ◽  
Ruslan Kryvobok ◽  
Artem Zakharov ◽  
Valentyna Voloshchuk ◽  
Mykyta Maistat ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Dielectric Constant ◽  
Barium Titanate ◽  
Water Absorption ◽  
Firing Temperature ◽  
Open Porosity ◽  
Functional Materials ◽  
Ceramic Materials ◽  
Ceramic Technology ◽  
Pressing Pressure ◽  
Press Powder

The object of the research is the firing temperature of ceramic materials based on barium titanate. In laboratory conditions, barium titanate was synthesized from raw materials of barium carbonate and titanium dioxide using ceramic technology, taking into account the stoichiometric composition of the compound. In order to study the effect of the firing temperature on the properties of the ceramic material, three temperatures were selected: 1270, 1300, and 1350 °C. The physical properties of the samples (imaginary density, water absorption, open porosity) were determined by the method of hydrostatic weighing in water. The samples were saturated with water after their preliminary evacuation. The dielectric characteristics of the obtained materials were measured on an E7-8CLR automated device (Ukraine) at a frequency of 1 kHz. The structural and morphological features of ceramics based on synthesized barium titanate were investigated by direct scanning electron microscopy and X-ray phase analysis. On the basis of the complex of studies carried out, the technological parameters of the production of ceramics were selected. Thus, the duration of grinding at the first and second stages is 10 and 30 minutes; moisture content of the press powder – 8 %; pressing pressure – 20 MPa; temperature of the first firing – 1000 °С; temperature of the second firing – 1350 °C. The regularity of the change in the dielectric constant on the firing temperature of ceramics based on barium titanate was established. The investigated samples, obtained according to the given technological regime, are characterized by the following indicators: dielectric constant – 259.9; open porosity – 0.02 %; water absorption – 0.01 %; imaginary density – 5.45 g/cm3. The resulting material can be used to create composite ceramic materials that protect biological and technical objects from the effects of electromagnetic radiation, and can also be used to create new functional materials for space, aerospace, electronic engineering and medicine.  

Composition and Ceramic Characteristics of Cretaceous Clays from Morocco

2014 ◽  
Vol 92 ◽  
pp. 209-214 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chaouki Sadik ◽  
Abderrahman Albizane ◽  
Iz Eddine el Amrani
Keyword(s):  
Flexural Strength ◽  
Water Absorption ◽  
Production Process ◽  
Magnesium Oxide ◽  
Firing Temperature ◽  
Ceramic Materials ◽  
Technological Characteristics ◽  
The Relationship

Investigations were undertaken to assess the chemical and technological characteristics in clay products from the Cretaceous deposit (Moroccan Meseta), in order to use them in refractory products. We have focused mainly on this clay because of its high content of alumina, silica and magnesium oxide, which are very favorable for the synthesis of refractory and ceramic materials. That is why the study has used several techniques of analysis (FX, XRD, SEM and technological tests. The samples were dry pressed on clay bodies and sintered at temperatures ranging from 900 to 1200°C. The relationship between water absorption, shrinkage and flexural strength as a function of the firing temperature was examined in order to enhance the quality of the final products and to optimize the production process. The results revealed that these clays have qualities necessary for the manufacture of ceramic and refractory products.

scholarly journals Processing of red ceramic using a fast-firing cycle

Cerâmica ◽  
2012 ◽  
Vol 58 (347) ◽  
pp. 393-399 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. T. Saleiro ◽  
J. N. F. Holanda
Keyword(s):  
Flexural Strength ◽  
Water Absorption ◽  
Ceramic Materials ◽  
Linear Shrinkage ◽  
Important Variable ◽  
Firing Cycle ◽  
Technological Properties ◽  
High Consumption ◽  
Red Ceramics ◽  
Fast Firing

This work reports on the processing of red ceramic for civil construction using fast-firing cycles. The firing cycle is an important variable in the processing of red ceramic materials, which contributes to a high consumption of energy. The red ceramic pieces were prepared by industrial extrusion and fired at firing temperatures varying from 700 ºC to 1100 ºC using different firing cycles (slow-firing cycle - 1º C/min and fast-firing cycle - 10 ºC/min and 20 °C/min). The technological properties (linear shrinkage, water absorption, apparent porosity, apparent density, and flexural strength) as function of the firing temperature and firing cycle are investigated. The development of the microstructure was followed by SEM/SEI. The results showed that fast-firing red ceramics exhibits technological properties and microstructure comparable to conventionally fired red ceramics, resulting in great advantages in energy saving.

scholarly journals Optimisation of the Physical Properties of Rice Husk Ash in Ceramic Materials Using the Response Surface Methodology

2021 ◽  
Vol 49 (1) ◽  
pp. 23-30
Author(s):  
Asotah Wisdom ◽  
Udochukwu Mark ◽  
Elakhame Zeberu ◽  
Abraham Adeleke
Keyword(s):  
Response Surface Methodology ◽  
Specific Gravity ◽  
Physical Properties ◽  
Water Absorption ◽  
Bulk Density ◽  
Firing Temperature ◽  
Rice Husk Ash ◽  
Ceramic Materials ◽  
Linear Shrinkage ◽  
Apparent Porosity

Optimisation of the physical properties of rice husk ash (RHA) in ceramic materials was carried out using Response Surface Methodology. The independent variables, namely the firing temperature and residue content, were statistically combined in a Central Composite Design with the effects on water absorption, linear shrinkage, bulk density, apparent porosity and apparent specific gravity determined. Physical and microstructural analyses were carried out to obtain information on the processes that occurred within the ceramic materials. The results obtained were analysed to determine the optimum physical properties of the ceramic materials within the range investigated. The residue content had a significant influence (at 95% confidence level) on the bulk density, water absorption, apparent porosity and apparent specific gravity but not on the linear shrinkage. The firing temperature had a more significant effect on the linear shrinkage than on the residue content, so that when elevated it contributed to an increase in linear shrinkage. The optimum residue content and firing temperature to enhance physical properties within the range investigated were 5.85% RHA and 1029.64°celsius, respectively. These optimal conditions are expected to produce a ceramic material with a bulk density, linear shrinkage, apparent porosity, water absorption and apparent specific gravity of 1.64 g/cm3, 0.29%, 0.29 g/cm3, 18.26% and 2.11, respectively with a composite desirability of 100%.

Resistance to Synthetic Seawater Aggression of Clay Ceramics Incorporated with an Ornamental Stone Residue

2014 ◽  
Vol 798-799 ◽  
pp. 269-274 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gustavo de Castro Xavier ◽  
Jonas Alexandre ◽  
Paulo César de Almeida Maia ◽  
Fernando Saboya Albuquerque ◽  
Leonardo Gonçalves Pedroti ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Firing Temperature ◽  
Standard Procedure ◽  
Degradation Process ◽  
Ceramic Materials ◽  
Linear Shrinkage ◽  
Synthetic Seawater ◽  
Internal Expansion ◽  
Ornamental Stone ◽  
Clay Ceramics ◽  
Chloride Salts

Clay ceramic materials exposed to a marine environment may be subjected to complete degradation due to the presence of chloride salts in the air. The exposition allows the chloride to penetrate in structural pores causing an internal expansion, which eventually split the ceramic apart. In open air, the solar radiation as well as the rain and wind contribute to accelerate the degradation process. In the present work the laboratory assisted degradation of clay ceramics incorporated with a granite residue from ornamental stone processing was evaluated by synthetic seawater aggression according to standard procedure. The amount of incorporated residues, up to 10 wt % and the ceramic firing temperature, up to 900°C, were variable conditions statistically analyzed by factorial planning. Degradation wetting-drying tests were conducted up to 6 months. The results showed that the linear shrinkage of the residue-free ceramics do not stabilize during the test period for any firing temperature. By contrast, the residue-incorporated ceramics tend to stabilize after 4 months. In addition, a decrease in water absorption and flexural strength was observed in same speciemens.

Utilization of Glass Cutting Sludge and Sanitary Ware Sludge in Ceramic Pressed Bodies

2015 ◽  
Vol 659 ◽  
pp. 169-174 ◽  
Author(s):  
Apirat Theerapapvisetpong ◽  
Siripan Nilpairach
Keyword(s):  
Flexural Strength ◽  
Water Absorption ◽  
Firing Temperature ◽  
Soda Lime ◽  
Sanitary Ware ◽  
Production Costs ◽  
Modulus Of Rupture ◽  
Soda Lime Glass ◽  
Firing Shrinkage ◽  
Glass Cutting

Ceramic manufacturers are finding the way to decrease firing temperature and recover their wastes in order to keep production costs down. In this study earthenware ceramic bodies were prepared by adding a soda-lime glass grinding effluent powder (dried sludge) as a fluxing agent at 0–50 wt.% into either sanitary ware sludge powder (from a sanitary ware manufacturing process) or fresh pottery clay from Ang-thong, Thailand. The dried and pressed mixtures were fired at 1100, 1125 and 1150 °C and tested for the firing shrinkage, modulus of rupture, water absorption and bulk density. The formed product microstructure was observed by the scanning electron microscopy, and the phase composition was characterized by X-ray diffractometer. The results revealed that the best condition for adding the glass powder in Ang-thong pottery clay was the inclusion of 10 wt.% soda-lime glass effluent powder in the pottery clay. Its flexural strength increased from 51.25 MPa to 93.40 MPa after firing at 1125 °C with the water absorption of 0.42 wt.% and the firing shrinkage of 10.25 %. The optimum firing temperature and soda-lime glass content in sanitary ware sludge were 1150 °C and 20 wt.%, respectively. Its flexural strength increased from 103.16 MPa to 118.16 MPa with the water absorption of 0.52 wt.% and the firing shrinkage of 13.67 %. The results illustrated the potential to use soda-lime glass cutting sludge and sanitary ware sludge as raw materials for earthenware ceramic body.

scholarly journals The Effect of Firing Temperature on Water Absorption and Flexural Strength on The Preparation of Stoneware Ceramic (Coded-BL1P)

2019 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
pp. 25 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. Agus Permana Putra Sujana ◽  
Putu Suardana ◽  
Totok Nugroho
Keyword(s):  
Flexural Strength ◽  
Water Absorption ◽  
Firing Temperature ◽  
Test Block ◽  
Casting Method ◽  
Temperature Variations ◽  
Made In

It has been investigated the effect of firing temperature on water absorption and flexural strength in the manufacture of BL1P code stoneware ceramics. Ceramics are made in the form the test block bar with materials from of Borneo Clay Noodle, PRC Feldspar, Kaolin Belitung, Belitung Quartz, Ballclay Bantur, Bentonite, and Talk with a simple casting method. The block bar of the molds was burned at four temperature variations, i.e. 850, 900, 1000, and 1200 oC. From the results of measurements of it water absorption, it was found that the increase in firing temperature from 850 oC to 1200 oC showed a decrease in water absorption from 18.3% to 5.5%, while the measurement of it flexural strength showed an increase in flexural strength of 11.6 kg/cm2 to 19.8 kg/cm2.

Utilization of Iron Tailings for High Strength Fired Brick

2012 ◽  
Vol 550-553 ◽  
pp. 2373-2377
Author(s):  
Wei Juan Guo ◽  
Gao Xiang Du ◽  
Ran Fang Zuo ◽  
Jing Hui Liao
Keyword(s):  
Phase Composition ◽  
Mechanical Strength ◽  
Water Absorption ◽  
Bulk Density ◽  
Firing Temperature ◽  
Glass Phase ◽  
High Strength ◽  
Optimum Conditions ◽  
Crystalline Phases ◽  
Fired Bricks

his paper studies the feasibility of preparation high strength fired bricks from iron tailings with addition of clay and coal gangue. The results indicated that the optimum conditions were found to be that the hematite tailings content were 35%–50%; the firing temperature was 1000 °C. Under these conditions, the mechanical strength, the water absorption and the bulk density of the fired bricks were 21.17–26.14 MPa, 14.55–15.47% and 1.648–1.629g/cm3, respectively, these were well conformed to standards MU20 of Chinese Fired Common Bricks Standard (GB/T5101-2003).The phase composition and microstructure of the fired specimen were characterized by XRD and SEM. The results showed that the major crystalline phases present in fired brick were quartz, albite, amphibole, hematite and muscovite, and glass phase encapsulated and cement the crystalline phases forming strong entirety which promoted the strength of bricks.

Properties of High Temperature Sintered Clay Ceramic Added with Multi-Wire Sawn Granite Waste

2014 ◽  
Vol 775-776 ◽  
pp. 69-74 ◽  
Author(s):  
Monica Castoldi Borlini Gadioli ◽  
Mariane Costalonga de Aguiar ◽  
Carlos Maurício Fontes Vieira ◽  
Verônica Scarpini Candido ◽  
Sérgio Neves Monteiro
Keyword(s):  
High Temperature ◽  
Melting Point ◽  
Flexural Strength ◽  
Water Absorption ◽  
Linear Shrinkage ◽  
Huge Amount ◽  
Ornamental Stones ◽  
The World ◽  
Alkaline Oxides

Brazil is currently one of the world leading producers and exporters of ornamental stones. The increasing production also generates a proportionally huge amount of wastes. Depending on stones such as granite, these wastes may be composed of relatively high content of alkaline oxides. This is a low melting point flux with advantage for a potential addition of the waste into common clay ceramic. Thus, the present work investigated the addition of a granite waste, generated during the sawing stage using the multi-wire technology, into clayey ceramics fired at 1200oC. This ceramic added with up to 30 wt% waste were evaluated in terms of linear shrinkage, water absorption and flexural strength. It was found that the waste fluxing compounds promoted a reduction in water absorption and increase in strength that are associated with an improved clayey ceramic.

The Effects of MgO Content on the Mechanical Properties and Microstructures of Al2O3-TiN-TiC Ceramic Materials

2012 ◽  
Vol 500 ◽  
pp. 623-628 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yu Huan Fei ◽  
Chuan Zhen Huang ◽  
Han Lian Liu ◽  
Bin Zou
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Fracture Toughness ◽  
Phase Composition ◽  
Flexural Strength ◽  
Crack Path ◽  
Ceramic Materials ◽  
Optical Microscope ◽  
Volume Percent ◽  
Sintered Ceramic ◽  
Microstructure Morphology

Al2O3-TiN-TiC ceramic materials with different MgO content were fabricated by hot-pressing technique. The MgO volume percent was varied from 0vol% to 5vol%. The mechanical properties such as flexural strength, Vickers hardness and fracture toughness were tested. The phase composition of the sintered body was analyzed by XRD while the microstures of the sintering body were observed by OM (Optical Microscope) and SEM. The effects of MgO content on the mechanical properties and microstructures of Al2O3-TiN-TiC were investigated. The results shows that the addition of MgO can change the phase composition of the sintered ceramic materials which displayed with diverse solid solutions and intermetallic compounds. Meanwhile the new sintering products changed the the microstructure morphology which made the crack path complex and affected the mechanical properties.

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