Comparison of Diplodia Tip Blight Pathogens in Spanish and North American Pine Ecosystems

Diplodia tip blight is the most ubiquitous and abundant disease in Spanish Pinus radiata plantations. The economic losses in forest stands can be very severe because of its abundance in cones and seeds together with the low genetic diversity of the host. Pinus resinosa is not genetically diverse in North America either, and Diplodia shoot blight is a common disease. Disease control may require management designs to be adapted for each region. The genetic diversity of the pathogen could be an indicator of its virulence and spreading capacity. Our objective was to understand the diversity of Diplodia spp. in Spanish plantations and to compare it with the structure of American populations to collaborate in future management guidelines. Genotypic diversity was investigated using microsatellite markers. Eight loci (SS9–SS16) were polymorphic for the 322 isolates genotyped. The results indicate that Diplodia sapinea is the most frequent Diplodia species present in plantations of the north of Spain and has high genetic diversity. The higher genetic diversity recorded in Spain in comparison to previous studies could be influenced by the intensity of the sampling and the evidence about the remarkable influence of the sample type.

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Prevalence and Genetic Diversity of Arcobacter in Food Products in the North of Spain

Journal of Food Protection ◽

10.4315/0362-028x.jfp-13-014 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 76 (8) ◽

pp. 1447-1450 ◽

Cited By ~ 22

Author(s):

BARBARA NIEVA-ECHEVARRIA ◽

IRATI MARTINEZ-MALAXETXEBARRIA ◽

CECILIA GIRBAU ◽

RODRIGO ALONSO ◽

AURORA FERNÁNDEZ-ASTORGA

Keyword(s):

Public Health ◽

Genetic Diversity ◽

Basque Country ◽

Food Products ◽

High Genetic Diversity ◽

The North ◽

Arcobacter Butzleri ◽

North Of Spain ◽

The Impact ◽

The Relationship

The bacterial contamination of food products can cause serious public health problems. Interest in Arcobacter contamination has increased due to the relationship between these bacteria and human enteritis. We studied the prevalence and genetic diversity of Arcobacter species at the retail level in the province of Alava in Basque Country, Spain. The results showed a high genetic diversity and indicated the regular presence of the main Arcobacter spp. associated with human enteric illness in food products. Arcobacter butzleri, Arcobacter cryaerophilus, and Arcobacter skirrowii were detected with an overall prevalence close to 40% and were isolated from 15 (42.8%) fresh cow's milk samples, 12 (73.3%) shellfish samples, 11 (55%) chicken samples, 2 (10%) pork samples, and 1 (5%) beef sample. The results indicate the need to investigate the impact of Arcobacter spp. on public health.

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Season of birth interacts with measures of inbreeding in multiplex schizophrenia pedigrees: evidence from genetic isolates in Daghestan

Open Medicine ◽

10.2478/s11536-006-0041-8 ◽

2006 ◽

Vol 1 (4) ◽

pp. 392-398

Author(s):

Kazima Bulayeva ◽

John McGrath

Keyword(s):

Genetic Diversity ◽

Family History ◽

Age Of Onset ◽

Population Genetic Study ◽

Season Of Birth ◽

High Genetic Diversity ◽

Low Genetic Diversity ◽

High Prevalence ◽

History Of ◽

Genetic Isolates

AbstractWhile the season-of-birth effect is one of the most consistent epidemiological features of schizophrenia, there is a lack of consistency with respect to the interaction between season of birth and family history of schizophrenia. Apart from family history, measures related to consanguinity can be used as proxy markers of genomic heterogeneity. Thus, these measures may provide an alternate, indirect index of genetic susceptibility. We had the opportunity to explore the interaction between season of birth and measure of consanguinity in well-described genetic isolates in Daghestan, some of which are known for their relatively high prevalence of schizophrenia. Our previous population-genetic study showed Daghestan has an extremely high genetic diversity between the ethnic populations and a low genetic diversity within them. The isolates selected for this study include some with more than 200 and some with less than 100 generations of demographical history since their founding. Based on pedigrees of multiply-affected families, we found that among individuals with schizophrenia, the measure of consanguinity was significantly higher in the parents of those born in winter/spring compared to those born in summer/autumn. Furthermore, compared to summer/autumn born, winter/spring born individuals with schizophrenia had an earlier age-of-onset, and more prominent auditory hallucinations. Our results suggest that the offspring of consanguineous marriages, and thus those with reduced allelic heterogeneity, may be more susceptible to the environmental factor(s) underpinning the season-of-the effect in schizophrenia.

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Phenotypic and genotypic signature of saponin chemical composition in Chinese wild soybean (Glycine soja): revealing genetic diversity, geographical variation and dispersal history of the species

Crop and Pasture Science ◽

10.1071/cp18214 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 69 (11) ◽

pp. 1126

Author(s):

Yuya Takahashi ◽

Xiang-Hua Li ◽

Chigen Tsukamoto ◽

Ke-Jing Wang

Keyword(s):

Genetic Diversity ◽

Chemical Composition ◽

Genetic Structure ◽

Southern China ◽

Glycine Soja ◽

Wild Soybean ◽

Ice Age ◽

High Genetic Diversity ◽

The North ◽

Or Genes

Saponin chemical composition was phenotyped and genotyped, and saponin composition-based geographical genetic diversity and differentiation were evaluated in Chinese wild soybean (Glycine soja Sieb. & Zucc.). Thirty-two phenotypes and 34 genotypes were confirmed from 3805 wild soybean accessions. Eleven phenotypes (AaαK, AaαIK, AaαIJK, AaBcEαJ, AaBcαK, AbEαIJ, AbαK, AbαIK, AbαIJK, AbβHAb and Aβ0) were newly detected. Four genes had frequencies: Sg-1a 78.8% and Sg-1b 21.0% at the Sg-1 locus; Sg-4 30.7% and Sg-6e 13.7% at their respective loci. The north-eastern and southern populations showed high genetic diversity; the Northeast region contained more novel variants (AuAe, A0, A0Bc, αH, αI αJ, αK, and AbβHAb), and the southern populations contained high frequencies of the Sg-4 gene. Gene differentiation (Fst) analysis suggested that Sg-4 and four group-α saponin alleles or genes (Sg-6e, Sg-6h, Sg-6i, Sg-6j) were important factors influencing the genetic structure and differentiation in Chinese wild soybeans. Geographical differentiation was characterised mainly by latitudinal differences, with two primary groups (north and south) based on saponin genes. Chinese wild soybean accessions differed from Japanese and South Korean ones in genetic structure based on saponin composition, the latter two being likely to have spread from southern China in the glacial stages during the last Ice Age.

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Comparative genetic diversity of Cryptosporidium species causing human infections

Parasitology ◽

10.1017/s0031182020001493 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 147 (13) ◽

pp. 1532-1537 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Juan C. Garcia-R ◽

Murray P. Cox ◽

David T. S. Hayman

Keyword(s):

Genetic Diversity ◽

Population Expansion ◽

Recent Population Expansion ◽

Cryptosporidium Hominis ◽

High Genetic Diversity ◽

Genetic Changes ◽

Low Genetic Diversity ◽

Human Infections ◽

Host Parasite ◽

Founder Events

AbstractParasites sometimes expand their host range and cause new disease aetiologies. Genetic changes can then occur due to host-specific adaptive alterations, particularly when parasites cross between evolutionarily distant hosts. Characterizing genetic variation in Cryptosporidium from humans and other animals may have important implications for understanding disease dynamics and transmission. We analyse sequences from four loci (gp60, HSP-70, COWP and actin) representing multiple Cryptosporidium species reported in humans. We predicted low genetic diversity in species that present unusual human infections due to founder events and bottlenecks. High genetic diversity was observed in isolates from humans of Cryptosporidium meleagridis, Cryptosporidium cuniculus, Cryptosporidium hominis and Cryptosporidium parvum. A deviation of expected values of neutrality using Tajima's D was observed in C. cuniculus and C. meleagridis. The high genetic diversity in C. meleagridis and C. cuniculus did not match our expectations but deviations from neutrality indicate a recent decrease in genetic variability through a population bottleneck after an expansion event. Cryptosporidium hominis was also found with a significant Tajima's D positive value likely caused by recent population expansion of unusual genotypes in humans. These insights indicate that changes in genetic diversity can help us to understand host-parasite adaptation and evolution.

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First Insight into a Nationwide Genotypic Diversity ofMycobacterium tuberculosisamong Previously Treated Pulmonary Tuberculosis Cases in Benin, West Africa

Canadian Journal of Infectious Diseases and Medical Microbiology ◽

10.1155/2017/3276240 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 2017 ◽

pp. 1-6 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

Dissou Affolabi ◽

N’Dira Sanoussi ◽

Sergio Codo ◽

Fréderic Sogbo ◽

Prudence Wachinou ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Genetic Diversity ◽

Genotypic Diversity ◽

Molecular Study ◽

Drug Susceptibility ◽

Drug Susceptibility Testing ◽

Resistance Rate ◽

High Genetic Diversity ◽

Pulmonary Tb ◽

Previously Treated ◽

Insight Into

Background. Molecular studies on tuberculosis (TB) are rare in low-resource countries like Benin, where data on molecular study on previously treated TB cases is unavailable.Materials and Methods. From January to December 2014, all smear- and culture-positive previously treated pulmonary TB patients from all TB clinics were systematically recruited. Drug susceptibility testing and spoligotyping were performed on all isolates.Results. Of the 100 patients recruited, 71 (71.0%) were relapse cases and 24 (24.0%) were failure cases, while 5 (5.0%) were default cases. Resistance rate to any first-line drug was 40.0%, while 12.0% of strains were multidrug-resistant (MDR) and no strain was extensively drug-resistant (XDR). A total of 40 distinct spoligotypes were found to be corresponding to a genotypic diversity of 40.0%. ST61 was the most predominant spoligotype with prevalence of 33.0%. In all, 31 single spoligotypes and nine clusters were observed with 2 to 33 strains per cluster giving a clustering rate of 69.0%. Euro-American (Lineage 4) was the most prevalent lineage (74.0%) and Lineage 2 was associated with resistance to streptomycin.Conclusion. This first insight into genetic diversity of previously treated pulmonary TB patients in Benin showed a relatively high genetic diversity ofMycobacterium tuberculosis.

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Morphological, Pomological, and Specific Molecular Marker Resources for Genetic Diversity Analyses in Fig (Ficus carica L.)

HortScience ◽

10.21273/hortsci14091-19 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 54 (8) ◽

pp. 1299-1309 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Nader R. Abdelsalam ◽

Rehab M. Awad ◽

Hayssam M. Ali ◽

Mohamed Z.M. Salem ◽

Kamal F. Abdellatif ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Genetic Diversity ◽

Expressed Sequence Tag ◽

Fruit Trees ◽

Molecular Data ◽

Leaf Length ◽

Ficus Carica ◽

Full Potential ◽

High Genetic Diversity ◽

The North ◽

Young Leaves

Fig (Ficus carica L.) considers the original cultivated fruit trees and currently has become extinct. Such genetic resources should be identified, documented, and conserved. Morphology, pomology, and molecular markers are successful tools in assessing genetic diversity and classifying fig accessions. Twenty-one cultivated fig (F. carica L.) accessions were collected from Egypt and Libya. In Egypt, fig accessions are dispersed from Sinai in the east to El-Saloom in the west and from Alexandria in the north to Aswan in the south, whereas Libyan accessions were collected from Tubryq, Bengazi, and AlKufrah. Seventeen morphological, pomological, and fruit traits were used to characterize the fig accessions. Moreover, frozen young leaves were used to extract genomic DNA; 13 expressed sequence tag (EST) common fig primer pairs with 12 intersimple sequence repeat (ISSR)-anchored primers were used to detect the genetic diversity. Analysis of variance for fig accessions showed highly significant differences concerning morphological traits, i.e., the leaf length (centimeters) and width (centimeters) ranged from 5.4 and 6 cm to 23 and 23.5 cm, for Komesrey-El-Hammam, Abodey-Giza, and Black_Mission accessions, respectively. Also, fig accessions showed different shapes of leaf edge and fruits; they were categorized into four groups: straight, waved, zigzag, and serrated. The number of leaf lobes data ranged from one lobe for the ‘Green-yellow’, ‘Sultani Red Siwa’, and ‘Sultany Red Amria’ accessions to 10 lobes in the Aswany accession. The two-way hierarchical morphological cluster analysis distributed fig accessions into two main groups. The results detected high genetic diversity for the fig accessions that could be useful in the future breeding programs. Concerning molecular data, the EST markers showed highly polymorphism and informative (r = 0.61; 90.0%), with a total number of identified alleles of 78. We proved that a relatively greater number of alleles per locus characterizes the targeted loci among fig accessions, for which only one and two alleles per locus have been revealed, respectively, although ISSR showed a clear pattern and bands of the primers UBC807, UBC811, UBC812, UBC814, UBC815, UBC817, UBC818, and UBC823. In conclusion, a great range of variability was detected within the fig accessions. This diversification could enrich the genetic base of this genus, and more experiments are needed to reach its full potential.

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Bluetongue in Europe – the risk of animal import from restricted zones

Medycyna Weterynaryjna ◽

10.21521/mw.6254 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 75 (05) ◽

pp. 6254-2019

Author(s):

ANNA ORŁOWSKA ◽

MARCIN SMRECZAK ◽

JERZY ROLA

Keyword(s):

Genetic Diversity ◽

20Th Century ◽

Bluetongue Virus ◽

Viral Disease ◽

Economic Losses ◽

High Genetic Diversity ◽

Key Factor ◽

Vector Borne ◽

Sentinel Animals ◽

Free Status

Bluetongue (BT) is a vector-borne viral disease effecting ruminants caused by bluetongue virus (BTV), transmitted mainly by bites from midges of the genus Culicoides. Since the end of 20th century, BTV is endemic in several European countries and the disease is caused mainly by BTV-8 and BTV-4 infections. Bluetongue virus is characterized by high genetic diversity. To date, over 29 BTV serotypes have been documented, including recently discovered atypical serotypes BTV (25–27). The disease has a high economic impact as it causes economic losses due to animal mortality, reduced productivity and restrictions on the movement of animals. Several reports and numerous observations indicate the contribution of animal movements to the spread of BTV infections. Thus, bluetongue surveillance that includes testing of sentinel animals as well as virological testing of animals susceptible to BTV infection imported from restricted zones due to the presence of BTV is a key factor in maintaining a BT-free status

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Genetic Diversity and Structure in RegionalCercospora beticolaPopulations fromBeta vulgarissubsp.vulgarisSuggest Two Clusters of Separate Origin

Phytopathology ◽

10.1094/phyto-07-18-0264-r ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 109 (7) ◽

pp. 1280-1292 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Noel L. Knight ◽

Niloofar Vaghefi ◽

Julie R. Kikkert ◽

Melvin D. Bolton ◽

Gary A. Secor ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Genetic Diversity ◽

New York ◽

Genotypic Diversity ◽

Population Divergence ◽

Cercospora Leaf Spot ◽

High Genetic Diversity ◽

Genetic Diversity And Structure ◽

The World ◽

Population Origin ◽

Geographic Regions

Cercospora leaf spot, caused by Cercospora beticola, is a highly destructive disease of Beta vulgaris subsp. vulgaris worldwide. C. beticola populations are usually characterized by high genetic diversity, but little is known of the relationships among populations from different production regions around the world. This information would be informative of population origin and potential pathways for pathogen movement. For the current study, the genetic diversity, differentiation, and relationships among 948 C. beticola isolates in 28 populations across eight geographic regions were investigated using 12 microsatellite markers. Genotypic diversity, as measured by Simpson’s complement index, ranged from 0.18 to 1.00, while pairwise index of differentiation values ranged from 0.02 to 0.42, with the greatest differentiation detected between two New York populations. In these populations, evidence for recent expansion was detected. Assessment of population structure identified two major clusters: the first associated with New York, and the second with Canada, Chile, Eurasia, Hawaii, Michigan, North Dakota, and one population from New York. Inferences of gene flow among these regions suggested that the source for one cluster likely is Eurasia, whereas the source for the other cluster is not known. These results suggest a shared origin of C. beticola populations across regions, except for part of New York, where population divergence has occurred. These findings support the hypothesis that dispersal of C. beticola occurs over long distances.

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Genetic consequences of long-term isolation for the last French population of Eryngium viviparum (Apiaceae)

Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society ◽

10.1093/botlinnean/boz035 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 191 (2) ◽

pp. 285-298 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Pauline Rascle ◽

Elodie Flaven ◽

Frédéric Bioret ◽

Sylvie Magnanon ◽

Erwan Glemarec ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Genetic Diversity ◽

Conservation Status ◽

Disjunct Distribution ◽

French Population ◽

Endemic Plant ◽

Evolutionary Potential ◽

The North ◽

Low Genetic Diversity ◽

Geographical Regions ◽

Seasonally Flooded

Abstract Eryngium viviparum (Apiaceae) is an endangered endemic plant of the Atlantic region of Europe, growing in seasonally flooded sites, and is characterized by a highly disjunct distribution. It occurs in just a few sites in the north-western part of the Iberian Peninsula and in a single locality in France. To improve the conservation status of E. viviparum in France, a conservation programme has been implemented to reintroduce the species. Before considering such an operation, genetic studies were conducted to determine the genetic status of the last French population and to identify the genetic source that should be considered for the best reintroduction strategy. Using microsatellite markers, we documented the genetic structure of the last French population and compared its genetic diversity with that of ten Iberian populations, which cover the three geographical regions where the species occurs. As expected, the French population of E. viviparum shows low genetic diversity due to a bottleneck and geographical isolation. The evolutionary potential appears low, with no private alleles in this population. Furthermore, this population is highly differentiated from the Iberian populations in terms of genetic variation and ecological niche. These results bring new questions regarding the conservation of E. viviparum in France, especially for management and reintroduction aimed at favouring genetic diversity and avoiding extinction.

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