scholarly journals The Abundance of Human Milk Oligosaccharide (HMO)-Metabolizing Genes in Fecal Samples from Six-Month-Old Human Infants

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (7) ◽  
pp. 1352
Author(s):  
Lynn E. Ferro ◽  
Kameron Y. Sugino ◽  
Vanja Klepac-Ceraj ◽  
Sarah S. Comstock
Keyword(s):  
Human Milk ◽  
Mode Of Delivery ◽  
Dietary Exposure ◽  
Quantitative Real Time Pcr ◽  
Human Infants ◽  
Fecal Samples ◽  
Gene Abundance ◽  
Development And Validation ◽  
Biology Laboratory ◽  
Further Development

Herein, we report the abundance and prevalence of HMO-metabolizing genes, specifically those of Bifidobacterium infantis, in fecal samples from human infants. Forty dyads were enrolled, and each mother collected a fecal sample from her infant at six months of age. Genomic DNA was extracted, and quantitative real-time PCR was used to determine gene abundance. The mode of delivery was not associated with gene abundance. Several gene regions, Sia (a sialidase), B. inf (16S), and GH750 (a glycoside hydrolase), were more abundant in the feces of human milk-fed infants (p < 0.05). Others, Sia and HC bin (16S), tended to be less abundant when a larger percentage of an infant’s diet consisted of solids (p < 0.10). When accounting for solid food intake, human milk exposure was positively associated with Sia and B. inf (p < 0.05) and tended to be related to the abundance of the GH750 and HC bin (p < 0.10) gene regions. With further development and validation in additional populations of infants, these assays could be used to group samples by dietary exposure even where no record of dietary intake exists. Thus, these assays would provide a method by which infant human milk intake can be assessed quickly in any well-equipped molecular biology laboratory.

scholarly journals Human Milk Oligosaccharide (HMO) Metabolizing Gene Abundances in Human Infant Fecal Samples

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (Supplement_2) ◽  
pp. 741-741
Author(s):  
Lynn Ferro ◽  
Kameron Sugino ◽  
Vanja Klepac-Ceraj ◽  
Sarah Comstock
Keyword(s):  
Food Intake ◽  
16S Rrna ◽  
16S Rrna Gene ◽  
Human Milk ◽  
Mode Of Delivery ◽  
Solid Food ◽  
Rrna Gene ◽  
Specific Primer ◽  
Fecal Samples ◽  
Primer Sets

Abstract Objectives To benefit from the complex oligosaccharides found in human milk, an infant relies on microbial metabolism of these compounds. The main objective of this study was to determine the abundance of Bifidobacterium infantis human milk oligosaccharide (HMO) metabolizing genes in infant fecal samples. Methods Fecal samples from 40 6-mos-old infants were collected. Genomic DNA was extracted, and quantitative real-time PCR was used to determine the abundance of several genes in B. infantis. B infantis specific primer sets were used to target 5 HMO metabolizing genes as well as the 16S rRNA gene. Additional 16S rRNA primer sets were used to target overall bacteria, overall Bifidobacterium, B. breve and B. longum. Abundances of each qPCR reaction were compared by infant human milk exposure, solid food intake, and mode of delivery. Results Mode of delivery was not associated with any PCR targets. Two HMO genes, a sialidase and a glycoside hydrolase, as well as a B. infantis 16S rRNA gene were more abundant in the feces of human milk fed infants (p &lt; 0.05). The sialidase and a B. infantis 16S rRNA gene tended to be less abundant when a larger percentage of an infant's diet consisted of solids (p &lt; 0.10). When accounting for solid food intake, human milk exposure continued to be positively associated with the sialidase and a B. infantis 16S rRNA gene abundance (p &lt; 0.05) and tended to be related to the abundance of the glycoside hydrolase (p &lt; 0.10). An assessment of 5 B. infantis specific primer sets targeting HMO metabolizing genes demonstrated that the stools of human milk fed infants harbored a more diverse set of these genes than those of non-human milk fed infants (p = 0.02). Conclusions Herein, we have identified a qPCR primer set targeting a sialidase that is consistently associated with human milk exposure even in the presence of solid food intake. With further development and validation in additional populations of infants, these assays could be used to group samples by dietary exposure even where no record of dietary intake exists. Thus, this assay would provide a method by which infant human milk intake proximal to sample collection can be assessed quickly in any well-equipped molecular biology lab. Funding Sources This research was partially supported by the MSU College of Agriculture and Natural Resources Undergraduate Research Program as well as the Max Gonzenbach Research Scholarship.

scholarly journals Longitudinal Changes in the Concentration of Major Human Milk Proteins in the First Six Months of Lactation and Their Effects on Infant Growth

Nutrients ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (5) ◽  
pp. 1476
Author(s):  
Jian Zhang ◽  
Ai Zhao ◽  
Shiyun Lai ◽  
Qingbin Yuan ◽  
Xiaojiang Jia ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Human Milk ◽  
Maternal Education ◽  
Mode Of Delivery ◽  
Milk Proteins ◽  
Protein Composition ◽  
Infant Growth ◽  
Term Infants ◽  
Longitudinal Changes ◽  
Milk Samples ◽  
The Impact

Our knowledge related to human milk proteins is still limited. The present study determined the changes in multiple human milk proteins during the first six months of lactation, investigated the influencing factors of milk proteins, and explored the impact of milk proteins on infant growth. A total of 105 lactating women and their full-term infants from China were prospectively surveyed in this research. Milk samples were collected at 1–5 days, 8–14 days, 1 month, and 6 months postpartum. Concentrations of total protein and α-lactalbumin were measured in all milk samples, and concentrations of lactoferrin, osteopontin, total casein, β-casein, αs−1 casein, and κ-casein were measured in milk from 51 individuals using ultra performance liquid chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry. The concentration of measured proteins in the milk decreased during the first six months of postpartum (p-trend < 0.001). Maternal age, mode of delivery, maternal education, and income impacted the longitudinal changes in milk proteins (p-interaction < 0.05). Concentrations of αs−1 casein in milk were inversely associated with the weight-for-age Z-scores of the infants (1 m: r −0.29, p 0.038; 6 m: r −0.33, p 0.020). In conclusion, the concentration of proteins in milk decreased over the first six months postpartum, potentially influenced by maternal demographic and delivery factors. Milk protein composition may influence infant weights.

Fecal Bacterial Communities Differ by Lactation Status in Post-Partum Women and Their Infants

2021 ◽  
pp. 089033442110603
Author(s):  
Eliot N. Haddad ◽  
Lynn E. Ferro ◽  
Kathleen E. B. Russell ◽  
Kameron Y. Sugino ◽  
Jean M. Kerver ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Mass Index ◽  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Human Milk ◽  
Body Mass ◽  
Beta Diversity ◽  
Bifidobacterium Longum ◽  
Univariate Analysis ◽  
Body Mass Index Category ◽  
Fecal Samples ◽  
Milk Feeding

Background: Previous research examined effects of human milk on the infant gut microbiota, but little attention has been given to the microbiota of lactating women. Research Aim: To determine associations between exclusive human milk feeding and gut microbiota characteristics in mothers and infants at 6-weeks postpartum. Methods: A sample of mother–infant dyads ( N = 24) provided fecal samples and questionnaire responses at 6-weeks postpartum as part of the Pregnancy, EAting & POstpartum Diapers study. Deoxyribonucleic acid was extracted from stool samples, followed by (V4) 16S ribosomal ribonucleic acid gene amplicon sequencing. Alpha and beta diversity, in addition to taxa differences, were compared by human milk exposure status, exclusive versus non-exclusive. A subset of dyads (those exclusively fed human milk; n = 14) was analyzed for shared bifidobacterial species using polymerase chain reaction. Results: Alpha diversity was significantly lower in exclusively human milk-fed infants. Maternal lactation status (exclusive vs. partial) and Shannon diversity were associated in univariate analysis but were no longer associated in multivariable regression including body mass index category in the model. Beta diversity (Sorensen dissimilarity) of fecal samples from women and infants was significantly associated with human milk feeding. Of six infants with Bifidobacterium longum subspecies longum in their fecal samples, all their mothers shared the same species. Conclusion: Maternal gut microbiotas differ by lactation status, a relationship potentially confounded by body mass index category. Further research is needed to identify whether lactation directly influences the maternal gut microbiota, which may be another mechanism by which lactation influences health.

Melatonin Content of Human Milk: The Effect of Mode of Delivery

2020 ◽  
Vol 15 (9) ◽  
pp. 589-594
Author(s):  
Sonia Aparici-Gonzalo ◽  
Álvaro Carrasco-García ◽  
Marie Gombert ◽  
Joaquín Carrasco-Luna ◽  
Gonzalo Pin-Arboledas ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Human Milk ◽  
Mode Of Delivery

scholarly journals Maximizing Nutrient Availability for the Breastfed Infant Through Colonization with B. Infantis EVC001 (FS04-04-19)

2019 ◽  
Vol 3 (Supplement_1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Tracy Shafizadeh ◽  
Steve Frese ◽  
Giorgio Casaburi
Keyword(s):  
Human Milk ◽  
Nutrient Availability ◽  
Gut Microbiome ◽  
Bifidobacterium Longum ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Breastfed Infant ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Term Infants ◽  
Fecal Samples ◽  
Infant Gut Microbiome

Abstract Objectives Human breastmilk contains complete nutrient composition required for the developing infant, including human milk oligosaccharides (HMO). These complex carbohydrates are indigestible by the infant alone, and require digestion by gut microbes, namely Bifidobacterium longum subsp. infantis (B. infantis). However, decades of C-section delivery, formula feeding and increasing exposure to antibiotics have contributed the loss of this critical infant-associated gut bacterium in developed countries. Therefore, restoring B. infantis to the infant gut was hypothesized to improve the nutritional utilization of human breastmilk in healthy term infants. Methods In an open trial, healthy, exclusively breastfed term infants were fed 1.8 × 1010 CFU B. infantis EVC001 daily from day 7–27 postnatal (n = 34; EVC001-fed), or breastmilk alone (n = 32; control group). Fecal samples, milk samples, and weekly self-reported data were collected and analyzed for infant gut microbiome composition and function, human milk oligosaccharide composition, and fecal metabolites. 16S rRNA sequencing and shotgun metagenome sequencing provided characterization of microbial communities from birth through 60 days postnatal. Results Infants fed B. infantis EVC001 were uniformly colonized with this organism at 1011 CFU/g feces, while infants in the control group had a median total Bifidobacterium level below 10^5 CFU/g feces, despite exclusive breastfeeding. Mass spectrometry of fecal samples from B. infantis EVC001-fed infants showed that the resulting microbial community produced higher concentrations of lactate and acetate and lower excretion of HMO, while control infants showed significantly lower ability to capture and utilize these carbohydrates from human milk. Importantly, HMO content of breastmilk was not significantly different between groups and no difference was found in the gut microbiome of infants based on secretor status of mothers (presence or absence of 2’FL in breastmilk). Further, these changes were associated with reductions in taxa that have been associated with negative health outcomes including colic, asthma, eczema and allergy. Conclusions Overall, colonization with B. infantis is observed to be an effective way to restore maximal function of the infant gut microbiome to improve nutrient availability in the breastfed infant. Funding Sources This study was funded by Evolve BioSystems, Inc.

Innovation Diffusion and New Product Growth Models in Marketing

1979 ◽  
Vol 43 (4) ◽  
pp. 55-68 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vijay Mahajan ◽  
Eitan Muller
Keyword(s):  
Innovation Diffusion ◽  
State Of The Art ◽  
Growth Models ◽  
New Product ◽  
Diffusion Models ◽  
The State ◽  
Development And Validation ◽  
Further Development

This paper assesses the state-of-the-art of the diffusion models of new product acceptance. A number of issues related to the further development and validation of these models are discussed.

scholarly journals Breast Milk Macronutrient Components in Prolonged Lactation

Nutrients ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (12) ◽  
pp. 1893 ◽  
Author(s):  
Matylda Czosnykowska-Łukacka ◽  
Barbara Królak-Olejnik ◽  
Magdalena Orczyk-Pawiłowicz
Keyword(s):  
Breast Milk ◽  
Human Milk ◽  
Energy Demand ◽  
Infant Nutrition ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
Dietary Exposure ◽  
Milk Composition ◽  
Limited Data ◽  
Older Children ◽  
Healthy Development

Human milk (HM) is the first dietary exposure in infancy and the best nutritional option for growth and healthy development of the newborn and infant. The concentrations of macronutrients, namely proteins, carbohydrates and lipids, change during lactation stages. HM has been studied extensively in the first 6 months of lactation, but there are limited data regarding milk composition beyond 1 or 2 years postpartum. The aim of our study was to describe longitudinal changes in HM macronutrient concentrations during the prolonged lactation of healthy mothers from the 1st to the 48th month. For the macronutrient content of milk of mothers breastfeeding for longer than 18 months, fat and protein increased and carbohydrates decreased significantly, compared with milk expressed by women breastfeeding up to 12 months. Moreover, the concentration of fat, protein and carbohydrates in HM over 2 years of lactation from the 24th to the 48th month remained at a stable level. However, analyzed macronutrients were positively (carbohydrate, r = 0.51) or negatively (fat, r = −0.36 and protein, r = −0.58) correlated with the amount of feeding. Our results create a greater potential for understanding the nutritional contribution of HM over 2 years of lactation and showed that the source of calories in breast milk for older children is mainly fat, while carbohydrates play a greater role in infant nutrition in the early stage. The observed changes of macronutrient concentrations from the 1st to the 48th month of lactation are probably related to the adaptation of milk composition to the increased energy demand of the intensively growing child.

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