scholarly journals Glycerolipid Composition of the Red Macroalga Agarophyton Chilensis and Comparison to the Closely Related Agarophyton Vermiculophyllum Producing Different Types of Eicosanoids

Marine Drugs ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 17 (2) ◽  
pp. 96 ◽  
Author(s):  
Masaki Honda ◽  
Takashi Ishimaru ◽  
Yutaka Itabashi ◽  
Mikhail Vyssotski
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Molecular Species ◽  
Reversed Phase ◽  
Total Lipid Extract ◽  
Chiral Phase ◽  
Substrate Composition ◽  
Red Macroalga ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Glycerolipid Composition ◽  
Hydroxyeicosatetraenoic Acids

The red macroalga Agarophyton chilensis is a well-known producer of eicosanoids such as hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acids, but the alga produces almost no prostaglandins, unlike the closely related A. vermiculophyllum. This indicates that the related two algae would have different enzyme systems or substrate composition. To carry out more in-depth discussions on the metabolic pathway of eicosanoids between the two algae, we investigated the characteristics of glycerolipids, which are the substrates of eicosanoids production, of A. chilensis and compared them to the reported values of A. vermiculophyllum. In A. chilensis, monogalactosyldiacylglycerol (MGDG), digalactosyldiacylglycerol (DGDG), sulfoquinovosyldiacylglycerol (SQDG), and phosphatidylcholine (PC) were the major lipid classes and accounted for 44.4% of the total lipid extract. The predominant fatty acids were arachidonic acid (20:4n-6), an eicosanoids precursor, and palmitic acid (16:0). The 20:4n-6 content was extremely high in MGDG and PC (>70%), and the 16:0 content was extremely high in DGDG and SQDG (>40%). A chiral-phase HPLC analysis showed that fatty acids were esterified at the sn-1 and sn-2 positions of those lipids. The glycerolipid molecular species were determined by reversed-phase HPLC–ESI–MS analysis. The main glycerolipid molecular species were 20:4n-6/20:4n-6 (sn-1/sn-2) for MGDG (63.8%) and PC (48.2%), 20:4n-6/16:0 for DGDG (71.1%) and SQDG (29.4%). These lipid characteristics of A. chilensis were almost the same as those of A. vermiculophyllum. Hence, the differences of the eicosanoids producing ability between the two algae would not be due to the difference of substrate composition but the difference of enzyme system.

half of pericarp lipids were unsaponifiable materials. Tip showed 86-91% NL, 2-5% GL, and 7-9% PL [14,56,152]. cap lipids had more TG, GL, and PL than pericarp lipids, Milled rice NSL had a lower NL fraction and a higher but were otherwise similar. GL fraction. The ratios for the NL:GL:PL for milled rice The compositions of NL, GL, and PL were computed are 82:8:10 by Choudhury and Juliano [56], 76:12:12 by (Table 41). The TG was over 90% of the NL in the germ Hirayama and Matsuda [55], and the range of (83-91): [137,138], about 60% in the endosperm NSL, but only (2-4):(1-3) by Azudin and Morrison [153]. 2.5% in endosperm SL. Over 90% of the NL was FFA in Azudin and Morrison [153] investigated NSL and SL in the SL. Weber [137] detected substantial quantities of CB milled rice of two waxy varieties (1.0-2.3% amylose) and and sulfolipids (tentative identification) in the GL of the 12 nonwaxy varieties (12.2-28.6% amylose). The TL germ and endosperm NSL. (NSL + SL) were extracted from rice flour and SL from pu-The major component in germ PL was PC, which was rified rice starch. The composition of the NSL could be ob-in good agreement between Tan and Morrison [138] and tained by the difference, as shown in Table 47. Weber [137]. However, the PL composition of the en-The major NL of NSL was TG, constituting 71-79% of dosperm NSL differed largely; Tan and Morrison [138] re-NSTL (Table 47) and 83-87% of NL [56,152]. The other ported 11.1% PC and 57.1% LPC, whereas Weber [137] important NL class was FFA, at 4-7% of the NSTL and reported 44.6% PC and 36.5% LPC plus an unknown. 13-17% of the NL for brown rice, bran, germ, and polish. The FA compositions were higher in levels of 18:0 and Unlike most other cereal NSL, the major GL of NSL of 18:3 for endosperm than germ (Table 42). For the LG-11 brown rice and its milling fractions were ASG and SG hybrid corn, germ lipids contained significantly more 18:2 (Table 47). Major PL classes were PC and PE. and less 16:0 and 18:3 than other parts of kernel [138]. For Choudhury and Juliano [56] reported that the distribu-the H-51 inbred corn, germ lipids contained less 18:3 than tion of brown rice NL was 14-18% in germ, 39-41% in other kernel parts but more 18:1 and 18:2 than pericarp and bran, 15-21% in polish, and 25-33% in milled rice tip cap. However, the 18:2 content was equal for both the (12-14% in subaleurone layer and 12-19% in the en-germ and the endosperm lipids [42]. The FA compositions dosperm). The distribution of the NSL of brown rice was in root and leaf lipids differ significantly from those of 43% in bran, 19% in germ, 15% in polish, and 21% in corn kernel or other kernel parts; corn leaf lipids contained milled rice; and for brown rice PL, 30% in bran, 14% each a much higher level of 18:3 and lower levels of 18:1 and in germ and polish, and 42% in milled rice [56,152]. 18:2 (Table 42). The TL (NSL + SL) compositions are different between Ohnishi et al. [150] investigated the positional distribu-waxy and nonwaxy rice varieties (Table 48). Azudin and tion of fatty acids in glycerolipid classes from corn total Morrison [153] reported that the two waxy rice (IR 29 and lipids (Table 43). Unsaturated fatty acids, 18:1 and 18:2, C441-4) starches prepared from the milled rice had very are located mainly in the 2-position of these glycerolipids. little amylose content (1.0-2.3%) and only traces of lipids However, PI showed relatively high 16:0 content at the 1-(16-19 mg per 100 g starch), which were probably SSL, position and 18:2 content at the 2-position. Fatty acid com-the NSL contaminants. The SSL were 100% FFA (Table positions of molecular species of glycerolipids were also 48). The TL in waxy rice were, therefore, NSL and they investigated by reverse-phase high-performance liquid evidently had suffered substantial lipolysis, judging by chromatography (Table 44). The main species generally high FFA values [153]. The nonwaxy starches contained contained 16:0-18:2, 18:1-18:2, and 18:2-18:2 for TG, 0.9-1.3% SL comprising, on average, 31.2% (29-45%) PC, PE, and PI. The main molecular species of DGDG FFA, 61.5% (48-67%) PL, and 3.2% GL [153], as shown contained 18:3-18:3, 18:1-18:2, 18:2-18:2, 18:2-18:3, in Table 48. and 18:1-18:3. Choudhury and Juliano [56] extracted SL from milled Vasanthan and Hoover [151] investigated the content rice after the NSL removal, using the one waxy variety (IR and composition of SSL and SL of purified corn starch 4445-63-1 with 2% amylose) and the two nonwaxy vari-(Table 45). The SSL contained mainly free S, SE, and LPL. eties (IR42 with 29% amylose and IR480-5-9 with 24% The SL contained mainly FFA and LPL. Fatty acid compo-amylose). The SL composition of the milled rice of the sition indicated that 16:0 and 18:2 were the principal fatty waxy variety contained 41% PL and 7% GL, whereas the acids of SL and SSL (Table 46). waxy starch by Azudin and Morrison [153] contained no GL and PL (Table 48). The SL compositions of waxy rice and nonwaxy rice (both milled and brown) were different Rice hull lipid composition differs significantly from that in [56] but not to the extent shown by Azudin and Morrison brown rice and its fractions (Table 47). Silicic acid fraction-[153]. ation of NSL from brown rice, bran, germ, and polish The FA compositions of NSL and SL classes in the three

2000 ◽  
pp. 440-448
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Rice Bran ◽  
Molecular Species ◽  
Brown Rice ◽  
Corn Germ ◽  
Milled Rice ◽  
Waxy Rice ◽  
The Difference ◽  
H 51

Development and Validation of Spectrophotometric and Liquid Chromatographic Methods for Estimation of Tigecycline in Injections

2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (5) ◽  
pp. 5148-5154
Author(s):  
Sagar Suman Panda ◽  
Ravi Kumar B.V.V.
Keyword(s):  
Area Under The Curve ◽  
Reversed Phase ◽  
Equal Concentration ◽  
Pharmaceutical Dosage Form ◽  
Liquid Chromatographic Method ◽  
Array Detection ◽  
The Difference ◽  
The One ◽  
Development And Validation ◽  
Liquid Chromatographic

Three new analytical methods were optimized and validated for the estimation of tigecycline (TGN) in its injection formulation. A difference UV spectroscopic, an area under the curve (AUC), and an ultrafast liquid chromatographic (UFLC) method were optimized for this purpose. The difference spectrophotometric method relied on the measurement of amplitude when equal concentration solutions of TGN in HCl are scanned against TGN in NaOH as reference. The measurements were done at 340 nm (maxima) and 410nm (minima). Further, the AUC under both the maxima and minima were measured at 335-345nm and 405-415nm, respectively. The liquid chromatographic method utilized a reversed-phase column (150mm×4.6mm, 5µm) with a mobile phase of methanol: 0.01M KH2PO4 buffer pH 3.5 (using orthophosphoric acid) in the ratio 80:20 %, v/v. The flow rate was 1.0ml/min, and diode array detection was done at 349nm. TGN eluted at 1.656min. All the methods were validated for linearity, precision, accuracy, stability, and robustness. The developed methods produced validation results within the satisfactory limits of ICH guidance. Further, these methods were applied to estimate the amount of TGN present in commercial lyophilized injection formulations, and the results were compared using the One-Way ANOVA test. Overall, the methods are rapid, simple, and reliable for routine quality control of TGN in the bulk and pharmaceutical dosage form. 

scholarly journals Evidence for the regulation of guinea-pig heart microsomal phosphatidylcholine-hydrolysing phospholipase A1 by guanosine 5′-[γ-thio]triphosphate

1992 ◽  
Vol 288 (3) ◽  
pp. 965-968 ◽  
Author(s):  
K Badiani ◽  
X Lu ◽  
G Arthur
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Guinea Pig ◽  
Molecular Species ◽  
Inhibitory Effect ◽  
Phospholipase A1 ◽  
Guinea Pig Heart ◽  
Substrate Specificities ◽  
Rate Of Hydrolysis ◽  
Hydrolysis Of

We have recently characterized lysophospholipase A2 activities in guinea-pig heart microsomes and postulated that these enzymes act sequentially with phospholipases A1 to release fatty acids selectively from phosphatidylcholine (PC) and phosphatidylethanolamine, thus providing an alternative route to the phospholipase A2 mode of release. In a further investigation of the postulated pathway, we have characterized the PC-hydrolysing phospholipase A1 in guinea-pig heart microsomes. Our results show that the enzyme may have a preference for substrates with C16:0 over C18:0 at the sn-1 position. In addition, although the enzyme cleaves the sn-1 fatty acid, the rate of hydrolysis of PC substrates with C16:0 at the sn-1 position was influenced by the nature of the fatty acid at the sn-2 position. The order of decreasing preference was C18:2 > C20:4 = C18:1 > C16:0. The hydrolyses of the molecular species were differentially affected by heating at 60 degrees C. An investigation into the effect of nucleotides on the activity of the enzyme showed that guanosine 5′-[gamma-thio]triphosphate (GTP[S]) inhibited the hydrolysis of PC by phospholipase A1 activity, whereas GTP, guanosine 5′-[beta-thio]diphosphate (GDP[S]), GDP, ATP and adenosine 5′-[gamma-thio]triphosphate (ATP[S]) did not affect the activity. The inhibitory effect of GTP[S] on phospholipase A1 activity was blocked by preincubation with GDP[S]. A differential effect of GTP[S] on the hydrolysis of different molecular species was also observed. Taken together, the results of this study suggest the presence of more than one phospholipase A1 in the microsomes with different substrate specificities, which act sequentially with lysophospholipase A2 to release linoleic or arachidonic acid selectively from PC under resting conditions. Upon stimulation and activation of the G-protein, the release of fatty acids would be inhibited.

scholarly journals An RP-LC-UV-TWIMS-HRMS and Chemometric Approach to Differentiate between Momordicabalsamina Chemotypes from Three Different Geographical Locations in Limpopo Province of South Africa

Molecules ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 26 (7) ◽  
pp. 1896
Author(s):  
Pieter Venter ◽  
Kholofelo Malemela ◽  
Vusi Mbazima ◽  
Leseilane J. Mampuru ◽  
Christo J. F. Muller ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Species ◽  
High Resolution Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Parent Compound ◽  
Travelling Wave ◽  
Reversed Phase ◽  
Limpopo Province ◽  
Leaf Extracts ◽  
Triterpenoid Glycosides ◽  
Ht 29 ◽  
Geographical Locations

Momordica balsamina leaf extracts originating from three different geographical locations were analyzed using reversed-phase liquid chromatography (RP-LC) coupled to travelling wave ion mobility (TWIMS) and high-resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS) in conjunction with chemometric analysis to differentiate between potential chemotypes. Furthermore, the cytotoxicity of the three individual chemotypes was evaluated using HT-29 colon cancer cells. A total of 11 molecular species including three flavonol glycosides, five cucurbitane-type triterpenoid aglycones and three glycosidic cucurbitane-type triterpenoids were identified. The cucurbitane-type triterpenoid aglycones were detected in the positive ionization mode following dehydration [M + H − H2O]+ of the parent compound, whereas the cucurbitane-type triterpenoid glycosides were primarily identified following adduct formation with ammonia [M + NH4]+. The principle component analysis (PCA) loadings plot and a variable influence on projection (VIP) analysis revealed that the isomeric pair balsaminol E and/or karavilagen E was the key molecular species contributing to the distinction between geographical samples. Ultimately, based on statistical analysis, it is hypothesized that balsaminol E and/or karavilagen E are likely responsible for the cytotoxic effects in HT-29 cells.

Studies on proper time regularization and the QCD chiral phase transition

2019 ◽  
Vol 34 (01) ◽  
pp. 1950003
Author(s):  
Yu-Qiang Cui ◽  
Zhong-Liang Pan
Keyword(s):  
Phase Transition ◽  
Small Parameter ◽  
Effective Mass ◽  
Finite Temperature ◽  
Chemical Potential ◽  
Proper Time ◽  
Chiral Phase ◽  
Chiral Phase Transition ◽  
Njl Model ◽  
The Difference

We investigate the finite-temperature and zero quark chemical potential QCD chiral phase transition of strongly interacting matter within the two-flavor Nambu–Jona-Lasinio (NJL) model as well as the proper time regularization. We use two different regularization processes, as discussed in Refs. 36 and 37, separately, to discuss how the effective mass M varies with the temperature T. Based on the calculation, we find that the M of both regularization schemes decreases when T increases. However, for three different parameter sets, quite different behaviors will show up. The results obtained by the method in Ref. 36 are very close to each other, but those in Ref. 37 are getting farther and farther from each other. This means that although the method in Ref. 37 seems physically more reasonable, it loses the advantage in Ref. 36 of a small parameter dependence. In addition, we also, find that two regularization schemes provide similar results when T [Formula: see text] 100 MeV, while when T is larger than 100 MeV, the difference becomes obvious: the M calculated by the method in Ref. 36 decreases more rapidly than that in Ref. 37.

scholarly journals RECEIVING OIL FROM CLOUDBERRIES FRUITS BY SUPERCRITICAL CARBON DIOXIDE EXTRACTION

2018 ◽  
pp. 91-97
Author(s):  
Artyom Dmitrievich Ivakhnov ◽  
Kristina Sergeevna Sadkova ◽  
Alina Sergeyevna Sobashnikova ◽  
Tat'yana Eduardovna Skrebets ◽  
Mikhail Vladislavovich Bogdanov
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Supercritical Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Unsaturated Fatty Acids ◽  
Optimum Conditions ◽  
Hexane Extraction ◽  
Rubus Chamaemorus ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Key Indicators ◽  
Supercritical Carbon

Comparative researches of ways of oil extraction from the fulfilled fruits of cloudberries (Rubus chamaemorus) with application of hexane and supercritical carbon dioxide as solvents are executed. Optimization is performed and optimum conditions of supercritical fluid extraction of oil are defined with use of central composite design of 2nd order. Pressure of carbon dioxide of 350 atm, temperature 85 °C, duration of extraction of 80 min are the optimum conditions of carrying out of the process. The yield of oil is 9.0%. Quality key indicators of the received oil were defined. The difference between the oil received by the SKF-CO2 method and the oil received by hexane extraction consists in improvement of organoleptic properties, the raised share of the combined fatty acids at decrease of a share of the free acids and high content of unsaturated fatty acids. It is shown that supercritical carbon dioxide can be an alternative to the hydrocarbons which are traditionally used for these purposes.

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