Study on the Spectrophotometric Detection of Free Fatty Acids in Palm Oil Utilizing Enzymatic Reactions

Fruit stalk of chili pepper (Capsicum annum L.) so far is still an untapped waste. The content of active compounds in fruit and fruit stalk of chili pepper (C. annum L.) is known to have good antioxidant activity. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the extract of fruit stalk of chili pepper in inhibiting the oxidation of crude palm oil (CPO). In this study, the extraction of fruit stalk of chili pepper (C. annum L.) was carried out with n-hexane (from now on referred to as CHE) solvent and with ethanol solvent (from now on referred to as CEE). CHE and CEE were analyzed for total phenolic and flavonoid analyzes. Next, an evaluation of antioxidant activity was carried out using the DPPH method. The effectiveness test of adding the two extracts to the quality of CPO was carried out for ten days using a Completely Randomized Design (CRD) analysis. The parameters observed were peroxide numbers, free fatty acids, and iodine numbers. Data were analyzed by ANOVA and followed by a Least Significance Different (LSD) test. The results show that the total phenolic value is 0.257 mg QE/g dry weight in CEE and 0.003 mg QE/g dry weight in CHE. Total flavonoid values are 0.155 mg QE/g dry weight in CEE and 0.003 mg QE/g in CHE. IC50 values for DPPH test extract are 223.72 μg/mL in CEE and 953.77 μg/mL in CHE. The test results of the effectiveness of the two extracts against CPO show thin CEE, and CHE significantly (P <0.05) influences to CPO free fatty acids, peroxide number, and iodine number. Both extracts can protect CPO from oxidation. CEE is more effective in maintaining CPO quality for ten days with free fatty acid values (2.1%), peroxide value values 0.48 meq/kg, and iodine number 54.8. Furthermore, this result meets the CPO quality standard, according to SNI-01-2901-2006.

Download Full-text

DETERMINATION OF FREE FATTY ACIDS IN CRUDE PALM OIL, BLEACHED PALM OIL AND BLEACHED DEACIDIFIED PALM OIL BY FOURIER TRANSFORM INFRARED SPECTROSCOPY

Journal of Food Lipids ◽

10.1111/j.1745-4522.2009.01160.x ◽

2009 ◽

Vol 16 (4) ◽

pp. 475-483 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Y.B. CHE MAN ◽

W.W. AYE ◽

C.P. TAN ◽

S.M. ABDULKARIM

Keyword(s):

Fatty Acids ◽

Fourier Transform ◽

Infrared Spectroscopy ◽

Free Fatty Acids ◽

Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy ◽

Palm Oil ◽

Fourier Transform Infrared ◽

Crude Palm Oil

Download Full-text

Postharvest Fruit Detachment in Oil Palm Bunches with Ethephon and Ethylene Gas Application

Agriculture ◽

10.3390/agriculture11111030 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (11) ◽

pp. 1030

Author(s):

Arutchelvam Balakrishnan ◽

Mohd Ibnur Syawal Zakaria ◽

Bee Aik Tan ◽

Jaime Yoke Sum Low ◽

Shwu Fun Kua ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Fatty Acids ◽

Free Fatty Acids ◽

Palm Oil ◽

Oil Palm ◽

Room Temperature ◽

Indirect Method ◽

Production Systems ◽

Oil Quality ◽

Crude Palm Oil ◽

Fresh Fruit Bunches

The processing of oil palm fresh fruit bunches (FFB), together with loose fruits, in the current mill operation contributes to oil loss and high free fatty acids (FFA), affecting crude palm oil quality. Fruit detachment induced by ethephon and ethylene may mitigate the current processing issues. This study shows that a 0.50% (v/v) ethephon application by the evaporation method induced the highest fruit detachment of 30.8 ± 1.1% after 24 h at room temperature, with the FFA content in the extracted crude palm oil at 0.34 ± 0.09%. Ethephon application was effective on bunches between 14 and 28 kg, and fruit detachment was higher in ripe and underripe bunches at 24.1 ± 0.9% and 23.2 ± 0.1%, respectively. A significant fruit detachment of 47.2 ± 2.4% was achieved when the bunches were also stripped mechanically, but the FFA content increased almost 4-fold, from 1.0 ± 0.2% to 3.8 ± 1.2%. The application of ethylene gas at 750 ppm yielded 29.4 ± 1.9% fruit detachment. The findings present the possibility of using ethylene as an indirect method for minimizing oil loss without increasing the FFA content in future crude palm oil production systems.

Download Full-text

ANALISIS KECACATAN PRODUK CRUDE PALM OIL (CPO) MENGGUNAKAN METODE QUALITY CONTROL CIRCLE (QCC) PADA PT.RAMAJAYA PRAMUKTI

Jurnal Surya Teknika ◽

10.37859/jst.v8i1.2616 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 8 (1) ◽

pp. 243-251

Author(s):

St Nova Meirizha ◽

Dian Kristina

Keyword(s):

Fatty Acids ◽

Free Fatty Acids ◽

Palm Oil ◽

Success Factors ◽

Fatty Acid Content ◽

Crude Palm Oil ◽

Effective Implementation ◽

Research Journal ◽

Business Person

Quality is the overall characteristics and characteristics of a product or service whose ability to satisfy needs, both expressed and implied (Irwan & Haryono, 2015). In this era of increasingly competitive industrialization, every business person who wants to win the competition in the industrial world will pay full attention to quality. QCC is a new concept to improve the quality and productivity of industrial/service work. It is evident that one of the success factors of industrialization in Japan is the effective implementation of QCC. In this research journal, the quality of crude palm oil (CPO) levels is decreasing. There are 3 types of defects, namely levels of FFA (Free Fatty Acids), levels of Moisture (Water) and levels of Dirt (Stool). Of these three, the most dominant are FFA levels and Moisture levels. Free fatty acid content (FFA) of 158 samples tested contained 150 samples of free fatty acids (FFA) which were outside the company standard. Then followed by moisture content with a total defect of 45 samples from 158 test samples. At the level of dirt (Dirt) there are absolutely no samples that are outside the company's standards.

Download Full-text

Pengaruh Kadar Air Pada Proses Pemucatan Minyak Kelapa Sawit

Talenta Conference Series Science and Technology (ST) ◽

10.32734/st.v2i1.317 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 2 (1) ◽

pp. 79-83

Author(s):

Mayang Sari ◽

Yusuf Ritonga ◽

Sri Wahyuna Saragih

Keyword(s):

Fatty Acids ◽

Free Fatty Acids ◽

Water Content ◽

Palm Oil ◽

Operating Temperature ◽

Vacuum Pump ◽

Bleaching Process ◽

Effect Of Water ◽

Dye Absorption ◽

Oil Water

Secara alami air memang sudah ada pada minyak. Pada tahap penetralan untuk pemurnian minyak kelapa sawit, air juga terbentuk akibat reaksi antara kaustik soda dengan asam lemak bebas. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui pengaruh kadar air pada pada proses pemucatan minyak kelapa sawit terhadap warna minyak dan terhadap asam lemak bebas. Penelitian dilakukan pada temperature operasi 70 °C dengan menggunakan pompa vakum (30-40 cmHg). Bahan pemucat yang digunakan tanah bentonite sebanyak 1,5% dari berat total keseluruhan minyak. Dilakukan dengan bantuan pengaduk dalam membantu penyerapan zat warna selama 30 menit oleh tanah bentonite. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa Kandungan air dalam minyak sangat berpengaruh terhadap warna minyak yang dihasilkan pada proses pemucatan. Bertambahnya kadar air, maka sangat berpengaruh terhadap warna minyak . Pengaruh kadar air juga terlihat terhadap asam lemak bebas (bilangan asam). Semakin tinggi kadar air minyak maka semakin besar harga bilangan asam minyak . Water naturally exists in oil. In the neutralization stage for refining palm oil, water is also formed due to the reaction between caustic soda and free fatty acids. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of water content on the bleaching process of palm oil on the color of oil and on free fatty acids. This study was carried out at an operating temperature of 70°C using a vacuum pump (30 - 40 cmHg). The bleaching material used by bentonite soil was 1.5% of the total weight of the oil. It was carried out with the help of a stirrer to help the dye absorption for 30 minutes by bentonite soil. The results showed that the water content in the oil greatly affected the color of the oil produced in the bleaching process. The increase of the water content greatly affected the oil color. The effect of water content was also seen on free fatty acids (acid numbers). The higher the water content of the oil, the greater the number of oil acid.

Download Full-text

Determination of Free Fatty Acids in Palm Oil Samples by Non-Aqueous Flow Injection Using Salicyaldehyde-2,4-Dinitrophenylhydrazone as Colorimetric Reagent

Chemical and Materials Engineering ◽

10.13189/cme.2013.010306 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 1 (3) ◽

pp. 96-103

Author(s):

Abdussalam Salhin Mohamed Ali ◽

Abdurrhman Moussa Abdurrhman

Keyword(s):

Fatty Acids ◽

Free Fatty Acids ◽

Palm Oil ◽

Flow Injection ◽

Aqueous Flow ◽

Colorimetric Reagent

Download Full-text

Use of Echium oil fatty acids and tricaprylin as substrates of enzymatic interesterification for the production of structured lipids

Grasas y Aceites ◽

10.3989/gya.0996171 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 69 (1) ◽

pp. 236 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

A. Yüksel ◽

N. Şahin-Yeşilçubuk

Keyword(s):

Fatty Acids ◽

Free Fatty Acids ◽

Profile Analysis ◽

Structured Lipids ◽

Stearidonic Acid ◽

Molar Ratio ◽

Enzymatic Reactions ◽

Echium Oil ◽

Substrate Molar Ratio ◽

Temperature Time

Structured lipids (SLs) were produced from the free fatty acids of Echium oil and tricaprylin by enzymatic acidolysis reactions. Lipozyme® RM IM, immobilized sn-1,3 specific lipase was used in the enzymatic reactions. In order to optimize the incorporation of stearidonic acid (SDA), three factors were chosen [Reaction temperature (50-60 ºC), reaction time (6-12 hour) and substrate molar ratio (3-6 mol/mol (total free fatty acids/tricaprylin)] for the application of response surface methodology (RSM) using a central composite circumscribed design (CCC) with five levels. The optimum temperature, time and substrate molar ratio obtained from the models were 60 ºC; 6 h, 6 mol/mol, respectively. Furthermore, SLs with 6.2% SDA content at sn-2 position were produced by scaling up the process. SL was obtained with nearly 78-79% of long-chain fatty acids at the sn-2 position. According to the melting profile analysis, the melting peaks of tricaprylin and Echium oil were sharper and narrower while the SL had more broadened peaks.

Download Full-text

Performance of Palm Oil Mill Effluent (POME) as Biodiesel Source Based on Different Ponds

E3S Web of Conferences ◽

10.1051/e3sconf/20186702038 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 67 ◽

pp. 02038 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Deodata Leela ◽

Syukri M. Nur ◽

Erkata Yandri ◽

Ratna Ariati

Keyword(s):

Fatty Acids ◽

Free Fatty Acids ◽

Palm Oil ◽

Liquid Waste ◽

Raw Material ◽

Material Source ◽

Waste Storage ◽

Solvent Extraction Method ◽

Temporary Solution ◽

Palm Oil Mill

The purpose of this paper is to prove that waste palm oil industry (POME) can be used as raw material (source of energy) for biodiesel. In the production process, palm oil mill produced large amounts of waste. The provision of a shelter pond system is a temporary solution from palm oil mill to relocate the liquid waste. With BOD content with range 25,625 to 39,616.7 mg/l and COD content with range 117,333.3 to 146,333.3 mg/l, this condition will generate a serious problem for environmental pollution. Therefore, it is important to test the characteristics of waste oil from each pond. The hexane solvent extraction method is used to separate the oil from the liquid waste. The first pond contains 51.3% water, 21% oil, 2% sludge & sediment and 5.6% free fatty acids. The second pond contains 86.7% water, 16.1% oil, 2.4% sludge & sediment and 8% free fatty acids. The third pond contains 74% water, 6.8% oil, 3.1% sludge & sediment and 12.2% free fatty acid and the fourth pond contains 78.7% water, 3.7% oil, 2% sludge & sediment and 13.3% free fatty acids. Based on the results of this research, the characteristics of POME and its oil losses are the fraction of oil wasted from Crude Palm Oil (CPO) processing, whereas CPO has characteristics as a raw material for Biodiesel. POME should be processed into biodiesel since the liquid waste is discarded from palm oil mill, so there is no need a big land to make waste storage ponds.

Download Full-text