scholarly journals Immunogenicity and Induction of Functional Antibodies in Rabbits Immunized with a Trivalent Typhoid-Invasive Nontyphoidal Salmonella Glycoconjugate Formulation

Molecules ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 23 (7) ◽  
pp. 1749 ◽  
Author(s):  
Scott Baliban ◽  
Jessica Allen ◽  
Brittany Curtis ◽  
Mohammed Amin ◽  
Andrew Lees ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Phase 1 ◽  
Treatment Options ◽  
Case Fatality ◽  
Salmonella Typhi ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
World Health ◽  
Complication Rates ◽  
Igg Antibody ◽  
Health Organization

Typhoid fever due to Salmonella Typhi and invasive nontyphoidal Salmonella (iNTS) infections caused by serovars Enteritidis (SE) and Typhimurium (STm) are major pediatric health problems in sub-Saharan Africa. Typhoid has high complication rates, and iNTS infections have high case fatality rates; moreover, emerging antimicrobial resistance is diminishing treatment options. Vi capsule-based typhoid conjugate vaccine (Typbar-TCV™), licensed in India and pre-qualified by the World Health Organization, elicits durable immunity when administered to infants, but no iNTS vaccines are licensed or imminent. We have developed monovalent SE and STm glycoconjugate vaccines based on coupling lipopolysaccharide-derived core-O polysaccharide (COPS) to phase 1 flagellin protein (FliC) from the homologous serovar. Herein, we report the immunogenicity of multivalent formulations of iNTS COPS:FliC conjugates with Typbar-TCV™. Rabbits immunized with the trivalent typhoid-iNTS glycoconjugate vaccine generated high titers of serum IgG antibody to all three polysaccharide antigens for which anti-COPS IgG antibodies were directed primarily against serogroup-specific OPS epitopes. Responses to SE and STm FliC were lower relative to anti-COPS titers. Post-vaccination rabbit sera mediated bactericidal activity in-vitro, and protected mice after passive transfer against challenge with virulent SE or STm Malian blood isolates. These results support accelerated progression to clinical trials.

Treatment Options in COVID-19: The Role of Bioavailable Antiviral Ribonucleoside Analog on NHC in vitro

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lara Bittmann
Keyword(s):  
World Health Organization ◽  
Clinical Picture ◽  
Treatment Options ◽  
World Health ◽  
Wuhan City ◽  
The World ◽  
Novel Coronavirus ◽  
Health Organization

On December 31, 2019, WHO was informed of cases of pneumonia of unknown cause in Wuhan City, China. A novel coronavirus was identified as the cause by Chinese authorities on January 7, 2020 and was provisionally named "2019-nCoV". This new Coronavirus causes a clinical picture which has received now the name COVID-19. The virus has spread subsequently worldwide and was explained on the 11th of March, 2020 by the World Health Organization to the pandemic.

Worldwide Crude Death Rate, Case Fatality Rate, and Attack Rate from COVID-19: with up to date Comprehensive Review

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wissam Al-Janabi ◽  
Ahmed Abras
Keyword(s):  
Middle Eastern ◽  
Treatment Options ◽  
Case Fatality ◽  
Signs And Symptoms ◽  
World Health ◽  
The Us ◽  
Food Drug Administration ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
Rate Case

This article sheds light on the up to date details of COVID-19 and why it began in Wuhan. Further, it discusses the available treatment options and their effects on patients with COVID-19, and which drugs patients and clinicians should avoid. It elucidates the common signs and symptoms and the stages of the severity of patients' condition with COVID-19, including its definition, according to the World Health Organization (WHO). It shows possible ways to break up the transmission mechanism by giving a simple table with a clear and concise caption for each point. Moreover, it announces three ways to diagnose COVID-19, including the latest five-minutes test that was approved by the US Food Drug Administration (FDA) on March 28, 2020. It also elaborates on the main features that can be found on the Chest Computed Tomography Scan (CT-scan) and its four stages. This article will show the difference between previous similar virus attacks like Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS) and Middle Eastern Respiratory Syndrome (MERS). It talks briefly about children and pregnant women with COVID. It shows the latest toll of death from COVID-19 and the number of new cases for several countries.

scholarly journals Characterizing the response of Acinetobacter baumannii ATCC 17978 to azithromycin in multiple in vitro growth conditions

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nicholas Allen Dillon ◽  
Yara Seif ◽  
Hannah Tsunemoto ◽  
Saugat Poudel ◽  
Michael Meehan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Tissue Culture ◽  
Acinetobacter Baumannii ◽  
Culture Medium ◽  
Treatment Options ◽  
Growth Dynamics ◽  
Growth Conditions ◽  
Tissue Culture Medium ◽  
World Health ◽  
Health Organization

Multi-drug resistant (MDR) Acinetobacter baumannii is one of the most concerning pathogens in hospital infections. A. baumannii is categorized as an urgent threat by the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and the highest priority pathogen by the World Health Organization due to its propensity for broad antibiotic resistance and its associated high mortality rates. New treatment options are urgently needed for MDR A. baumannii infections. Our prior studies have demonstrated an unappreciated utility of the macrolide azithromycin (AZM) against MDR A. baumannii in tissue-culture medium. This finding is all the more surprising since AZM has no appreciable activity against A. baumannii in standard bacteriological media. The basis for this media-dependent activity of AZM against A. baumannii is not fully defined. In this study, we utilize a variety of techniques (growth dynamics, bacterial cytological profiling, RNA sequencing, and LC/MS) to profile the response of MDR A. baumannii to AZM in both standard bacteriological and more physiological relevant mammalian tissue-culture medium.

scholarly journals Bacterial shedding and serologic responses following an outbreak of Salmonella Typhi in an endemic cohort

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter Johnston ◽  
Patrick Bogue ◽  
Angeziwa Chirambo ◽  
Maurice Mbewe ◽  
Reenesh Prakash ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Capsular Polysaccharide ◽  
Pcr Amplification ◽  
Salmonella Typhi ◽  
World Health ◽  
Igg Antibody ◽  
Persistent Fever ◽  
Signed Rank ◽  
Antibody Titres ◽  
Vi Capsular Polysaccharide ◽  
Health Organization

Background: Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi (S. Typhi), the causative agent of Typhoid fever, is transmitted faecal-orally. Some typhoid sufferers shed S. Typhi beyond convalescence, but culturing stool following every case is impractical. Here we hypothesised that serology might direct testing and identify shedding after a typhoid outbreak. Methodology/Principle Findings: In 2016 there was a typhoid outbreak in a Nursing School in Malosa, Malawi. We collected serum three and six-months post-outbreak. We measured IgG antibody titres against Vi capsular polysaccharide (anti-Vi IgG) and IgM / IgG antibodies against H:d flagellin (anti-H:d). We screened faecal samples from participants with high and low anti-Vi IgG (measured at visit one) by culture and PCR. Participants reported whether they had persistent fever for ≥ three days (in keeping with World Health Organization definitions for typhoid) during the outbreak. We tested for environmental S. Typhi. 368 people provided serum at 3-months, of whom 320 provided serum at 6-months; 49 participants provided a faecal sample (25 from the highest and 24 from the lowest deciles for anti-Vi IgG titre). We did not grow S. Typhi from faeces, but one sample produced a positive PCR amplification for S. Typhi. Median anti-Vi IgG titre fell amongst participants with persistent fever (8.08 to 3.7 EU/ml, <0.000001, Wilcoxon signed rank). Median anti-H:d IgG titres fell in those with and without persistent fever (87.8 to 77.4 EU/, p = <0.000001 and 82.4 to 79.2 EU/ml, p = 0.0002, Wilcoxon signed rank, respectively). Anti-H:d IgM titres did not change significantly. Non-Typhoidal Salmonellae were identified in water sampled at source and a kitchen tap. Conclusions / Significance: We did not identify culture-confirmed shedding through sero-surveillance. Serologic trends signify a fall from an outbreak-associated peak. Despite effective vaccines, identifying ways to detect and treat shedding remain vital to break transmission and eliminate typhoid.

Preventing Premature Weaning: Management Options for Common Lactation Conditions, Including OMT

2020 ◽  
pp. 20-25
Author(s):  
Denise Sackett ◽  
Tala Dajani ◽  
David Shoup ◽  
Uzoma Ikonne
Keyword(s):  
Postpartum Depression ◽  
Family Physician ◽  
Treatment Options ◽  
World Health ◽  
Management Options ◽  
Pharmacological Management ◽  
Control And Prevention ◽  
Lactational Mastitis ◽  
One Year ◽  
Health Organization

The benefits of breastfeeding are well established. The World Health Organization and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention recommend that mothers breastfeed infants for at least one year, but most children are not breastfed that long because of many factors. Breastfeeding mothers face many challenges to continued breastfeeding, including medical conditions that arise during this period, such as postpartum depression and lactational mastitis. Because of a perceived lack of consistent guidance on medication safety, it can be difficult for the family physician to treat these conditions while encouraging mothers to continue breastfeeding. The purpose of the current review is to summarize and clarify treatment options for the osteopathic family physician treating lactating mothers. We specifically focus on the pharmacological management of contraception, postpartum depression, and lactational mastitis.

Natural products from the traditional Moroccan pharmacopoeia: A potential lead for the prevention and treatment of COVID-19

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (SPL1) ◽  
pp. 1278-1285
Author(s):  
Mohamed Yafout ◽  
Amine Ousaid ◽  
Ibrahim Sbai El Otmani ◽  
Youssef Khayati ◽  
Amal Ait Haj Said
Keyword(s):  
Medicinal Plants ◽  
Plant Extracts ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Scientific Literature ◽  
Treatment Protocol ◽  
World Health ◽  
The World ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
Promising Source

The new SARS-CoV-2 belonging to the coronaviruses family has caused a pandemic affecting millions of people around the world. This pandemic has been declared by the World Health Organization as an international public health emergency. Although several clinical trials involving a large number of drugs are currently underway, no treatment protocol for COVID-19 has been officially approved so far. Here we demonstrate through a search in the scientific literature that the traditional Moroccan pharmacopoeia, which includes more than 500 medicinal plants, is a fascinating and promising source for the research of natural molecules active against SARS-CoV-2. Multiple in-silico and in-vitro studies showed that some of the medicinal plants used by Moroccans for centuries possess inhibitory activity against SARS-CoV or SARS-CoV-2. These inhibitory activities are achieved through the different molecular mechanisms of virus penetration and replication, or indirectly through stimulation of immunity. Thus, the potential of plants, plant extracts and molecules derived from plants that are traditionally used in Morocco and have activity against SARS-CoV-2, could be explored in the search for a preventive or curative treatment against COVID-19. Furthermore, safe plants or plant extracts that are proven to stimulate immunity could be officially recommended by governments as nutritional supplements.

Antimicrobial peptides for the treatment of pulmonary tuberculosis, allies or foes?

2018 ◽  
Vol 24 (10) ◽  
pp. 1138-1147
Author(s):  
Bruno Rivas-Santiago ◽  
Flor Torres-Juarez
Keyword(s):  
Pulmonary Tuberculosis ◽  
Antimicrobial Peptides ◽  
Experimental Models ◽  
New Drugs ◽  
World Health ◽  
Public Health Issue ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
Drug Resistant Strains

Tuberculosis is an ancient disease that has become a serious public health issue in recent years, although increasing incidence has been controlled, deaths caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis have been accentuated due to the emerging of multi-drug resistant strains and the comorbidity with diabetes mellitus and HIV. This situation is threatening the goals of World Health Organization (WHO) to eradicate tuberculosis in 2035. WHO has called for the creation of new drugs as an alternative for the treatment of pulmonary tuberculosis, among the plausible molecules that can be used are the Antimicrobial Peptides (AMPs). These peptides have demonstrated remarkable efficacy to kill mycobacteria in vitro and in vivo in experimental models, nevertheless, these peptides not only have antimicrobial activity but also have a wide variety of functions such as angiogenesis, wound healing, immunomodulation and other well-described roles into the human physiology. Therapeutic strategies for tuberculosis using AMPs must be well thought prior to their clinical use; evaluating comorbidities, family history and risk factors to other diseases, since the wide function of AMPs, they could lead to collateral undesirable effects.

Detoxifying Action of Aqueous Extracts of Mucuna pruriens Seed and Mimosa pudica Root Against Venoms of Naja nigricollis and Bitis arietans

2020 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
pp. 134-144 ◽  
Author(s):  
Matthew P. Ameh ◽  
Mamman Mohammed ◽  
Yusuf P. Ofemile ◽  
Magaji G. Mohammed ◽  
Ada Gabriel ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Phospholipase A2 ◽  
Plant Extracts ◽  
Fibrinolytic Activity ◽  
Neglected Tropical Diseases ◽  
World Health ◽  
Mucuna Pruriens ◽  
Phytochemical Analysis ◽  
Mimosa Pudica ◽  
Health Organization

Background: The World Health Organization included snakebite envenomation among Neglected Tropical Diseases in 2017. The importance of natural products from plants is enormous, given that most prescribed drugs originate from plants. Among this is Mucuna pruriens and Mimosa pudica, with many registered patents asserting their health benefits. Objective: This study investigated the in vitro neutralizing effects of Mucuna pruriens seed and Mimosa pudica root extracts on venoms of Naja nigricollis and Bitis arietans. Methods: In mice, the LD50 and phytochemical analysis of M. pruriens and M. pudica plant extracts were carried out prior to the evaluation of their haemolytic and fibrinolytic effect. Their effects on the activities of phospholipase A2 (PLA2) were also assessed. Results: At a concentration of 50 mg/ml, both plant extracts were found to neutralize the fibrinolytic activity of N. nigricollis, but 400 mg/ml was required to neutralize the fibrinolytic activity of B. arietans. In haemolytic studies, 50 mg/ml concentration of M. pruriens extract suppressed haemolysis caused by N. nigricollis venom by 70% but at the same concentration, M. pudica extract reduced haemolysis by 49.4%. M. pruriens, at 50 mg/ml concentration, only inhibited phospholipase A2 activity by 7.7% but higher concentrations up to 400mg/ml had no effect against the venom of N. nigricollis; at 200 mg/ml. M. pudica extract inhibited PLA2 activity by 23%. Conclusion: The results suggest that M. pruriens and M. pudica may be considered as promising antivenom agents for people living in a snake-bite prone environment.

scholarly journals Characterizing the Qatar advanced-phase SARS-CoV-2 epidemic

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Laith J. Abu-Raddad ◽  
Hiam Chemaitelly ◽  
Houssein H. Ayoub ◽  
Zaina Al Kanaani ◽  
Abdullatif Al Khal ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Ad Hoc ◽  
Case Fatality ◽  
Epidemiologic Studies ◽  
World Health ◽  
Residential Areas ◽  
Antibody Prevalence ◽  
Advanced Phase ◽  
Cumulative Rate ◽  
Blood Specimens ◽  
Health Organization

AbstractThe overarching objective of this study was to provide the descriptive epidemiology of the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) epidemic in Qatar by addressing specific research questions through a series of national epidemiologic studies. Sources of data were the centralized and standardized national databases for SARS-CoV-2 infection. By July 10, 2020, 397,577 individuals had been tested for SARS-CoV-2 using polymerase-chain-reaction (PCR), of whom 110,986 were positive, a positivity cumulative rate of 27.9% (95% CI 27.8–28.1%). As of July 5, case severity rate, based on World Health Organization (WHO) severity classification, was 3.4% and case fatality rate was 1.4 per 1,000 persons. Age was by far the strongest predictor of severe, critical, or fatal infection. PCR positivity of nasopharyngeal/oropharyngeal swabs in a national community survey (May 6–7) including 1,307 participants was 14.9% (95% CI 11.5–19.0%); 58.5% of those testing positive were asymptomatic. Across 448 ad-hoc testing campaigns in workplaces and residential areas including 26,715 individuals, pooled mean PCR positivity was 15.6% (95% CI 13.7–17.7%). SARS-CoV-2 antibody prevalence was 24.0% (95% CI 23.3–24.6%) in 32,970 residual clinical blood specimens. Antibody prevalence was only 47.3% (95% CI 46.2–48.5%) in those who had at least one PCR positive result, but 91.3% (95% CI 89.5–92.9%) among those who were PCR positive > 3 weeks before serology testing. Qatar has experienced a large SARS-CoV-2 epidemic that is rapidly declining, apparently due to growing immunity levels in the population.

scholarly journals Assessment of Antimalarial Activity againstPlasmodium falciparumand Phytochemical Screening of Some Yemeni Medicinal Plants

2009 ◽  
Vol 6 (4) ◽  
pp. 453-456 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mohammed A. Alshawsh ◽  
Ramzi A. Mothana ◽  
Hassan A. Al-shamahy ◽  
Salah F. Alsllami ◽  
Ulrike Lindequist
Keyword(s):  
Medicinal Plants ◽  
Antimalarial Activity ◽  
Traditional Healers ◽  
Antiplasmodial Activity ◽  
World Health ◽  
Moderate Activity ◽  
Phytochemical Screening ◽  
Cissus Rotundifolia ◽  
Health Organization

Developing countries, where malaria is one of the most prevalent diseases, still rely on traditional medicine as a source for the treatment of this disease. In the present study, six selected plants (Acalypha fruticosa,Azadirachta indica,Cissus rotundifolia,Echium rauwalfii,Dendrosicyos socotranaandBoswellia elongata) commonly used in Yemen by traditional healers for the treatment of malaria as well as other diseases, were collected from different localities of Yemen, dried and extracted with methanol and water successfully. The antiplasmodial activity of the extracts was evaluated against fresh clinical isolates ofPlasmodium falciparum. The selectivity parameters to evaluate the efficacy of these medicinal plants were measured byin vitromicro test (Mark III) according to World Health Organization (WHO) 1996 & WHO 2001 protocols of antimalarial drug tests. Among the investigated 12 extracts, three were found to have significant antiplasmodial activity with IC50values less than 4 µg/ml, namely the water extracts ofA. fruticosa,A. indicaandD. socotrana. Six extracts showed moderate activity with IC50values ranging from 10 to 30 µg/ml and three appeared to be inactive with IC50values more than 30 µg/ml. In addition, preliminary phytochemical screening of the methanolic and aqueous extracts indicated the presence of saponins, tannins, flavonoids, terpenoids, polysaccharides and peptides.

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