scholarly journals Acute Exercise Intensity and Memory Function: Evaluation of the Transient Hypofrontality Hypothesis

Medicina ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 55 (8) ◽  
pp. 445 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paul D. Loprinzi ◽  
Sierra Day ◽  
Raymond Deming
Keyword(s):  
Working Memory ◽  
Episodic Memory ◽  
High Intensity ◽  
Acute Exercise ◽  
Cognitive Task ◽  
Memory Function ◽  
Moderate Intensity ◽  
Function Evaluation ◽  
Cognitive Resources ◽  
Extended Experiment

Background and Objective: The transient hypofrontality hypothesis predicts that memory function will be impaired during high-intensity exercise, as a result of a need for metabolic and cognitive resources to be allocated toward sustaining movement, as opposed to performing a cognitive task. The purpose of these experiments was to evaluate this transient hypofrontality hypothesis. Materials and Methods: Experiment 1 involved participants (n = 24; Mage = 21.9 years) completing four counterbalanced visits. Two visits evaluated working memory function, either at rest or during a high-intensity bout of acute exercise. The other two visits evaluated episodic memory function, either at rest or during a high-intensity bout of acute exercise. Experiment 2 (n = 24; Mage = 20.9 years) extended Experiment 1 by evaluating memory function (working memory) across 4 counterbalanced conditions, including at rest and during light (30% of heart rate reserve; HRR), moderate (50% HRR) and high-intensity (80% HRR) acute exercise. Results: Experiment 1 demonstrated that, when compared to rest, both working memory and episodic memory were impaired during high-intensity acute exercise. Experiment 2 replicated this effect, but then also showed that, unlike high-intensity acute exercise, memory function was not impaired during low- and moderate-intensity acute exercise. Conclusions: Our experiments provide support for the transient hypofrontality hypothesis. Both working memory and episodic memory are impaired during high-intensity acute exercise. Working memory does not appear to be impaired during lower exercise intensities.

scholarly journals The effects of acute exercise on episodic memory function among young university students: moderation considerations by biological sex

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 99-104 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lauren Johnson ◽  
Paul D. Loprinzi
Keyword(s):  
Episodic Memory ◽  
University Students ◽  
Verbal Memory ◽  
Acute Exercise ◽  
Memory Function ◽  
Verbal Learning ◽  
Memory Task ◽  
Moderate Intensity ◽  
Term Memory ◽  
Main Effect

Background: The objective of this study was to evaluate potential sex-specific differences on episodic memory function and determine whether sex moderates the effects of acute exercise on episodic memory.Methods: A randomized controlled intervention was employed. This experiment was conducted among young University students (mean age = 21 years). Both males (n=20) and females (n=20)completed two counterbalanced laboratory visits, with one visit involving a 15-minute bout of moderate-intensity exercise prior to the memory task. The control visit engaged in a time matched seated task. Memory function (including short-term memory, learning, and long-term memory) was assessed from the RAVLT (Rey Auditory Verbal Learning Test).Results: We observed a significant main effect for time (P<0.001, ƞ2p= 0.77) and a marginally significant main effect for sex (P=0.06, ƞ2p= 0.09), but no time by sex by condition interaction(P=0.91, ƞ2p= 0.01). We also observed some suggestive evidence of a more beneficial effect of acute exercise on memory for females. Conclusion: In conclusion, females outperformed males in verbal memory function. Additional research is needed to further evaluate whether sex moderates the effects of acute exercise on memory function.

Experimental Effects of Acute Exercise on Episodic Memory Function: Considerations for the Timing of Exercise

2018 ◽  
Vol 122 (5) ◽  
pp. 1744-1754 ◽  
Author(s):  
James T. Haynes ◽  
Emily Frith ◽  
Eveleen Sng ◽  
Paul D. Loprinzi
Keyword(s):  
Episodic Memory ◽  
Prospective Memory ◽  
Acute Exercise ◽  
Memory Function ◽  
Moderate Intensity ◽  
Long Term Memory ◽  
Memory Encoding ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Term Memory

Our previous work employing a between-subject randomized controlled trial design suggests that exercising prior to memory encoding is more advantageous in enhancing retrospective episodic memory function when compared to exercise occurring during or after memory encoding. The present experiment evaluates this potential temporal effect of acute exercise on memory function while employing a within-subject, counterbalanced design. In a counterbalanced order (via Latin squares), 24 participants completed four visits including (1) exercising (moderate-intensity walking) prior to memory encoding, (2) exercising during memory encoding, (3) exercising after memory encoding, and (4) a control visit (no exercise). Retrospective memory function (short term and long term; 24-hour follow-up) was assessed from a multitrial word list. Prospective memory was assessed from a time-based task. Compared to all other visits, short-term memory was greater in the visit that involved exercising prior to memory encoding (F = 3.76; P = .01; η2 = .79). Similar results occurred for long-term memory, with no significant effects for prospective memory performance. We provide robust evidence demonstrating that acute moderate-intensity exercise prior to memory encoding is optimal in enhancing short-term and long-term memory function when compared to no exercise as well as exercising during and after memory encoding.

scholarly journals Exercise Intensity Influences Prefrontal Cortex Oxygenation during Cognitive Testing

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (8) ◽  
pp. 83 ◽  
Author(s):  
Terence Moriarty ◽  
Kelsey Bourbeau ◽  
Bryanne Bellovary ◽  
Micah N. Zuhl
Keyword(s):  
Prefrontal Cortex ◽  
Cognitive Performance ◽  
High Intensity ◽  
Acute Exercise ◽  
Cognitive Task ◽  
Negative Relationship ◽  
Cognitive Testing ◽  
Cognitive Test ◽  
Moderate Intensity ◽  
Functional Near Infrared Spectroscopy

Activation changes in the prefrontal cortex (PFC) regions have been linked to acute exercise-induced improvements in cognitive performance. The type of exercise performed may influence PFC activation, and further impact cognitive function. The present study aimed to compare PFC activation during cognitive testing after moderate-intensity, high intensity, and yoga exercises, and to determine if PFC activation is linked to cognitive performance. Eight subjects (four male and four female), aged 35 ± 5 completed a control, high intensity, moderate intensity, and yoga exercises followed by administration of a cognitive task (NIH Toolbox Fluid Cognition). Left and right PFC activation (LPFC and RPFC, respectively) were evaluated by measuring hemoglobin difference (Hbdiff) changes during post-exercise cognitive assessment using functional near infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS). Activation during the cognitive test was higher in the LPFC after moderate intensity exercise compared to control, high intensity, and yoga (5.30 ± 6.65 vs. 2.26 ± 2.40, 2.50 ± 1.48, 2.41 ± 2.36 μM, p < 0.05, respectively). A negative relationship was detected between LPFC and processing speed after exercise. PFC activation did not align with cognitive performance. However, acute exercise, regardless of type, appeared to alter neural processing. Specifically, less PFC activation was required for a given neural output after exercise.

Acute Exercise, Psychological Stress Induction, and Episodic Memory

2019 ◽  
Vol 43 (6) ◽  
pp. 1016-1029
Author(s):  
Paul D. Loprinzi ◽  
Lauren Koehler ◽  
Emily Frith ◽  
Pamela Ponce ◽  
Dylan Delancey ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Episodic Memory ◽  
Psychological Stress ◽  
Acute Exercise ◽  
Memory Function ◽  
Memory Task ◽  
Moderate Intensity ◽  
Memory Encoding ◽  
Moderate Intensity Exercise ◽  
Stress Induction ◽  
Stressful Environment

Objective: In this study, we evaluated whether exercise prior to memory encoding or during memory consolidation can influence episodic memory function after being exposed to a stressful environment. Methods: We conducted 3 between-group randomized controlled experiments among young adults. We assessed episodic memory (via logic memory task) at the beginning of the experiment and approximately 45 minutes later. Across the 3 experiments, we varied the temporal period (eg, before memory encoding or during consolidation) of the acute bout of exercise (15-minute moderate-intensity exercise) and psychological stress induction. Results: Across all 3 experiments there was a statistically significant main effect for time for memory function, but there were no time x group interaction effects. Conclusion: Memory declined across the 2 assessment periods, but for all 3 experiments, exercise was not associated with memory function after being exposed to a stressful stimulus.

scholarly journals Effects of Caffeine and Acute Aerobic Exercise on Working Memory and Caffeine Withdrawal

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Anisa Morava ◽  
Matthew James Fagan ◽  
Harry Prapavessis
Keyword(s):  
Working Memory ◽  
Phase I ◽  
Aerobic Exercise ◽  
Acute Exercise ◽  
Withdrawal Symptoms ◽  
Moderate Intensity ◽  
Psychoactive Substances ◽  
Caffeine Withdrawal ◽  
Single Bout ◽  
Cognitive Benefits

AbstractStudies show that a single bout of exercise confers cognitive benefits. However, many individuals use psychoactive substances such as caffeine to enhance cognitive performance. The effects of acute exercise in comparison to caffeine on cognition remain unknown. Furthermore, caffeine use is associated with withdrawal symptoms upon cessation. Whether acute exercise can reduce withdrawal symptoms also remains unknown. The objectives of this study were to compare the effects of acute moderate intensity aerobic exercise to caffeine on working memory (WM) and caffeine withdrawal symptoms (CWS). In Phase I, non-caffeine (n = 29) and caffeine consumers (n = 30) completed a WM assessment, followed by acute exercise and caffeine. In Phase II, caffeine consumers (n = 25) from Phase I underwent the WM assessment and reported CWS following a 12-hour deprivation period. Acute moderate intensity aerobic exercise and caffeine (1.2 mg/kg) significantly improved WM accuracy and reduced CWS comparably. WM performance was not reduced following caffeine deprivation.

scholarly journals The Effect of Single Bout of Acute Exercise on Working Memory Performance

2018 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 484-487
Author(s):  
Santosh Kumar Deo ◽  
Kopila Agrawal ◽  
Prem Bhattrai ◽  
Raju Kumar Chaudhary
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Working Memory ◽  
Acute Exercise ◽  
Test Procedure ◽  
Step Test ◽  
Moderate Intensity ◽  
Exercise Session ◽  
Moderate Intensity Exercise ◽  
Single Bout ◽  
Back Task

Introduction: Working memory is a kind of short term memory important for reasoning and guiding decision-making and behavioral process.Objective: The goal of the present research was to study the outcome of single bout of acute moderate-intensity exercise on working memory.Methodology: Twenty two male subjects were asked to perform working memory task by 2n back task in baseline resting, immediately after exercise and after five minute of exercise session. 3 minute step test procedure was used as a moderate intensity exercise intervention.Results: The percentage correctness of 2n back task of working memory was found to be 64.36% for baseline resting condition, 78.01 % for immediately after 3-minute step test and 80.70% for 5 minute after the exercise. In both exercise session (i.e. immediately after exercise and after 5 minute of exercise), significant improvement (p value <0.05) in working memory was seen as compared to the baseline resting session while no such significant beneficial improvement was seen when compared between immediately after exercise and after 5 minute of exercise.Conclusion: Improvement in working memory after moderate exercise intervention was seen, which is important for learning and memory and decision-making.  BJHS 2018;3(2)6:484-487.

scholarly journals Hypothesized mechanisms through which acute exercise influences episodic memory

2018 ◽  
Vol 105 (4) ◽  
pp. 285-297 ◽  
Author(s):  
PD Loprinzi ◽  
P Ponce ◽  
E Frith
Keyword(s):  
Growth Factor ◽  
Episodic Memory ◽  
Cerebral Circulation ◽  
Acute Exercise ◽  
Memory Function ◽  
Cognitive Outcomes ◽  
Chronic Exercise ◽  
Growth Factor Production ◽  
Underlying Mechanisms ◽  
Exercise Induced

Emerging research demonstrates that exercise is favorably associated with several cognitive outcomes, including episodic memory function. The majority of the mechanistic work describing the underlying mechanisms of this effect has focused on chronic exercise engagement. Such mechanisms include, e.g., chronic exercise-induced neurogenesis, gliogenesis, angiogenesis, cerebral circulation, and growth factor production. Less research has examined the mechanisms through which acute (vs. chronic) exercise subserves episodic memory function. The purpose of this review is to discuss these potential underlying mechanisms, which include, e.g., acute exercise-induced (via several pathways, such as vagus nerve and muscle spindle stimulation) alterations in neurotransmitters, synaptic tagging/capturing, associativity, and psychological attention.

scholarly journals Moderate Cardiovascular Exercise Speeds Up Neural Markers of Stimulus Evaluation During Attentional Control Processes

2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (9) ◽  
pp. 1348 ◽  
Author(s):  
Winneke ◽  
Hübner ◽  
Godde ◽  
Voelcker-Rehage
Keyword(s):  
Attentional Control ◽  
Acute Exercise ◽  
Flanker Task ◽  
Cognitive Task ◽  
Moderate Intensity ◽  
Short Version ◽  
Intensity Level ◽  
Cardiovascular Exercise ◽  
Stimulus Evaluation ◽  
Amplitude Data

Moderate intensity cardiovascular exercise appears to provide a low-cost “intervention” on neurocognitive processes such as attentional control, yet the effects vary depending, for example, on cognitive task, time of testing, or exercise intensity. However, while a number of studies show that brief bouts of acute exercise can modulate behavioral indices of cognitive control, relatively few studies have attempted to identify the brain activity associated with these changes immediately following exercise. Here, we tested 11 young adults in a crossover design with a Flanker task at rest and immediately (within 2–3 minutes) following 20 minutes of acute exercise at 60% of the individual VO2max. In order to prevent delayed exercise effects that might confound or dilute immediate effects, a short version of the Flanker task (8 minutes) was chosen and an EEG was recorded simultaneously. The N2 and P3 ERP components were analyzed in addition to accuracy and response time. The N2 reflects conflict resolution, and the P3 has been linked to stimulus evaluation processes. No effect of exercise was found for behavioral data but P3 peak latencies were shorter following exercise as compared to rest. The N2 amplitude data suggest that exercise seems to prevent a decline in resources of attentional control over time. These data indicate that acute exercise, at a moderate intensity level, speeds up neural processing of attentional control by modulating stimulus evaluation processes immediately following exercise and that exercise helps maintain a steady level of neurocognitive resources.

Temporal Effects of Acute Walking Exercise on Learning and Memory Function

2017 ◽  
Vol 32 (7) ◽  
pp. 1518-1525 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eveleen Sng ◽  
Emily Frith ◽  
Paul D. Loprinzi
Keyword(s):  
Episodic Memory ◽  
Learning And Memory ◽  
Acute Exercise ◽  
Verbal Learning ◽  
Moderate Intensity ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Memory Encoding ◽  
Temporal Effects ◽  
Better Than

Purpose: To evaluate the temporal effects of acute exercise on episodic memory. Design: A quasi-experimental study. Sample: Eighty-eight college students (N = 22 per group). Measures: Four experimental groups were evaluated, including a control group, exercising prior to memory encoding, exercising during encoding, and exercising during memory consolidation. The exercise stimulus consisted of a 15-minute moderate-intensity walk on a treadmill. Participants completed the Rey Auditory Verbal Learning Test (RAVLT) to assess learning and memory. Prospective memory was assessed via a Red Pen Task. Long-term memory (recognition and attribution) of the RAVLT was assessed 20 minutes and 24 hours after exercise. Analysis: Repeated-measures analysis of variance (ANOVA) assessed the performance of RAVLT scores of trials 1 to 5 across groups. One-way ANOVA assessed the performance of individual trials across groups, whereas χ2 assessed the performance of the Red Pen Task across groups. Results: Regarding learning, the interaction of groups × trial was marginally statistically significant ( F12,332 = 1.773, P = .05), indicating that the group which exercised before encoding did better than the group that exercised during encoding and consolidation. For both 24-hour recognition and attribution performance, the group that exercised before memory encoding performed significantly better than the group that exercised during consolidation ( P = .05 recognition, P = .006 attribution). Discussion: Engaging in a 15-minute bout of moderate-intensity walking before a learning task was effective in influencing long-term episodic memory.

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