scholarly journals Volcanic Tuff as Secondary Raw Material in the Production of Clay Bricks

Materials ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (22) ◽  
pp. 6872
Author(s):  
Nicoleta Cobîrzan ◽  
Gyorgy Thalmaier ◽  
Anca-Andreea Balog ◽  
Horia Constantinescu ◽  
Andrei Ceclan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Raw Materials ◽  
Thermal Analyses ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Firing Process ◽  
Clay Bricks ◽  
Heat Demand ◽  
Result Show ◽  
Clay Matrix ◽  
Secondary Raw Material ◽  
Points Of View

The present work examines an innovative manufacturing technique for fired clay bricks, using tuff as a secondary raw material. Samples were made of clay and tuff (0–30 wt.%) fired at 900 to 1100 °C. The chemical and mineralogical compositions and physical and thermal analyses of raw materials were investigated by using SEM-EDS, RX and DTA-TG curves. The samples were analysed from the mineralogical, technological and mechanical points of view. The result show that the tuff’s presence in the clay mixtures considerably reduced the shrinkage of the product during the firing process, and the manufactured samples were of excellent quality. The compressive strength of the bricks varied from 5–35.3MPa, being influenced by the tuff content, clay matrix properties and firing temperatures. Finally, the heat demand for increasing the temperature from room to the firing temperature of the sample with 10% tuff content was 22%.

scholarly journals Olive Stone Ash as Secondary Raw Material for Fired Clay Bricks

2016 ◽  
Vol 2016 ◽  
pp. 1-9 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. Eliche-Quesada ◽  
M. A. Felipe-Sesé ◽  
A. Infantes-Molina
Keyword(s):  
Compressive Strength ◽  
Water Absorption ◽  
Bulk Density ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Linear Shrinkage ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Engineering Properties ◽  
Clay Bricks ◽  
Olive Stone ◽  
Secondary Raw Material

This work evaluates the effect of incorporation of olive stone ash, as secondary raw material, on the properties of fired clay bricks. To this end, three compositions containing 10, 20, and 30 wt% olive stone ash in a mixture of clays (30 wt% red, 30 wt% yellow, and 40 wt% black clay) from Spain were prepared. The raw materials, clay and olive stone ash, were characterized by means of XRD, XRF, SEM-EDS, and TG-TDA analysis. The engineering properties of the press molded specimens fired at 900°C (4 h) such as linear shrinkage, bulk density, apparent porosity, water absorption, and compressive strength were evaluated. The results indicated that the incorporation of 10 wt% of olive stone ash produced bricks with suitable technological properties, with values of compressive strength of 41.9 MPa but with a reduced bulk density, by almost 4%. By contrast, the incorporation of 20 wt% and 30 wt% sharply increased the water absorption as a consequence of the large amount of open porosity and low mechanical strength presented by these formulations, which do not meet the standards for their use as face bricks. The bricks do not present environmental problems according to the leaching test.

scholarly journals The Potential for REE and Associated Critical Metals in Karstic Bauxites and Bauxite Residue of Montenegro

Minerals ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (9) ◽  
pp. 975
Author(s):  
Slobodan Radusinović ◽  
Argyrios Papadopoulos
Keyword(s):  
Raw Materials ◽  
Bauxite Residue ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Late Triassic ◽  
Critical Metals ◽  
Critical Elements ◽  
Secondary Raw Material ◽  
Increasing Demand ◽  
First Time ◽  
Critical Raw Materials

Research for critical raw materials is of special interest, due to their increasing demand, opulence of applications and shortage of supply. Bauxites, or bauxite residue after alumina extraction can be sources of critical raw materials (CRMs) due to their content of rare earth elements and other critical elements. Montenegrin bauxites and bauxite residue (red mud) are investigated for their mineralogy and geochemistry. The study of the CRM’s potential of the Montenegrin bauxite residue after the application of Bayer process, is performed for the first time. Montenegrin bauxites, (Jurassic bauxites from the Vojnik-Maganik and Prekornica ore regions from the Early Jurassic, Middle Jurassic-Oxfordian and Late Triassic paleorelief) are promising for their REE’s content (around 1000 ppm of ΣREE’s). More specifically, they are especially enriched in LREEs compared to HREEs. Regarding other CRMs and other elements, Ti, V, Zr, Nb, Sr and Ga could also be promising. In bauxite residue, the contents of Zr, Sr, V, Sc, La, Ce, Y, Ti and Nb are higher than those in bauxites. However, raw bauxites and bauxite residue as a secondary raw material can be considered as possible sources of CRMs.

scholarly journals Manufacture of Sustainable Clay Bricks Using Waste from Secondary Aluminum Recycling as Raw Material

Materials ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 11 (12) ◽  
pp. 2439 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eduardo Bonet-Martínez ◽  
Luis Pérez-Villarejo ◽  
Dolores Eliche-Quesada ◽  
Eulogio Castro
Keyword(s):  
Compressive Strength ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Physical And Mechanical Properties ◽  
Linear Shrinkage ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Partial Substitution ◽  
Secondary Aluminum ◽  
Recycling Industry ◽  
Clay Bricks ◽  
Aluminum Recycling

The aluminum recycling industry produces aluminum filter dust (AFD), a waste byproduct of the aluminum recycling process composed mainly of aluminum oxide in a percentage between 60–70%, 8% calcium oxide, almost 15% sodium chloride, and between 5–10% potassium chloride. Due to its aluminum content, this waste can be used as a raw material in the manufacture of ceramic bricks, at the same time reducing the environmental impact produced in landfill. In this work, the partial substitution of a clay mixture (40% black, 30% red, and 30% yellow clay) by different proportions of AFD in the range 0–25 wt % for the production of fired clay brick was studied. The raw materials, clays, and waste were characterized by XRF and XRD. The brick specimens were fired at 950 °C and their physical and mechanical properties, such as water absorption, water suction, loss of ignition, linear shrinkage, bulk density, and compressive strength, were analyzed. The more relevant results were obtained with the addition of up to 20 wt % AFD, obtaining bricks with physical properties comparable to pure clay-based bricks used as a reference and better compressive strength and thermal conductivity due to the balance between the melting and pore-forming effects of the waste. These sustainable bricks also comply with the regulations of heavy metals leached to the environment, as indicated by the leaching test.

Alternative Preparation of Sulphated Binders from Secondary Raw-Material Resources

2013 ◽  
Vol 838-841 ◽  
pp. 2338-2341
Author(s):  
Marcela Fridrichová ◽  
Karel Dvořák ◽  
Iveta Hájková
Keyword(s):  
Flue Gas ◽  
Industrial Development ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Calcium Sulphate ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Gas Cleaning ◽  
Material Resources ◽  
Power Stations ◽  
Gypsum Formation ◽  
Secondary Raw Material

The insufficient occurrence of raw material resources on our territory was one of the historical reasons for marginal production of sulphated binders from secondary raw-material resources. Also the unprofitability of material production based on calcium sulphate was related to this fact. This was changed in the end of the last century when formation of waste raw materials increased with industrial development. Secondary gypsums became basic raw material for production of plaster boards, plaster mixtures and anhydrite self-levelling mixtures. Wet flue gas cleaning desulphation process during which the energogypsum is formed is nowadays realised in major part of our power stations. Annual production of the energogypsum produced in this way in particular power stations is about 250 kt. The energogypsum is generally stored in stock piles as a so called stabilisate and partially is delivered to cement works as a solidification regulator. Chemogypsum is produced in chemical works where waste waters with content of SO42- occur, which must be desulphated with lime in water ambient. Further it is formed in citric acid productions where also sulphated waters occur. Last but no least it is also produced in industrial production of phosphates. Production of titanium dioxide is another example of the industry where the possibility of gypsum formation exists.

Experimental Firing and Re-firing

2016 ◽  
pp. 486-508 ◽  
Author(s):  
Malgorzata Daszkiewicz ◽  
Lara Maritan
Keyword(s):  
Physical Properties ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Firing Process ◽  
Metallic Materials ◽  
Ceramic Product ◽  
Solid Mass ◽  
Ancient Ceramic ◽  
Experimental Firing ◽  
The Relationship

Ceramics are by definition inorganic non-metallic materials, formed from a powder and by firing converted to a permanent solid mass. Firing is thus a sine qua non for the creation of a ceramic product. This chapter discusses the mineralogical changes and the changes in physical properties which occur in raw materials during the firing process. Experimental firing (in the laboratory and in the field) is a method used to examine the relationship between the properties of ceramic products and raw materials as well as firing conditions. Re-firing, as opposed to experimental firing, involves the firing of ancient ceramic fragments in the laboratory. This procedure enables ancient ceramics to be classified by the type of plastic raw material used in their manufacture and also provides an estimation of equivalent original firing temperature.

scholarly journals SELECTION OF MINERAL RAW MATERIAL FIELDS FOR GLAUCONITE SORPTION MATERIALS

2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 (1) ◽  
pp. 11-18
Author(s):  
D Xadjibaev ◽  
◽  
F Erkabaev
Keyword(s):  
Industrial Development ◽  
High Performance ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Thermal Analyses ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Sorption Process ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Physical And Chemical Properties ◽  
Physical And Chemical ◽  
And Chemical Properties

Natural minerals, such as bentonite, kaolinite, biotite, vermiculite, and glauconite, which have sufficiently high performance properties in the softening of industrial and waste water, softening and cleaning of heavy metals, are promising. To study the physical and chemical properties of glauconites from various deposits of the country, samples of glauconite mineral were brought from the Parkent, Bukhara, and Karakalpak mountain reserves, their physical and chemical properties were studied, compared with each other, and the optimal reserve was selected. The reserves of these deposits are sufficient and have the potential for industrial development. The purpose of this study is to compare samples of natural mineral reserves of glauconite and select the optimal deposit for raw materials. Methodology. Samples of glauconite minerals from the Parkent, Bukhara and Karakalpak mines were taken as the object of the study. Chemical, mineralogical, and thermal analyses were performed on the samples, and the fractional composition was determined. Scientific novelty. The main part of the mineral glauconite (50-55%) in the raw material is found in fractions of 0.08-0.125 mm. The most suitable raw material was the Parkent glauconite deposit, which has a relatively high content of potassium, which tends to exchange with other metals during the sorption process. The received data. Based on the conducted experiments, samples of glauconites from Parkent, Bukhara, and Karakalpak were subjected to chemical and mineralogical analyses. The maximum amount of the mineral glauconite was found in the fractions of the raw material (less than 0.125 mm). The most suitable deposit of raw materials for processing the mineral glauconite was selected and an environmentally friendly adsorbent was obtained.

Evaluation of the Potential of Using Quartzite Residue in Mass for the Production of Sanitary Ware

2016 ◽  
Vol 869 ◽  
pp. 181-185 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paula Simone Soares de Medeiros ◽  
L.N.L. Santana ◽  
V.J. Silva ◽  
Gelmires Araújo Neves ◽  
Hélio Lucena Lira
Keyword(s):  
Raw Materials ◽  
Slip Casting ◽  
Physical And Mechanical Properties ◽  
Casting Process ◽  
Particle Size Analysis ◽  
Sanitary Ware ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Firing Process ◽  
Size Analysis ◽  
Clay Kaolin

Currently there is a great concern on the part of the industries with the disposal of waste generated in the production process. The quartzite processing industry generates significant amount of residue, consisting primarily of quartz. The aim of this work is to evaluate the incorporation of quartzite residue, replacing partially the quartz and feldspar, in ceramic mass used in the production of sanitary ware. The raw materials were characterized by chemical and particle size analysis. Compositions were formulated by varying the amount of residue and comparing with an industrial mass, consisted of clay, kaolin, feldspar and quartz. The slip casting process was used in the preparation of the specimens. The results showed that the residue can be considered as an alternative raw material for use in sanitary ware industry, since the ceramic slip presented appropriate rheological properties and after firing process the specimens presented physical and mechanical properties according to the specifications.

Comparison of Dolomite Clay and Cullet Addition on Physical and Mechanical Properties of Clay Bricks

2018 ◽  
Vol 766 ◽  
pp. 241-245
Author(s):  
Rattaphon Kantajan ◽  
Soravich Mulinta
Keyword(s):  
Compressive Strength ◽  
Water Absorption ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Physical And Mechanical Properties ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Component Ratio ◽  
Clay Brick ◽  
Red Clay ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Clay Bricks

The purpose of this study was to study and characterize the properties of physical – mechanical for clay bricks. The raw materials used in the study are from local sources. They are Sri Khum red clay, dolomite and cullet. The component ratio of clay brick as an addition Sri Khum red clay 50–90 %, foaming agent (dolomite and cullet) 10–50%. The characterization of raw material was analyzed by particle analyzer, X-ray fluorescence (XRF) and X-ray diffraction (XRD). The shrinkage, water absorption and compressive strength of clay brick were tested. The results showed that the properties of clay bricks after firing at temperature at 900°C were studied. The Sri Khum red clay 80% and cullet 20% had a shrinkage of 6.95%, water absorption of 20.4% and compressive strength of 182 kg/cm2. The physical – mechanical of clay brick achieved the requirements of Thai industrial standard (TIS 77-2545).

Production of Ceramic Material Using Wastes from Brewing Industry

2015 ◽  
Vol 663 ◽  
pp. 94-104 ◽  
Author(s):  
M.T. Cotes-Palomino ◽  
Carmen Martínez-García ◽  
Dolores Eliche-Quesada ◽  
Luis Pérez-Villarejo
Keyword(s):  
Compressive Strength ◽  
Silica Content ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Firing Process ◽  
Brewing Industry ◽  
Clay Bricks ◽  
Density Reduction ◽  
Negative Effect ◽  
Clay Body ◽  
High Silica

The industrial activities are responsible for the production of large amounts of solid wastes, which, so far, have found scarce reuse alternative. Clay-based materials show a natural forgiveness towards the incorporation of a wide variety of wastes. This study reported the changes in technological properties of clay-based mixture normally used in the production of bricks, due to the additions of a spent diatomite earth (SDE) discarded by the beer filtration process in the brewing industry. Samples containing 0-10 wt % SDE were extruded and sintered in air in an electric furnace (950 °C, for 3 h). SDE thanks to their organic substances content, during their combustion, act as pore forming agent and providing an energy support in the brick firing process. Also, the waste, because of its high silica content can act as a silica carrier. The results obtained showed that SDE, added in a percentage of 3 wt % to a brick formulation, had better influence with respect to control bricks containing only clay, improves the mechanical properties (compressive strength around 45 MPa) with a bulk density reduction of about of 2%. However, the incorporation of waste in percentage of 7 and 10 wt % had a negative effect due to increased porosity fundamentally open pores generated in the clay body by the combustion of SDE waste, leading to water suction, water absorption and compressive strength values that do not fall within the range specified by bricks UNE standards. Therefore, SDE can thus advantageously used in lower amounts (3 wt %) as silica carrier and in lower proportion as pore agent in clay bricks, with the potential to reduce fuel and natural ceramic raw material consumption, as well as, landfill costs.

Chemical and Mineralogical Composition Influence of Steelworks Dust on Agglomerate Quality

2017 ◽  
Vol 1143 ◽  
pp. 120-126
Author(s):  
Vasilica Viorica Corcoţoi Toniţă ◽  
Maria Vlad ◽  
Ilenuta Severin ◽  
Andrei Berbecaru
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Research ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Mineralogical Composition ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Sintering Process ◽  
Mineralogical Analysis ◽  
Secondary Raw Material ◽  
Chemical And Mineralogical Composition

From making steel process result dust and slurry that can be used as a secondary raw material in the composition stack of ferrous materials for the sintering process. Together with other raw materials rich in Fe, SiO2, CaO, this waste can be significant on quality ferrous agglomerate due to the useful elements contained.The paper presents the results of chemical and mineralogical analysis of steelworks dust and experimental research with a view to introduce dust in the sintering process to increase the quality of agglomerate.

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