scholarly journals Enhancing Corrosion Resistance of High-Carbon Steel by Formation of Surface Layers Using Wastes as Input

Metals ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (8) ◽  
pp. 902 ◽  
Author(s):  
Handoko ◽  
Pahlevani ◽  
Sahajwalla
Keyword(s):  
Corrosion Resistance ◽  
Laser Scanning ◽  
Volume Fraction ◽  
High Carbon Steel ◽  
Microstructural Analysis ◽  
Electrochemical Corrosion ◽  
Single Step ◽  
Carbon Steels ◽  
Chemical Mapping ◽  
High Carbon

Series of super-hard ceramic layers have been successfully developed on high carbon steels, with a significant improvement of corrosion resistance and hardness, without changing the original properties, which were derived from mixtures of slag (electric arc furnace), waste glass (bottles), and automotive shredder residue (ASR) plastics (polypropylene) via the single step surface modification technique. Microstructural analysis by laser scanning confocal microscopy (LSCM), crystallography analysis by X-ray diffraction (XRD), micro-level chemical analysis by scanning electron microscopy and energy dispersive spectroscopy (SEM and EDS), and depth profile surface analysis with three-dimensional chemical mapping by time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry (TOF-SIMS), followed by electrochemical corrosion test by the Tafel method and hardness test—Vickers hardness measurement. Three areas have been classified, modified surface, interface, and main substrate areas as the synthesis of ceramic layers into surface of the steels that thermodynamically formed during the heat treatment process. Chemical composition analyses have revealed that generated layers consisting of chromium (Cr)- and magnesium (Mg)-based compound have shown an improved corrosion resistance to 52% and hardness to 70% without modifying the initial volume fraction of constituent phases–martensite and retained austenite. These findings have substantially highlighted to the potential use of waste-integrated inputs as raw materials for production in cost-effective way, concurrently decreasing the demand on new resource for coating, alleviating the disadvantageous impact to the environment from waste disposal in landfills.

scholarly journals Effect of selective-precipitations process on the corrosion resistance and hardness of dual-phase high-carbon steel

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Wilson Handoko ◽  
Aayush Anurag ◽  
Farshid Pahlevani ◽  
Rumana Hossain ◽  
Karen Privat ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Corrosion Resistance ◽  
Carbon Steel ◽  
Volume Fraction ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
High Carbon Steel ◽  
Confocal Scanning Laser Microscopy ◽  
Precipitation Process ◽  
Dual Phase ◽  
High Carbon ◽  
Selective Precipitation

Abstract It is commonly known that precipitation of secondary phase in non-ferrous alloys will affect the mechanical properties of them. But due to the nature of dual-phase low-alloy high-carbon steel and its high potential of precipitation of cementite, there is limited study on tailoring the mechanical and corrosion properties of this grade of steel by controlling the precipitation of different phases. Predicting and controlling precipitation behaviour on this grade of steel is of great importance towards producing more advanced applications using this low-cost alloy. In this study the new concept of selective-precipitation process for controlling the mechanical and corrosion behaviour of dual-phase low-alloy high-carbon steel has been introduced. We have investigated the precipitation of different phases using in-situ observation ultra-high temperature confocal scanning laser microscopy, image analyser – ImageJ, scanning electron microscopy with energy dispersive spectroscopy (SEM/EDS) and electron probe microanalysis (EPMA). Volume fraction of each phase including retained austenite, martensite and precipitated phases was determined by X-ray diffraction (XRD), electrochemical corrosion test by Tafel extrapolation method and hardness performance by nanoindentation hardness measurement. The experimental results demonstrated that, by controlling the precipitations inside the matrix and at grain boundaries through heat treatment, we can increase the hardness of steel from 7.81 GPa to 11.4 GPa. Also, corrosion resistance of steel at different condition has been investigated. This new approach will open new possibility of using this low-cost steel for high performance applications.

scholarly journals From Waste to Multi-Hybrid Layering of High Carbon Steel to Improve Corrosion Resistance: An In-Depth Analysis Using EPMA and AFM Techniques

Surfaces ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 2 (3) ◽  
pp. 485-496 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wilson Handoko ◽  
Farshid Pahlevani ◽  
Yin Yao ◽  
Karen Privat ◽  
Veena Sahajwalla
Keyword(s):  
Corrosion Resistance ◽  
Environmental Sustainability ◽  
Steel Substrate ◽  
High Carbon Steel ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Integrated Approach ◽  
Single Step ◽  
Composition Analysis ◽  
Shredder Residue ◽  
Depth Analysis

Corrosion resistance of steel has attracted substantial interest for manufacturing applications to reduce costs corresponding to part failures, unexpected maintenance, and shortening lifespan. Meanwhile, millions of tonnes of slag, non-recyclable glass, and automotive shredder residue (ASR) are discarded into landfills every year, polluting the environment. Combining these two major issues, we delivered an alternative solution to enhance corrosion resistance of high-C steel. In this research, utilisation of these wastes (which were chemically bonded into steel substrate) as sources for production of multi-hybrid layering—including the multi-phase ceramic layer, the carbide layer, and the selective diffusion layer—was successfully achieved by single step surface modification technology. High-resolution topographical imaging by SEM and chemical composition analysis in micron-volume by electron probe micro analyser (EPMA) were performed. Nano-characterisation by atomic force microscopy (AFM) using the PeakForce quantitative nanomechanical mapping (PF-QNM) method was conducted to define Young’s modulus value of each phase in detail. Results revealed improvement of corrosion resistance by 39% and a significantly increased hardness of 13.58 GPa. This integrated approach is prominent for economic and environmental sustainability, consolidating industry demands for more profits, producing durable, steel components in a cost effective way to reduce dependency on new resources, and minimising negative impacts to the environment from disposal of wastes to the landfills.

Low C High Mn Cold Rolled TWIP Steel: Kinetics of Isothermal Recrystallization

2012 ◽  
Vol 706-709 ◽  
pp. 2181-2186 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tulio M.F. Melo ◽  
Érica Ribeiro ◽  
Lorena Dutra ◽  
Dagoberto Brandão Santos
Keyword(s):  
Automobile Industry ◽  
Twip Steel ◽  
Volume Fraction ◽  
Microstructural Analysis ◽  
High Strength ◽  
Specific Weight ◽  
Carbon Steels ◽  
Cold Rolled ◽  
Increasing Demand ◽  
Kinetics Of

The increasing demand, mainly from the automobile industry, for materials which combine high strength, high ductility and low specific weight makes steels with the TWIP (TWinning Induced Plasticity) effect a promising material to meet these requirements. This work aimed to study the kinetics of isothermal recrystallization of a TWIP steel (C-0.06%, Mn-25%, Al-3%, Si-2%, and Ni-1%) after cold rolling. The steel was hot and cold-rolled and then annealed at 700°C with soaking times ranging from 10 to 7200 s. Microstructural analysis was performed using light (LM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Furthermore, quantitative metallography was performed in order to evaluate the recrystallized volume fraction and grain size. A JMAK based model was applied to describe the nucleation grain growth process. The restoration of the steel was also evaluated by microhardness tests. A complete recrystallization after 7200 s at 700°C was observed. It was found that with increasing annealing times, the recrystallized volume fraction also increases, while the nucleation and growth rates decrease, in agreement with the results for plain carbon steels.

Effect of austenitisation temperature on corrosion resistance properties of dual-phase high-carbon steel

2019 ◽  
Vol 54 (21) ◽  
pp. 13775-13786 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wilson Handoko ◽  
Farshid Pahlevani ◽  
Veena Sahajwalla
Keyword(s):  
Corrosion Resistance ◽  
Carbon Steel ◽  
High Carbon Steel ◽  
Dual Phase ◽  
High Carbon

Deformation and Structure Difference of Steel Droplets during Initial Solidification

2017 ◽  
Vol 36 (4) ◽  
pp. 347-357 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yang Li ◽  
Jing Wang ◽  
Jiaquan Zhang ◽  
Changgui Cheng ◽  
Zhi Zeng
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Steel ◽  
Continuous Casting ◽  
High Carbon Steel ◽  
Low Carbon Steel ◽  
Carbon Steels ◽  
Solidification Structure ◽  
Low Carbon ◽  
High Carbon ◽  
Peritectic Steel ◽  
Initial Solidification

AbstractThe surface quality of slabs is closely related with the initial solidification at very first seconds of molten steel near meniscus in mold during continuous casting. The solidification, structure, and free deformation for given steels have been investigated in droplet experiments by aid of Laser Scanning Confocal Microscope. It is observed that the appearances of solidified shells for high carbon steels and some hyper-peritectic steels with high carbon content show lamellar, while that for other steels show spherical. Convex is formed along the chilling direction for most steels, besides some occasions that concave is formed for high carbon steel at times. The deformation degree decreases gradually in order of hypo-peritectic steel, ultra-low carbon steel, hyper-peritectic steel, low carbon steel, and high carbon steel, which is consistent with the solidification shrinkage in macroscope during continuous casting. Additionally, the microstructure of solidified shell of hypo-peritectic steel is bainite, while that of hyper-peritectic steel is martensite.

Crucible Steel in South India-Preliminary Investigations on Crucibles from Some Newly Identified Sites

1996 ◽  
Vol 462 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sharada Srinivasan
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Steel ◽  
Tamil Nadu ◽  
High Carbon Steel ◽  
Carbon Steels ◽  
Low Carbon ◽  
High Carbon ◽  
Metal Mining ◽  
Hypereutectoid Steel ◽  
Iron And Steel ◽  
Crucible Steel

ABSTRACTEuropean accounts from the 17th century onwards have referred to the repute and manufacture of “wootz’, a traditional crucible steel made especially in parts of southern India in the former provinces of Golconda, Mysore and Salem. Pliny's Natural History mentions the import of iron and steel from the Seres which have been thought to refer to the ancient southern Indian kingdom of the Cheras. As yet the scale of excavations and surface surveys is too limited to link the literary accounts to archaeometallurgical evidence, although pioneering exploratory investigations have been made by scholars, especially on the pre-industrial production sites of Konasamudram and Gatihosahalli discussed in 18th-19th century European accounts. In 1991–2 during preliminary surveys of ancient base metal mining sites, Srinivasan came across unreported dumps with crucible fragments at Mel-Siruvalur in Tamil Nadu, and Tintini and Machnur in Karnataka and she collected surface specimens from these sites as well as from the known site of Gatihosahalli. She was also given crucible fragments by the Tamil University, Tanjavur, from an excavated megalithic site at Kodumanal, dated to ca 2nd c. Bc, mentioned in Tamil Sangam literature (ca 3rd c. BC-3rd c. AD), and very near Karur, the ancient capital of the Sangam Cheras. Analyses of crucible fragments from the surface collection at Mel-Siruvalur showed several iron prills with a uniform pearlitic structure of high-carbon hypereutectoid steel (∼1–1.5% C) suggesting that the end product was uniformly a high-carbon steel of a structure consistent with those of high-carbon steels used successfully to experimentally replicate the watered steel patterns on ‘Damascus’ swords. Investigations indicate that the process was of carburisation of molten low carbon iron (m.p. 1400° C) in crucibles packed with carbonaceous matter. The fabric of crucibles from all the above mentioned sites appears similar. Preliminary investigations on these crucibles are thus reported to establish their relationship to crucible production of carbon steel and to thereby extend the known horizons of this technology further.

scholarly journals Novel Etching Technique for Delineation of Prior-Austenite Grain Boundaries in Low, Medium and High Carbon Steels

Materials ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (15) ◽  
pp. 3296
Author(s):  
Richard Thackray ◽  
Eric J. Palmiere ◽  
Omar Khalid
Keyword(s):  
Grain Boundaries ◽  
Prior Austenite ◽  
Picric Acid ◽  
High Carbon Steel ◽  
Sodium Dodecyl ◽  
Carbon Steels ◽  
Sodium Dodecylbenzene Sulfonate ◽  
High Carbon ◽  
Austenite Grain ◽  
Prior Austenite Grain

The etching of prior austenite grain boundaries in martensite for detailed quantitative metallography of low to high carbon steel has been carried out using aqueous solutions of picric acid containing different wetting agents. The choice of wetting agent was shown to be dependent on the carbon content of the steel, with sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) being more suitable for use with low and medium carbon steels, whereas sodium dodecylbenzene sulfonate (SDBS) was shown to be more appropriate for high carbon steels. It is also recommended that, for a particular steel, a variety of temper treatments should be carried out in order to reveal grain boundaries, particularly where more detailed results than simple grain size measurements are required. Finally, the use of dummy specimens prior to etching of the real samples was shown to reduce the need for re-polishing and re-etching of the samples.

SAE 1060

Alloy Digest ◽  
1987 ◽  
Vol 36 (12) ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Fracture Toughness ◽  
Corrosion Resistance ◽  
Carbon Steel ◽  
High Carbon Steel ◽  
Heat Treating ◽  
Agricultural Machinery ◽  
High Carbon ◽  
Hand Tools ◽  
Steel Mills ◽  
Temperature Performance

Abstract SAE 1060 is a high-carbon steel of low hardenability; it may be used in the as-rolled, annealed, normalized or liquid-quenched-and-tempered condition, depending on the desired properties. It is normally hardened by austenitizing and quenching in oil; however, it may be quenched in water if precautions are taken to prevent cracking. Its many uses include springs, hand tools, heavy machinery parts, shafts and agricultural machinery. This datasheet provides information on composition, physical properties, hardness, elasticity, and tensile properties as well as fracture toughness. It also includes information on high temperature performance and corrosion resistance as well as forming, heat treating, machining, and joining. Filing Code: CS-116. Producer or source: Carbon steel mills.

Graphitization Behavior of a Spray Formed Ultra High Carbon Steel during Hot Rolling

2007 ◽  
Vol 539-543 ◽  
pp. 4550-4555
Author(s):  
Hai Sheng Shi ◽  
Guang Min Luo ◽  
Jun Fei Fan ◽  
Yi Jian Lin ◽  
Jing Guo Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Tensile Strength ◽  
Hot Rolling ◽  
Room Temperature ◽  
High Carbon Steel ◽  
Carbon Diffusion ◽  
Carbon Steels ◽  
Key Factors ◽  
High Carbon ◽  
Phase Range ◽  
Effect Of Hot Rolling

The effect of hot rolling parameters on graphitization of a spray formed ultra high carbon steels(UHCSs) was described. The number of graphite stringers and graphite area fractions increased with the increase of rolling reduction. Graphite stringers nucleated at small pores and grew by carbon diffusion from adjacent austenite during hot rolling. Alloy contents, pores and hot deformation atγ+Fe3C phase range are the key factors for graphitization.The graphite stringers of UHCSs have little effect on tensile strength, but reduce the ductility at room temperature.

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