Incidence of Tetracycline and Erythromycin Resistance in Meat-Associated Bacteria: Impact of Different Livestock Management Strategies

The extensive use of antibiotics as growth promoters, or their continued abusive misuse to cure or prevent the onset of bacterial infections as occurs in the intensive farming, may have played a pivotal role in the spread of reservoirs of antibiotic resistance (AR) among food-associated bacteria including pathogens representing risks to human health. The present study compares the incidence of tetracycline and erythromycin resistances in lactic acid bacteria (LAB) and coagulase negative staphylococci (CNS) from fermented products manufacturing using meat from intensive animal husbandry (industrialized manufacturing Italian salami) and from extensive farms (artisanal sausages facilities pork and llama Argentinean sausages). A higher incidence of tetracycline resistance (TET-R) compared to erythromycin resistance (ERY-R) was observed among the 205 isolates. Unlike CNS strains, the LAB showed a significant correlation between the TET-R and the ERY-R phenotypes. Genotypic assessment shows a high correlation with tetK and tetM for the TET-R strains and with ermB and ermC for the ERY-R strains. Multiple correspondence analyses have highlighted the association between AR phenotypes and CNS species isolated from Italian salami, while the susceptible phenotypes were associated with the LAB species from Argentinean sausages. Since antibiotic resistance in meat-associated bacteria is a very complex phenomenon, the assessment of bacterial resistance in different environmental contexts with diverse farming practices and food production technologies will help in monitoring the factors influencing AR emergence and spread in animal production.

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Neonatal Bacteremia: Patterns of Antibiotic Resistance

Infection Control and Hospital Epidemiology ◽

10.1086/501860 ◽

2001 ◽

Vol 22 (12) ◽

pp. 767-770 ◽

Cited By ~ 26

Author(s):

Ruben Bromiker ◽

Ilan Arad ◽

Ofra Peleg ◽

Aviya Preminger ◽

Dan Engelhard

Keyword(s):

Antibiotic Resistance ◽

Early Onset ◽

Bacterial Infections ◽

Bacterial Resistance ◽

Late Onset ◽

Coagulase Negative Staphylococci ◽

Gram Positive ◽

Gram Negative ◽

Live Births ◽

Gram Negative Organisms

AbstractObjective:To determine the incidence and evaluate the antimicrobial-susceptibility patterns of bacterial infections in our neonatal units.Design:Retrospective surveillance study.Setting:The neonatal units of the Hadassah University Hospitals, Jerusalem, Israel.Patients:All newborns admitted from January 1994 through February 1999.Methods:The records of all patients with positive blood and cerebrospinal fluid cultures were reviewed. Bacteremia was considered early-onset (vertical) when occurring within the first 72 hours of life and late-onset (nosocomial) when occurring later. The prevalence and antibiotic-resistance patterns of vertically transmitted and nosocomially acquired strains were compared and studied over time.Results:219 of 35,691 newborn infants had at least one episode of bacteremia (6.13/1,000 live births). There were 305 identified organisms, of which 21% (1.29/1,000 live births) were considered vertically transmitted and 79% nosocomially acquired. The most common organism causing early-onset disease (29.2%) was group B streptococcus (0.38/1,000 live births), whereas coagulase-negative staphylococci (51%) were the most prevalent in late-onset disease. All gram-positive bacteria were susceptible to vancomycin. Most gram-positive organisms other than staphylococci were susceptible to ampicillin. Gram-negative organisms represented 31% of all isolates. Generally, there was a trend of increasing resistance to commonly used antibiotics among nosocomially acquired gram-negative organisms, compared to those vertically transmitted, with statistically significant differences for ampicillin and mezlocillin (P<.05 andP<.01, respectively). Over the years, a trend toward an increasing resistance to antibiotics was observed among gram-negative organisms.Conclusions:The trend of increasing bacterial resistance to commonly used antibiotics necessitates the implementation of a rational empirical treatment strategy, based on local susceptibility data, reserving certain agents for emerging resistant pathogens.

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Tetracyclines in Food and Feedingstuffs: From Regulation to Analytical Methods, Bacterial Resistance, and Environmental and Health Implications

Journal of Analytical Methods in Chemistry ◽

10.1155/2017/1315497 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 2017 ◽

pp. 1-24 ◽

Cited By ~ 61

Author(s):

Fabio Granados-Chinchilla ◽

César Rodríguez

Keyword(s):

Analytical Methods ◽

Bacterial Resistance ◽

Tetracycline Resistance ◽

Animal Husbandry ◽

The United States ◽

Resistant Bacteria ◽

The European Union ◽

Growth Promoters ◽

Correct Usage ◽

Nontarget Species

Antibiotics are widely used as growth promoters in animal husbandry; among them, the tetracyclines are a chemical group of relevance, due to their wide use in agriculture, surpassing in quantities applied almost every other antibiotic family. Seeing the considerable amounts of tetracyclines used worldwide, monitoring of these antibiotics is paramount. Advances must be made in the analysis of antibiotics to assess correct usage and dosage of tetracyclines in food and feedstuffs and possible residues in pertinent environmental samples. The tetracyclines are still considered a clinically relevant group of antibiotics, though dissemination of tolerance and resistance determinants have limited their use. This review focuses on four different aspects: (i) tetracyclines, usage, dosages, and regulatory issues that govern their food-related application, with particular attention to the prohibitions and restrictions that several countries have enforced in recent years by agencies from both the United States and the European Union, (ii) analytical methods for tetracyclines, determination, and residues thereof in feedstuffs and related matrices with an emphasis on the most relevant and novel techniques, including both screening and confirmatory methods, (iii) tetracycline resistance and tetracycline-resistant bacteria in feedstuff, and (iv) environmental and health risks accompanying the use of tetracyclines in animal nutrition. In the last two cases, we discuss the more relevant undesirable effects that tetracyclines exert over bacterial communities and nontarget species including unwanted effects in farmers.

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Presence of Campylobacter coli in slaughtered pigs and its resistance to antibiotics

Biotechnology in Animal Husbandry ◽

10.2298/bah0701403i ◽

2007 ◽

Vol 23 (5-6-1) ◽

pp. 403-410

Author(s):

S. Ivanovic ◽

S. Lilic

Keyword(s):

Antibiotic Resistance ◽

Working Group ◽

Bacterial Resistance ◽

Meat Products ◽

Antibiotic Sensitivity ◽

Animal Husbandry ◽

Campylobacter Coli ◽

European Working ◽

And Diffusion ◽

Slaughtered Pigs

Campylobacter coli is zoonotic bacterium. As saprophyte it persists in pigs and they are its common reservoir. It transmits to human by meat and meat products. Campylobacter coli is sensitive to antibiotics but in one moment could become resistant. According to literature data, the aim of our investigations was to affirm the sensitivity of Campylobacter coli, isolated from the samples collected from clinically healthy pigs, on slaughter line, to following antibiotics: Erythromycin, Ampycillin and Tetracycline. From all of identified isolates it was selected 18 strains and they are examined to antibiotic sensitivity by both of dilution and diffusion methods. Obtained results were interpreted according to proposition of European Working Group for investigation of antibiotic resistance of bacteria (1996). Using both methods it was found out: all strains were sensitive to erythromycin; all strains were resistant to tetracycline, 16 strains were resistant to ampycillin, two strains were intermediate to ampycillin (strain 4 and 13). Usage of antibiotics in prophylactic purposes is common practice in intensive animal husbandry. This usage change microbial flora in treated animals and its inadequate application often cause bacterial resistance to them.

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Bacteriophages: A Revisited Strategy for the Treatment of Severe Bacterial Infections

JOURNAL OF BIOENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY APPLIED TO HEALTH ◽

10.34178/jbth.v2i3.74 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 2 (3) ◽

pp. 78-79

Author(s):

Roberto Badaro

Keyword(s):

Antibiotic Resistance ◽

Resistance Genes ◽

Bacterial Infections ◽

Bacterial Resistance ◽

Phage Therapy ◽

Bacterial Pathogen ◽

Severe Infection ◽

Current Increase ◽

Therapeutic Alternative ◽

The Ideal

Bacteriophages are viruses that infect and parasitize bacteria. The current increase in the incidence of antibiotic resistance in human bacteria has favoredthe study of phages as a therapeutic alternative (phage therapy). Phage therapy is defined as the administration of virulent phages directly to a patient to lyse the bacterial pathogen that is causing a clinically severe infection. The ideal route of administration and modification of bacteriopaghes genetically to deactivate bacterial resistance genes is the next future to antibiotic recovery sensitivity of MDR organisms.

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Characterization of staphylococci contaminating automated teller machines in Hong Kong

Epidemiology and Infection ◽

10.1017/s095026881100207x ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 140 (8) ◽

pp. 1366-1371 ◽

Cited By ~ 12

Author(s):

M. ZHANG ◽

M. O'DONONGHUE ◽

M. V. BOOST

Keyword(s):

Staphylococcus Aureus ◽

Antibiotic Resistance ◽

Resistance Genes ◽

Benzalkonium Chloride ◽

Tetracycline Resistance ◽

Chlorhexidine Digluconate ◽

Coagulase Negative Staphylococci ◽

Automated Teller Machines ◽

Resistance Determinants

SUMMARYEnvironmental staphylococcal contamination was investigated by culture of 400 automated teller machines (ATMs). Isolates were characterized for antibiotic and antiseptic susceptibility, carriage of antiseptic resistance genes (QAC genes), and spa types. MRSA, which was similar to local clinical isolates, was present on two (0·5%) of the 62 (15·5%) ATMs that yielded Staphylococcus aureus. QAC genes were more common in coagulase-negative staphylococci (qacA/B 26·0%, smr 14%) than S. aureus (11·3% qacA/B, 1·6% smr). QAC-positive isolates had significantly higher minimum inhibitory concentrations/minimum bactericidal concentrations to benzalkonium chloride and chlorhexidine digluconate. QAC gene presence was significantly associated with methicillin and tetracycline resistance. Survival of staphylococci, including MRSA, on common access sites may be facilitated by low disinfectant concentrations, which select for disinfectant-tolerant strains, while co-selecting for antibiotic-resistance determinants. Disinfection procedures should be performed correctly to help prevent spread of resistant pathogens from reservoirs in the community.

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Antibiotic Resistance of Enterococci in American Bison (Bison bison) from a Nature Preserve Compared to That of Enterococci in Pastured Cattle

Applied and Environmental Microbiology ◽

10.1128/aem.02164-07 ◽

2008 ◽

Vol 74 (6) ◽

pp. 1726-1730 ◽

Cited By ~ 22

Author(s):

John F. Anderson ◽

Torrey D. Parrish ◽

Mastura Akhtar ◽

Ludek Zurek ◽

Helmut Hirt

Keyword(s):

Antibiotic Resistance ◽

Tetracycline Resistance ◽

Common Species ◽

Bison Bison ◽

Erythromycin Resistance ◽

Tall Grass ◽

Tetracycline Resistance Genes ◽

Tall Grass Prairie ◽

Nature Preserve ◽

Enterococcus Casseliflavus

ABSTRACT Enterococci isolated from a bison population on a native tall-grass prairie preserve in Kansas were characterized and compared to enterococci isolated from pastured cattle. The species diversity was dominated by Enterococcus casseliflavus in bison (62.4%), while Enterococcus hirae was the most common isolate from cattle (39.7%). Enterococcus faecalis was the second most common species isolated from bison (16%). In cattle, E. faecalis and Enterococcus faecium were isolated at lower percentages (3.2% and 1.6%, respectively). No resistance to ampicillin, chloramphenicol, gentamicin, or high levels of vancomycin was detected from either source. Tetracycline and erythromycin resistance phenotypes, encoded by tetO and ermB, respectively, were common in cattle isolates (42.9% and 12.7%, respectively). A significant percentage of bison isolates (8% and 4%, respectively) were also resistant to these two antibiotics. The tetracycline resistance genes from both bison and cattle isolates resided on mobile genetic elements and showed a transfer frequency of 10−6 per donor, whereas erythromycin resistance was not transferable. Resistance to ciprofloxacin was found to be higher in enterococci from bison (14.4%) than in enterococci isolated from cattle (9.5%). The bison population can serve as a sentinel population for studying the spread and origin of antibiotic resistance.

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Endophthalmitis Panorama in The Jerusalem Area

10.21203/rs.3.rs-184174/v1 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Juan Martin Sanchez ◽

Hila Elinav ◽

Liran Tiosano ◽

Radgonde Amer

Keyword(s):

Bacterial Resistance ◽

Management Strategies ◽

Western World ◽

Diabetic Patients ◽

Coagulase Negative Staphylococci ◽

Gram Positive ◽

Tertiary Referral Center ◽

Intraocular Surgery ◽

Microbial Spectrum

Abstract Purpose: The spectrum of microbial infections and the pattern of their susceptibility is variable among communities. Researching this data will lead to the establishment of the most appropriate national management strategies. The purpose of this study was to analyze the epidemiological, clinical, microbial spectrum and antibiotic susceptibility of endophthalmitis cases in a tertiary referral center in Jerusalem.Methods: Retrospective review of medical charts of patients presenting with endophthalmitis over a 12-year-period.Results: Included were 74 eyes of 70 patients (males 56%). Mean age±SD at presentation was 60±19.5 years. Exogenous endophthalmitis accounted for 78% of cases; of which, 62% followed an intraocular surgery, 21% occurred after intravitreal injections, 10% followed infectious keratitis and 7% were post-traumatic. Endogenous cases were predominantly observed in diabetic patients. Microbial isolates were identified in 44 samples. Of them, gram-positive bacteria were the predominant microorganisms detected in 33 samples (75%); Staphylococcus epidermidis and Enterococcus faecalis were the most commonly detected pathogens. Mean presenting±SD LogMAR visual acuity (VA) was 2.38±1.21 and it improved at last follow-up to 1.7±1.37 (p=0.004, paired t-test). Cases secondary to gram-positive microbes were associated with improved VA during the follow-up while cases secondary to gram-negative microbes was correlated with poor final VA (p=0.046, r2=0.4). There was no evidence of bacterial resistance in the antibiograms for either vancomycin, ceftazidime, ceftriaxone or amikacin.Conclusions: Intraocular surgery remains the most common event preceding endophthalmitis with coagulase-negative staphylococci being the most frequently detected microorganisms. The microbial spectrum of endophthalmitis is similar to that in the western world.

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Advanced training of veterinary specialists on the spread of antibiotic resistance and the implementation of measures to contain it

Veterinariya, Zootekhniya i Biotekhnologiya ◽

10.36871/vet.zoo.bio.202111002 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 1 (11) ◽

pp. 16-26

Author(s):

Igor S. Koba ◽

◽

Viktor V. Stepanishin ◽

Tatiana E. Denisenko ◽

Sergey Yu. Filippov ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Antibiotic Resistance ◽

Crop Production ◽

Significant Contribution ◽

Animal Husbandry ◽

Farm Animals ◽

Resistant Bacteria ◽

Growth Promoters ◽

Human Resource Capacity ◽

Treatment And Prevention ◽

Resource Capacity

Currently, antibiotic resistance poses a serious threat to humanity. The resistance of microorganisms to antibiotics does not increase the financial costs of fighting pathogens, but it is also a problem of ensuring food security. The use of antibiotics in animal husbandry and veterinary medicine for the treatment and prevention of diseases or as growth promoters allows resistant bacteria and resistance genes to be transmitted through the food chain from farm animals to humans. In crop production and horticulture, these drugs are also used to suppress pathogens, prevent diseases and increase the shelf life of finished products. Uncontrolled and unjustified use of antibiotics in agriculture, the scale of which in many countries exceeds the scale of the use of antibiotics for the treatment of people, makes a significant contribution to the formation of the problem of antibiotic resistance in the health system. This situation requires additional efforts to inform society and develop a special policy to curb antibiotic resistance, including from the standpoint of food safety. The article considers the possibilities of preventing and containing antibiotic resistance through interinstitutional coordination and cooperation, including high-quality training of specialists and human resource capacity building, supervision and monitoring of trends in resistance and use of antibiotics, dissemination of information and research on this problem, as well as educational and explanatory work to draw attention to the problem in society.

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Characterization of Erythromycin and Tetracycline Resistance in Lactobacillus fermentum Strains

International Journal of Microbiology ◽

10.1155/2018/3912326 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 2018 ◽

pp. 1-9 ◽

Cited By ~ 11

Author(s):

Elizaveta Anisimova ◽

Dina Yarullina

Keyword(s):

Antibiotic Resistance ◽

Resistance Genes ◽

Pathogenic Bacteria ◽

Tetracycline Resistance ◽

Lactobacillus Fermentum ◽

Monitoring And Control ◽

Erythromycin Resistance ◽

Phenotypic Resistance ◽

Tetracycline Resistance Genes ◽

Resistance Determinants

Lactobacillus fermentum colonizing gastrointestinal and urogenital tracts of humans and animals is widely used in manufacturing of fermented products and as probiotics. These bacteria may function as vehicles of antibiotic resistance genes, which can be transferred to pathogenic bacteria. Therefore, monitoring and control of transmissible antibiotic resistance determinants in these microorganisms is necessary to approve their safety status. The aim of this study was to characterize erythromycin and tetracycline resistance of L. fermentum isolates and to estimate the potential transfer of resistance genes from lactobacilli to the other Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. Among six L. fermentum strains isolated from human feces and commercial dairy products, five strains demonstrated phenotypic resistance to tetracycline. PCR screening for antibiotic resistance determinants revealed plasmid-located tetracycline resistance genes tet(K) and tet(M) in all strains and erythromycin resistance genes erm(B) in the chromosome of L. fermentum 5-1 and erm(C) in the plasmid of L. fermentum 3-4. All tested lactobacilli lacked conjugative transposon Tn916 and were not able to transfer tetracycline resistance genes to Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Listeria monocytogenes, Acinetobacter baumannii, Citrobacter freundii, and Escherichia coli by filter mating. Staphylococcus haemolyticus did not accept erythromycin resistance genes from corresponding Lactobacillus strains. Thus, in the present study, L. fermentum was not implicated in the spread of erythromycin and tetracycline resistance, but still these strains pose the threat to the environment and human health because they harbored erythromycin and tetracycline resistance genes in their plasmids and therefore should not be used in foods and probiotics.

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Tetracycline Antibiotics: Mode of Action, Applications, Molecular Biology, and Epidemiology of Bacterial Resistance

Microbiology and Molecular Biology Reviews ◽

10.1128/mmbr.65.2.232-260.2001 ◽

2001 ◽

Vol 65 (2) ◽

pp. 232-260 ◽

Cited By ~ 2003

Author(s):

Ian Chopra ◽

Marilyn Roberts

Keyword(s):

Outer Membrane ◽

Bacterial Resistance ◽

Animal Feed ◽

Animal Health ◽

Tetracycline Resistance ◽

Shigella Dysenteriae ◽

Growth Promoters ◽

New Genes ◽

Wide Range ◽

Energy Dependent

SUMMARY Tetracyclines were discovered in the 1940s and exhibited activity against a wide range of microorganisms including gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria, chlamydiae, mycoplasmas, rickettsiae, and protozoan parasites. They are inexpensive antibiotics, which have been used extensively in the prophlylaxis and therapy of human and animal infections and also at subtherapeutic levels in animal feed as growth promoters. The first tetracycline-resistant bacterium, Shigella dysenteriae, was isolated in 1953. Tetracycline resistance now occurs in an increasing number of pathogenic, opportunistic, and commensal bacteria. The presence of tetracycline-resistant pathogens limits the use of these agents in treatment of disease. Tetracycline resistance is often due to the acquisition of new genes, which code for energy-dependent efflux of tetracyclines or for a protein that protects bacterial ribosomes from the action of tetracyclines. Many of these genes are associated with mobile plasmids or transposons and can be distinguished from each other using molecular methods including DNA-DNA hybridization with oligonucleotide probes and DNA sequencing. A limited number of bacteria acquire resistance by mutations, which alter the permeability of the outer membrane porins and/or lipopolysaccharides in the outer membrane, change the regulation of innate efflux systems, or alter the 16S rRNA. New tetracycline derivatives are being examined, although their role in treatment is not clear. Changing the use of tetracyclines in human and animal health as well as in food production is needed if we are to continue to use this class of broad-spectrum antimicrobials through the present century.

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