scholarly journals Effect of Intermetallic Compound Bridging on the Cracking Resistance of Sn2.3Ag Microbumps with Different UBM Structures under Thermal Cycling

Metals ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (7) ◽  
pp. 1065
Author(s):  
Chun-Chieh Mo ◽  
Dinh-Phuc Tran ◽  
Jing-Ye Juang ◽  
Chih Chen
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscope ◽  
Intermetallic Compound ◽  
Thermal Cycling ◽  
Thermal Cycle ◽  
Crack Formation ◽  
Thermal Cycling Test ◽  
Under Bump Metallization ◽  
Reflow Time ◽  
Cracking Resistance ◽  
Scanning Electron

In this study, the effect of intermetallic compound (IMC) bridging on the cracking resistance of microbumps with two different under bump metallization (UBM) systems, Cu/solder/Cu and Cu/solder/Ni, under a thermal cycling test (TCT) is investigated. The height of the Sn2.3Ag solders was ~10 µm, which resembles that of the most commonly used microbumps. We adjusted the reflow time to control the IMC bridging level. The samples with different bridging levels were tested under a TCT (−55–125 °C). After 1000 and 2000 TCT cycles (30 min/cycle), the samples were then polished and characterized using a scanning electron microscope (SEM). Before IMC bridging, various cracks in both systems were observed at the IMC/solder interfaces after the 1000-cycle tests. The cracks propagated as cyclic shapes from the sides to the center and became more severe as the thermal cycle was increased. With IMC bridging, we could not observe any further failure in all the samples even when the thermal cycle was up to 2000. We discovered that IMC bridging effectively suppressed crack formation in microbumps under TCTs.

scholarly journals Effect of Degassing Treatment on the Interfacial Reaction of Molten Aluminum and Solid Steel

2017 ◽  
Vol 17 (2) ◽  
pp. 227-239 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. Triyono ◽  
N. Muhayat ◽  
A. Supriyanto ◽  
L. Lutiyatmi
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscope ◽  
Intermetallic Compound ◽  
Scanning Electron Microscope ◽  
Interfacial Reaction ◽  
Immersion Time ◽  
Molten Aluminum ◽  
Furnace Lining ◽  
Brittle Phase ◽  
Crucible Furnace ◽  
Scanning Electron

AbstractThe gas porosity is one of the most serious problems in the casting of aluminum. There are several degassing methods that have been studied. During smelting of aluminum, the intermetallic compound (IMC) may be formed at the interface between molten aluminum and solid steel of crucible furnace lining. In this study, the effect of degassing treatment on the formations of IMC has been investigated. The rectangular substrate specimens were immersed in a molten aluminum bath. The holding times of the substrate immersions were in the range from 300 s to 1500 s. Two degassing treatments, argon degassing and hexachloroethane tablet degassing, were conducted to investigate their effect on the IMC formation. The IMC was examined under scanning electron microscope with EDX attachment. The thickness of the IMC layer increased with increasing immersion time for all treatments. Due to the high content of hydrogen, substrate specimens immersed in molten aluminum without degasser had IMC layer which was thicker than others. Argon degassing treatment was more effective than tablet degassing to reduce the IMC growth. Furthermore, the hard and brittle phase of IMC, FeAl3, was formed dominantly in specimens immersed for 900 s without degasser while in argon and tablet degasser specimens, it was formed partially.

Three Wave Interfaces of Titanium/Steel Laminates Manufactured by Explosive Welding

2013 ◽  
Vol 641-642 ◽  
pp. 570-573 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peng Liu ◽  
Jian Ping Jiang ◽  
Hong Gui Guo ◽  
Bai Lian Sun
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscope ◽  
Intermetallic Compound ◽  
Scanning Electron Microscope ◽  
Explosive Welding ◽  
Energy Dispersive ◽  
Metallographic Examination ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Scanning Electron

Optical metallographic examination, scanning electron microscope as well as energy dispersive X-ray spectrometry was operated to the interfaces of titanium/steel laminates manufactured by explosive welding. According to the variation of the thickness of brittle Ti-Fe intermetallic compound at the interfaces, typical wave interfaces of titanium-steel laminates are classified as over melted wave interface, tinyly melted wave interface and optimum wave interface. Furthermore, the features of three wave interfaces are brought forward.

Fracture Characteristics of Vacuum Diffusion Bonded TA2 Titanium to 1Cr18Ni9Ti Stainless Steel Joint with Nb+Ni Interlayers

2009 ◽  
Vol 620-622 ◽  
pp. 399-402 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jing Long Li ◽  
Li Peng Huo ◽  
Fu Sheng Zhang ◽  
Jiang Tao Xiong ◽  
Wen Ya Li
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Tensile Strength ◽  
Stainless Steel ◽  
Electron Microscope ◽  
Intermetallic Compound ◽  
Pure Titanium ◽  
Strength Test ◽  
Fracture Characteristics ◽  
Tensile Strength Test ◽  
Scanning Electron

Pure titanium TA2 and 1Cr18Ni9Ti stainless steel were vacuum diffusion bonded using Nb + Ni foils as interlayers, where Nb foil was adjacent to TA2 and Ni foil adjacent to 1Cr18Ni9Ti. The samples were heated to a temperature of 800°C at a pressure of 10 MPa and kept for 60 min, and then to a temperature of 900°C at a pressure of 1 MPa and kept for 30 min. The mechanical properties of the joint were characterized by the tensile strength test. The average tensile strength of the joints was about 398 MPa. The fracture characteristics of the joint were investigated using scanning electron microscope. The fracture of tensile test samples occurred in the Ni3Nb intermetallic compound formed in the interlayers.

Research on Three Microcosmic Interface Defects of Titanium/Steel Laminates Manufactured by Explosive Welding

2013 ◽  
Vol 652-654 ◽  
pp. 2339-2342 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peng Liu ◽  
Ming Lu ◽  
Jian Ping Jiang ◽  
Bai Lian Sun
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscope ◽  
Intermetallic Compound ◽  
Scanning Electron Microscope ◽  
Explosive Welding ◽  
Energy Dispersive ◽  
Metallographic Examination ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Interface Defects ◽  
Scanning Electron

Optical metallographic examination, scanning electron microscope as well as energy dispersive X-ray spectrometry was operated to the interface of titanium/steel laminates manufactured by explosive welding. Three types of microcosmic defects as brittle Ti-Fe intermetallic compound, shearing crack, and brittle Ti-Fe-O layer were found at the interface of titanium/steel laminates. The reasons for above three microcosmic defects were analysed.

scholarly journals Evaluation of Dentinal Crack Formation by ProTaper Next, HyFlex CM and Wave One Reciprocating File Systems at the Apical and Middle Third of Root in Mandibular Molars - An In-Vitro Scanning Electron Microscope Analysis

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (32) ◽  
pp. 2597-2601
Author(s):  
Gis George ◽  
Ranjini M. A ◽  
Swapna D. V ◽  
Rashmi K ◽  
Jesline Merly James ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscope ◽  
Scanning Electron Microscope ◽  
Root Canal ◽  
Crack Formation ◽  
File Systems ◽  
Mandibular Molars ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Niti Instruments ◽  
Scanning Electron

BACKGROUND Advances in root canal instruments have led to lesser frequency of dentinal crack formation. Not many studies have been reported in literature that compare crack formation using instruments based on control memory (CM) and M wire technology. The study intended to evaluate and compare the prevalence of dentinal cracks formed by ProTaper Next (Dentsply Maillefer, Ballaigues, Switzerland), HyFlex CM (Coltene, Whaldent) and Wave One (Dentsply, Maillefer) reciprocating file systems at the apical and middle third of the mesiobuccal root canal of mandibular molars under scanning electron microscope (SEM). METHODS Forty-five extracted sound human mandibular molars were decoronated and mesial roots were retained followed by root canal instrumentation using ProTaper Next, HyFlex CM and WaveOne reciprocating files. Roots were then sectioned perpendicular to the long axis of teeth and viewed under scanning electron microscope to detect the presence of cracks. RESULTS ProTaper Next system produced more cracks compared with HyFlex and Wave One (P < 0.05) but there was no statistically significant difference between all the three groups. All the file systems showed more incidences of cracks in the apical third compared to middle third. CONCLUSIONS All the NiTi instruments produced cracks and the highest incidence of cracks was seen in the apical third compared to middle third region. KEY WORDS Dentinal Cracks, HyFlex CM, ProTaper Next, Root Canal, Wave One

Directional Growth Behaviour of Intermetallic Compound of Sn3.0Ag0.5Cu/ImSn Subjected to Thermal Cycling

2016 ◽  
Vol 857 ◽  
pp. 36-39
Author(s):  
Maria Abu Bakar ◽  
Azman Jalar ◽  
Roslina Ismail ◽  
Abdul Razak Daud
Keyword(s):  
Intermetallic Compound ◽  
Solder Joint ◽  
Thermal Cycling ◽  
Optical Microscope ◽  
Growth Behavior ◽  
Thermal Cycling Test ◽  
Growth Behaviour ◽  
Directional Growth ◽  
Cu Substrate ◽  
Immersion Tin

Directional growth behavior of intermetallic compound (IMC) layer of Sn3.0Ag0.5Cu (SAC305) on immersion tin (ImSn) surface finished Cu substrate was investigated. The samples of SAC305 on ImSn/Cu substrate were subjected to thermal cycling at temperatures between 0 °C and 100 °C for 0 cycle up to 500 cycles. The cross-sectioned microstructures of soldered samples, SAC305 on ImSn/Cu were observed using optical microscope. The shape and orientation of IMC growth on the SAC305 on ImSn/Cu indicates that the orientation of IMC growth were observed to be non-uniform and dispersed throughout the solder joint with longer thermal cycling test.

Microstructure of Steam Cured Concretes Deteriorated by Alkali-Silica Reaction

1994 ◽  
Vol 370 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jean Pierre Bournazel ◽  
Micheline Moranville-Regourd
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscope ◽  
Scanning Electron Microscope ◽  
Thermal Cycle ◽  
Linear Expansion ◽  
Local Development ◽  
Alkali Silica Reaction ◽  
Steam Curing ◽  
Deterioration Process ◽  
Scanning Electron

AbstractIn order to know the main cause of the cracking of concrete ties we tried to reproduce the deterioration process in the laboratory, using the same thermal cycle and the same materials. Model concretes were first steam cured then examined for ASR using the CSA-A-23-2-14A accelerated test. Linear expansion of concrete prisms were measured and fracture surfaces of concrete after treatment were observed under scanning electron microscope. They showed ASR gels and secondary ettringite. A simultaneous thermal mechanical computation gave the global microcracking of concrete induced by steam curing. A second computation showed the accelerating role of temperature on the local development of ASR products.

Reaction Synthesis of (Ti,Cr) 2AlC/Al2O3 In Situ Solid Solution Composite

2011 ◽  
Vol 480-481 ◽  
pp. 519-522
Author(s):  
Jian Feng Zhu ◽  
Na Han
Keyword(s):  
Solid Solution ◽  
Electron Microscope ◽  
Reaction Mechanism ◽  
Melting Point ◽  
Intermetallic Compound ◽  
Phase Evolution ◽  
Reaction Synthesis ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Scanning Electron

The (Ti,Cr)2AlC/Al2O3 solid solution composite has been synthesized by in situ aluminothermic reduction of the blend powders of Ti, Al, Cr2O3 and carbon black. The phase evolution during the formation of the composite was examined at the temperatures from 700 °C to 1400 °C. Based on the results of X-ray diffractometry (XRD) and differential scanning calorimeter (DSC), a possible reaction mechanism was brought forward to explain the formation of (Ti,Cr)2AlC/Al2O3 solid solution composite. Above the melting point of aluminum, liquid Al reacted with titanium to form the intermetallic compound of TiAl. As the temperature increased to 900 °C, the intermetallic compound of TiAl reacted with TiC to form Ti2AlC. The microstructures of the as prepared samples were also analyzed by the scanning electron microscope (SEM) together with the election dispersive spectroscopy (EDS).

Reaction Synthesis of (Ti,V)2AlC/Al2O3 Composite

2011 ◽  
Vol 230-232 ◽  
pp. 1274-1277
Author(s):  
Jian Feng Zhu ◽  
Na Han
Keyword(s):  
Solid Solution ◽  
Electron Microscope ◽  
Reaction Mechanism ◽  
Melting Point ◽  
Intermetallic Compound ◽  
Phase Evolution ◽  
Reaction Synthesis ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Scanning Electron

The (Ti,V)2AlC/Al2O3 solid solution composite has been synthesized by in situ aluminothermic reduction of the blend powders of Ti, Al, V2O5 and active carbon. The phase evolution during the formation of the composite was examined at the temperature from 500 °C to 1400 °C. Based on the results of X-ray diffractometry (XRD) and differential scanning calorimeter (DSC), a possible reaction mechanism was proposed to explain the formation of (Ti,V)2AlC/Al2O3 solid solution composite. Above the melting point of aluminum, liquid Al reacted with titanium to form the intermetallic compound of TiAl. As the temperature increased to 1300 °C, the intermetallic compound of TiAl reacted with TiC to form Ti2AlC. The microstructures of the as prepared samples were also analyzed by the scanning electron microscope (SEM) together with the election dispersive spectroscopy (EDS).

Morphology, Distribution and Identification of Micro-Constituents Along Grain Boundaries in Nickel-Base Alloys

1973 ◽  
Vol 31 ◽  
pp. 176-177
Author(s):  
D. E. Fornwalt ◽  
A. R. Geary ◽  
B. H. Kear
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscope ◽  
Grain Boundaries ◽  
Volume Fraction ◽  
Rupture Life ◽  
Stress Rupture ◽  
High Volume ◽  
Precipitate Morphology ◽  
Stress Rupture Life ◽  
Nickel Base ◽  
Scanning Electron

A systematic study has been made of the effects of various heat treatments on the microstructures of several experimental high volume fraction γ’ precipitation hardened nickel-base alloys, after doping with ∼2 w/o Hf so as to improve the stress rupture life and ductility. The most significant microstructural chan§e brought about by prolonged aging at temperatures in the range 1600°-1900°F was the decoration of grain boundaries with precipitate particles.Precipitation along the grain boundaries was first detected by optical microscopy, but it was necessary to use the scanning electron microscope to reveal the details of the precipitate morphology. Figure 1(a) shows the grain boundary precipitates in relief, after partial dissolution of the surrounding γ + γ’ matrix.

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