Experimental Firing and Re-firing

Ceramics are by definition inorganic non-metallic materials, formed from a powder and by firing converted to a permanent solid mass. Firing is thus a sine qua non for the creation of a ceramic product. This chapter discusses the mineralogical changes and the changes in physical properties which occur in raw materials during the firing process. Experimental firing (in the laboratory and in the field) is a method used to examine the relationship between the properties of ceramic products and raw materials as well as firing conditions. Re-firing, as opposed to experimental firing, involves the firing of ancient ceramic fragments in the laboratory. This procedure enables ancient ceramics to be classified by the type of plastic raw material used in their manufacture and also provides an estimation of equivalent original firing temperature.

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Ceramics

Geological Methods for Archaeology ◽

10.1093/oso/9780195090246.003.0019 ◽

1998 ◽

Author(s):

Norman Herz ◽

Ervan G. Garrison

Keyword(s):

Physical Properties ◽

Raw Materials ◽

General Term ◽

Raw Material ◽

Petrographic Analysis ◽

Ceramic Product ◽

Primary Interest ◽

Archaeological Ceramics ◽

Ethnographic Studies ◽

Insight Into

Archaeological ceramics refers to products made primarily of clay and containing variable amounts of lithic and other materials as well. The term ceramic is derived from the Greek keramos, which has been translated as "earthenware" or "burned stuff." Ceramics include products that have been fired, primarily pottery but also brick, tile, glass, plaster, and cement as well. Since pottery is by far the most important archaeologically, and the methods of sampling and study are largely applicable to the others, this chapter is devoted primarily to pottery. Pottery then is the general term used here for artifacts made entirely or largely of clay and hardened by heat. Today, a distinction is sometimes made between pottery, applied to lower-quality ceramic wares, and the higher-grade product porcelain. No such distinction will be made here, so the term pottery alone will be used. Raw material that goes into the making of a pot includes primarily clay, but also varying amounts of temper, which is added to make the material more manageable and to help preserve the worked shape of the pot during firing. Of primary interest in ceramic studies are 1. the nature and the source of the raw materials—clays, temper, and slip (applied surface pigment)—and a reconstruction of the working methods of ancient potters; 2. the physical properties of the raw materials, from their preparation as a clay-temper body through their transformations during manufacture into a final ceramic product; 3. the nature of the chemical and mineral reactions that take place during firing as a clue to the technology available to the potter; and 4. the uses, provenance, and trade of the wares produced. Much of the information needed to answer these questions is available through standard geochemical and petrographic analysis of ceramic artifacts. Insight into the working methods of ancient potters also has been obtained through ethnographic studies of cultures where, because of isolation or conservative traditions or both, ancient methods have been preserved.

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Use of Sugarcane Bagasse Ashes as Raw Material in the Replacement of Fluxes for Applications on Porcelain Tile

Materials Science Forum ◽

10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.881.383 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 881 ◽

pp. 383-386 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Raimundo J.S. Paranhos ◽

Wilson Acchar ◽

Vamberto Monteiro Silva

Keyword(s):

Mechanical Properties ◽

Environmental Impact ◽

Physical Properties ◽

Sugarcane Bagasse ◽

Sintering Temperature ◽

Raw Materials ◽

Raw Material ◽

The Cost ◽

Potential Use ◽

Porcelain Tile

This study evaluated the potential use of Sugarcane Bagasse Ashes (SBA) as a flux, replacing phyllite for the production of enamelled porcelain tile. The raw materials of the standard mass components and the SBA residue were characterized by testing by XRF, XRD, AG, DTA and TGA. Test samples were fabricated, assembled in lots of 3 units and sintered at temperatures of 1150 ° C to 1210 ° C. The results of the physical properties, mechanical properties and SEM of the sintered samples, showed that the formulation, G4 - in which applied 10% of SBA replacing phyllite, sintering temperature 1210 ° C showed better performance as the previously mentioned properties due to the formation of mullite crystals, meeting the prerequisites of standards for enamelled porcelain tile, while reducing the environmental impact and the cost of production.

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Synthesis and Biological Application of Polylactic Acid

Molecules ◽

10.3390/molecules25215023 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 25 (21) ◽

pp. 5023

Author(s):

Ge Li ◽

Menghui Zhao ◽

Fei Xu ◽

Bo Yang ◽

Xiangyu Li ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Physical Properties ◽

Polylactic Acid ◽

Biomedical Applications ◽

Raw Materials ◽

Raw Material ◽

Biomedical Materials ◽

Biomedical Material ◽

Sugar Fermentation ◽

Low Toxicity ◽

Good Biocompatibility

Over the past few decades, with the development of science and technology, the field of biomedicine has rapidly developed, especially with respect to biomedical materials. Low toxicity and good biocompatibility have always been key targets in the development and application of biomedical materials. As a degradable and environmentally friendly polymer, polylactic acid, also known as polylactide, is favored by researchers and has been used as a commercial material in various studies. Lactic acid, as a synthetic raw material of polylactic acid, can only be obtained by sugar fermentation. Good biocompatibility and biodegradability have led it to be approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) as a biomedical material. Polylactic acid has good physical properties, and its modification can optimize its properties to a certain extent. Polylactic acid blocks and blends play significant roles in drug delivery, implants, and tissue engineering to great effect. This article describes the synthesis of polylactic acid (PLA) and its raw materials, physical properties, degradation, modification, and applications in the field of biomedicine. It aims to contribute to the important knowledge and development of PLA in biomedical applications.

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Modification Effect of Nanometre Zirconia on Ca-PSZ Ceramics

Materials Science Forum ◽

10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.953.59 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 953 ◽

pp. 59-64

Author(s):

Liang Zhao ◽

Shuang Yao ◽

Jing Du

Keyword(s):

Compressive Strength ◽

Physical Properties ◽

Raw Materials ◽

Inhibitory Effect ◽

Transgranular Fracture ◽

Zirconia Ceramics ◽

Zirconia Powder ◽

Abnormal Growth ◽

Crystalline Fracture ◽

The Relationship

The modified calcium oxide partially stabilized zirconia ceramics were fabricated using ZrO2 powder as raw materials, CaO as stabilizer, and nanometre zirconia as modification agent. The relationship between additive amount of nanometre zirconia and the performance of Ca-PSZ ceramics were researched via testing the physical properties, analyzing mineral phase composition, and observing microstructure of the samples. The results show that the introduction of nanometre zirconia powder has a significant effect on the physical properties of Ca-PSZ, with an addition of 8wt%, bulk density was up to 5.08 g/cm3, and the compressive strength reached 381 MPa. Compared with the unmodified Ca-PSZ sample, the porosity of the modified Ca-PSZ samples decreased by 40%, and the compressive strength increased by 70%. The introduction of nanometre zirconia has an inhibitory effect on the abnormal growth of zirconia grains and improves the densification of the Ca-PSZ ceramics. Through the formation of intragranular structure, nanometre zirconia can induce transgranular fracture and weaken crystalline fracture, thereby increasing the strength of the Ca-PSZ ceramics.

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Investigations of quartz raw materials from the locality of Rekovac muncipality

Hemijska industrija ◽

10.2298/hemind190328023m ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 73 (4) ◽

pp. 265-274

Author(s):

Slavica Mihajlovic ◽

Zivko Sekulic ◽

Jovica Stojanovic ◽

Vladan Kasic ◽

Iroslav Sokic ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Chemical Composition ◽

Physical Properties ◽

Quartz Sand ◽

Raw Materials ◽

Construction Materials ◽

Size Fraction ◽

Point Of View ◽

Raw Material ◽

Potential Applications

Quality of raw materials, including quartz sand and quartzite, varies from one deposit to another. Furthermore, the material quality determines in which industrial branches it can be used after certain preparation processes. Potential applications of quartz raw materials are: in the construction and refractory industry, ceramics and glass industry, then in metallurgy, foundry and also in production of water treatment filters. Geological investigations of the central Serbia region, in the Rekovac municipality, resulted in identification of occurrence of quartz sand ("Ursula") and quartzite ("Velika Krusevica"). Preliminary laboratory tests and characterization of the quartz sand size fraction -0.63+0.1 mm confirmed the possibility of applying this size fraction in the construction materials industry, while the quartzite can be used in refractory, glass and metallurgy industries. After determining the geological reserve of quartz sand "Ursula" and quartzite "Velika Krusevica", detailed investigations are required. Quality conditions from the aspect of chemical composition and physical properties of quartz sand and quartzite are mostly clearly defined by a special standard for this purpose. On the other hand, there are also application areas where standards does not exist, but users define their quality conditions. This example is with the application of quartz sand in the production of water glass. Chemical composition as well is not always the determining factor for the application of quartz raw material. For example, for quartz sand used for sandblasting, grain form is essential. From the economic analysis point of view, the prices of quartz raw materials vary depending on their chemical and physical properties. After all, what needs to be pointed out is the fact that these raw materials are very widespread in nature and that their exploitation is quite simple. After the raw material is excavated, it is stored and further sieved, washed, dried and processed according to customer requirements. All of these processes are cheaper than preparing, for example, limestone, and significaly cheaper than preparation of metal ores.

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KARAKTERISTIK SERTA PENGEMBANGAN PENGGUNAAN KAYU KARET DAN BAMBU UNTUK BAHAN BAKU PERUMAHAN RAKYAT DAN INDUSTRI

Jurnal Riset Industri Hasil Hutan ◽

10.24111/jrihh.v4i1.1200 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 4 (1) ◽

pp. 36

Author(s):

Effendi Arsad

Keyword(s):

Physical Properties ◽

Natural Resource ◽

Raw Materials ◽

Wood Properties ◽

Raw Material ◽

Fuel Wood ◽

Processing Industry ◽

Commercial Products ◽

Rubber Wood ◽

High Elasticity

Rubber wood and bamboo is an important natural resource to be developed as residential and industrial raw materials which are the raw material of commercial products. The presence of rubber wood and bamboo needs to be supported by the preservation and processing industry in order to be optimally utilized. Rubber wood has physical properties, mechanical and chemical equivalent of natural forest wood. properties of rubber wood used in rural as well fuel wood rafters to corral. While bamboo also has certain advantages compared to wood because it is easily preserved, processed and have a high elasticity While bamboo is used as a wall of the house after the split and created a kind of bamboo called palupuhan/gedek. Made simple, just the process of drying in the hot sun. Durability palupuhan/gedek could reach 10 years, but must be used in place are protected from rain. Without is bamboo used in as rafters to corral, ring, rafter and raw material of fishery.Keywords : rubber wood, bamboo, potency, characteristic, preservative.

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KINETICS OF DEHUMIDIFICATION АND DESTRUCTION OF VITAMIN C CONTENT DURING INFRARED DRYING OF FRUIT AND BERRIES IN A MULTI-TIERED DRIER U

AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERING ◽

10.26897/2687-1149-2020-5-56-63 ◽

2020 ◽

pp. 56-63

Author(s):

ALEKSEI A. ZAVALIY ALEKSEI A. ◽

◽

LYUDMILA A. LAGO LYUDMILA A. ◽

ALEKSANDR S. RYBALKO ALEKSANDR S.

Keyword(s):

Vitamin C ◽

Raw Materials ◽

Heat Exposure ◽

Analytical Description ◽

Raw Material ◽

Material Surface ◽

Plant Materials ◽

Coeffi Cients ◽

Short Time ◽

The Relationship

The fi rst-order model of chemical kinetics was applied for an analytical description of the destruction of vitamin C content during the infrared (IR) drying of plant materials. In this model, the authors used the Arrhenius equation to describe the temperature infl uence on the speed of the simulated processes. The coeffi cients of the model were determined by the xperimental data for IR drying of raspberries and sliced apples. The authors found the relationship between the temperature of raw materials, the time of heat exposure and destruction of vitamin C in fruit and berries during IR drying. The study determined the requirements for maximum preservation of the native properties of raw materials during their drying in a multilevel drying machine. They include minimizing the contact of the raw material surface with an oxidizing environment; carrying out drying at a minimum temperature irregularity of raw materials and over a short time at the maximum permissible temperatures of raw materials under atmospheric pressure in the drier unit.

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Study of ecological features and productivity of Fragaria orientalis Losinsk. in the conditions of the Pre-Baikal Region

10.26897/978-5-9675-1855-3-2021-59 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

E.G. Khudonogova ◽

◽

S.V. Tretyakova

Keyword(s):

Correlation Analysis ◽

Baikal Region ◽

Raw Materials ◽

Raw Material ◽

Ecological Characteristics ◽

Ecological Features ◽

The Relationship ◽

Material Productivity

The article presents the results of studies of the ecological characteristics and productivity of raw materials Fragaria orientalis in the cenopopulations of the Pre-Baikal region, a correlation analysis was carried out to establish the nature of the relationship between the indicators of raw material productivity of the studied species.

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Volcanic Tuff as Secondary Raw Material in the Production of Clay Bricks

Materials ◽

10.3390/ma14226872 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 14 (22) ◽

pp. 6872

Author(s):

Nicoleta Cobîrzan ◽

Gyorgy Thalmaier ◽

Anca-Andreea Balog ◽

Horia Constantinescu ◽

Andrei Ceclan ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Raw Materials ◽

Thermal Analyses ◽

Raw Material ◽

Firing Process ◽

Clay Bricks ◽

Heat Demand ◽

Result Show ◽

Clay Matrix ◽

Secondary Raw Material ◽

Points Of View

The present work examines an innovative manufacturing technique for fired clay bricks, using tuff as a secondary raw material. Samples were made of clay and tuff (0–30 wt.%) fired at 900 to 1100 °C. The chemical and mineralogical compositions and physical and thermal analyses of raw materials were investigated by using SEM-EDS, RX and DTA-TG curves. The samples were analysed from the mineralogical, technological and mechanical points of view. The result show that the tuff’s presence in the clay mixtures considerably reduced the shrinkage of the product during the firing process, and the manufactured samples were of excellent quality. The compressive strength of the bricks varied from 5–35.3MPa, being influenced by the tuff content, clay matrix properties and firing temperatures. Finally, the heat demand for increasing the temperature from room to the firing temperature of the sample with 10% tuff content was 22%.

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POTENSI KERTAS SEBAGAI BAHAN BAKU PAPER ROPES (POTENTIAL OF PAPER AS THE RAW MATERIAL FOR PAPER ROPES)

JURNAL SELULOSA ◽

10.25269/jsel.v7i02.173 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 7 (02) ◽

pp. 91

Author(s):

Mungki Septian Romas ◽

Ikhwan Pramuaji ◽

Lies Indriati ◽

Sonny Kurnia Wirawan

Keyword(s):

Tensile Strength ◽

Physical Properties ◽

Surface Treatment ◽

Water Absorption ◽

Water Resistance ◽

Raw Materials ◽

Raw Material ◽

Paper Surface ◽

Water Barrier ◽

Reduced Water

One of the raw materials furniture common in Indonesia is rattan. Because of the availability of local rattan is very limited so that it is necessary to find alternative raw materials that can be used to substitute the rattan. Paper ropes made from spinning paper, is one of alternative that can be utilized. Paper ropes making from various spinning papers have been studied. Some types of paper were used in this experiment. The spinning papers were characterized and treated to modify its surface properties especially to increase their water resistance. Paper ropes making were done by using the twisting machine and then the physical properties of paper ropes resulted were tested. The results showed that paper surface treatment increased tensile strength, and reduced water absorption and porosity of treated papers. The use of water barrier chemicals and adhesive are effective in increasing water resistance of paper surface. Decreased water absorption and porosity are 20% - 43% and 30% - 98%, respectively. Based on this result, paper ropes is potential to become an alternative raw material for furniture. ABSTRAKSalah satu bahan baku furnitur umum di Indonesia adalah rotan. Karena ketersediaan rotan lokal sangat terbatas sehingga diperlukan untuk mencari bahan baku alternatif yang dapat digunakan untuk menggantikan rotan. Paper ropes yang terbuat dari spinning paper, merupakan salah satu alternatif yang dapat dimanfaatkan. Pembuatan paper ropes dari berbagai jenis spinning paper telah dipelajari pada penelitian ini. Beberapa jenis kertas digunakan dalam percobaan ini. Spinning paper dikarakterisasi dan diperlakukan khusus untuk memodifikasi sifat permukaannya terutama untuk meningkatkan ketahanan airnya. Pembuatan paper ropes dilakukan dengan menggunakan mesin pemilin dan pengujian sifat fisik paper ropes telah dilakukan. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa perlakuan khusus permukaan kertas meningkatkan kekuatan tarik, dan mengurangi penyerapan air dan porositas. Penggunaan bahan kimia water barrier dan adhesif cukup efektif dalam meningkatkan ketahanan air permukaan kertas. Penurunan penyerapan air dan porositas masing-masing sebesar 20% - 43% dan 30% - 98%. Berdasarkan hasil ini, paper ropes memiliki potensi sebagai bahan bahan baku alternatif untuk furnitur.

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