scholarly journals Compositional Consequences of Partial Dealcoholization of Red Wine by Reverse Osmosis-Evaporative Perstraction

Molecules ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 24 (7) ◽  
pp. 1404 ◽  
Author(s):  
Duc-Truc Pham ◽  
Vanessa J. Stockdale ◽  
David Wollan ◽  
David W. Jeffery ◽  
Kerry L. Wilkinson
Keyword(s):  
Reverse Osmosis ◽  
High Performance ◽  
Post Treatment ◽  
Ethyl Esters ◽  
Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Spectrophotometric Methods ◽  
Compositional Changes ◽  
Pre Treatment ◽  
Ethanol Removal ◽  
Physical And Chemical

This study investigated compositional changes in red wines resulting from wine alcohol removal by reverse osmosis-vaporative perstraction (RO-EP) and provides insight into the physical and chemical changes in reduced alcohol wine (RAW). Trial 1 involved RO-EP treatment of three wines that were analyzed pre-treatment, post-treatment, and post-treatment with alcohol adjustment (i.e., addition of ethanol to achieve the original alcohol content). Trial 2 involved partial dealcoholization of two wines and analysis of samples collected during RO-EP treatment, i.e., wine in, wine out, retentate, permeate (pre- and post-EP treatment) and strip water. Wine color was analyzed by spectrophotometric methods, while other compositional changes were determined by WineScan, high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS) analyses. In general, RAWs were slightly more concentrated than pre-treatment wines, which resulted in greater color intensity and increased phenolics and organic acids. However, partial dealcoholization resulted in lower concentrations of some fermentation volatiles, particularly ethyl esters, which may reflect ester hydrolysis following ethanol removal.

Reverse Osmosis Membrane Desalination Technology and Process

2020 ◽  
pp. 339-372
Author(s):  
Man Djun Lee ◽  
Pui San Lee
Keyword(s):  
Reverse Osmosis ◽  
Fresh Water ◽  
Post Treatment ◽  
Polluted Water ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Piping System ◽  
Reverse Osmosis Membrane ◽  
Pre Treatment ◽  
Desalination Technology

This chapter gives an overview about reverse osmosis membrane desalination technology and process. Desalination process can be considered as one of the crucial processes in obtaining fresh water to meet the increasing fresh water demand throughout the world. Desalination process begins with the intake of seawater or brackish water. The intake system usually comprises a pump and piping system. Then, the seawater goes through pre-treatment process. From there, the treated seawater will go through desalination process. The most widely used desalination is membrane desalination utilizing reverse osmosis membrane. After desalination process, the fresh water will go through more filtration and a series of post-treatment. Post-treatment consists of conditioning and stabilizing the water for distribution. This chapter concludes with a case study to illustrate the operation and sustainability of a small-scale desalination plant that utilizes brackish city polluted water as source.

scholarly journals Investigation on Phenolic and Aroma Compounds of Table Grapes from Romania

2016 ◽  
Vol 44 (1) ◽  
pp. 140-146 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mihai Lucian LUNG ◽  
Doru PAMFIL ◽  
Nastasia POP ◽  
Corina CATANA ◽  
Simona Laura LAZAR ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Volatile Compounds ◽  
High Performance ◽  
High Performance Liquid Chromatographic ◽  
Aroma Compounds ◽  
Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Spectrophotometric Methods ◽  
Table Grapes ◽  
Tartaric Acids ◽  
Total Anthocyanins ◽  
Red Variety

The chemical composition of Romanian table grape varieties was determined to evaluate their phenolic and aroma profiles because they are factors useful for the variety characterization and consumer acceptance. Two white table grapes (‘Aromat de Iaşi’ and ‘Timpuriu de Cluj’) and two red table grapes (‘Napoca’ and ‘Someşan’) were studied. The phenolic composition of berry skins and seeds was determined using spectrophotometric methods. The profile of anthocyanins and hydroxycinnamoyl tartaric acids (HCTs), and the content of trans-resveratrol were determined in the skins using high-performance liquid chromatographic (HPLC) methods. Free volatile compounds were quantified by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS). A different phenolic and aromatic composition was found in the varieties studied. Among white grapes, ‘Aromat de Iaşi’ stands out for the great number of aroma compounds, and ‘Timpuriu de Cluj’ showed high contents of polyphenols, particularly oligomeric flavanols in skins and seeds (1,171 and 1,189 mg kg-1, respectively) and total skin HCTs (181.6 mg kg-1). The red variety ‘Napoca’ had high contents of total anthocyanins (380 mg kg-1) and total skin HCTs (183.2 mg kg-1), and it is characterized by high percentages of acylated anthocyanin derivatives (28.5%) and trans-caffeoyltartaric acid forms (58.8%). ‘Someşan’ grapes showed high contents of free volatile compounds, particularly of 1-hexanol, (Z)-3-hexen-1-ol and (E)-2-hexenoic acid (167.0, 59.4 and 167.0 µg kg-1). These results may contribute to the knowledge of Romanian table grapes perspective and to a better exploitation of these varieties.

scholarly journals The effects of the cherry variety on the chemical and sensorial characteristics of cherry brandy

2011 ◽  
Vol 76 (9) ◽  
pp. 1219-1228 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. Nikicevic ◽  
M. Velickovic ◽  
M. Jadranin ◽  
I. Vuckovic ◽  
M. Novakovic ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Gas Chromatography ◽  
High Performance Liquid Chromatography ◽  
Liquid Chromatography ◽  
High Performance ◽  
Uv Detection ◽  
Ethyl Esters ◽  
Mass Spectrometry Analysis ◽  
Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Spectrometry Analysis

The chemical and sensorial characteristics of cherry brandy produced from five cherry varieties (Oblacinska, Celery's 16, Rexle, Heiman's Ruby and Heiman's Conserve) grown in Serbia were studied. Gas chromatography and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis of these distillates led to the identification of 32 components, including 20 esters, benzaldehyde, 6 terpenes and 5 acids. The ethyl esters of C8-C18 acids were the most abundant in all samples. The benzaldehyde content was quantified by high performance liquid chromatography with UV detection. The average benzaldehyde concentration in the samples ranged between 2.1 and 24.1 mg L-1. The total sensory scores of the cherry brandies ranged between 17.30 to 18.05, with the cherry brandy produced from the Celery's 16 variety receiving the highest score (18.05).

Criteria for Determining Purity of Fusarium Mycotoxins

1990 ◽  
Vol 73 (2) ◽  
pp. 270-275 ◽  
Author(s):  
Glenn A Bennett ◽  
Odette L Shotwell
Keyword(s):  
Gas Chromatography ◽  
High Performance ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Fusarium Mycotoxins ◽  
Nmr Spectrometry ◽  
Commercial Sources ◽  
Physical And Chemical ◽  
Layer Chromatography ◽  
And Chemical Properties

Abstract Physical and chemical properties that may be used to determine the purity of several Fusarlum mycotoxins have been investigated. A combination of analytical procedures, which include high performance thin-layer chromatography (HPTLC), liquid chromatography (LC), gas chromatography (GC), gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS), ultraviolet spectrometry (UV), and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectrometry have been used to examine mycotoxin standards obtained from commercial sources and from laboratory fermentations. Results of this investigation indicate that commercially available standards are greater than 90 % pure, but the label weight of purchased reference standards in individual containers should be verified. Mycotoxin standards, determined to be greater than 98 % pure by HPTLC, LC, and GC/MS, were examined by UV spectrometry and the coefficients of extinction were determined. An interlaboratory study, involving 5 collaborators who determined coefficients of extinction (in methanol) for identical samples, gave the following results: α-zearalenol (λ236 = 28 538 ± 558); β- zearalenol (λ238 = 24 963 ± 747); deoxynivalenol (λ219 = 6395 ± 349, lot 1), (6020 ± 228, lot 2); and T-2 toxin (λ202 = 3681 ± 255). UV maxima and coefficients of extinction are also reported for HT-2 toxin (λ202 = 1959), diacetoxyscirpenol (λ203 = 2487), neosolaniol (λ203 = 2644), nivalenol (λ220 = 5142), and fusarenon-X (λ217 = 5997).

Cytoprotective Effect of Tocotrienol-Rich Fraction and α-Tocopherol Vitamin E Isoforms Against Glutamate-Induced Cell Death in Neuronal Cells

2014 ◽  
Vol 84 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 0140-0151 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thilaga Rati Selvaraju ◽  
Huzwah Khaza’ai ◽  
Sharmili Vidyadaran ◽  
Mohd Sokhini Abd Mutalib ◽  
Vasudevan Ramachandran ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Vitamin E ◽  
Cell Viability ◽  
Neuronal Cells ◽  
Positive Control ◽  
Post Treatment ◽  
Mitochondrial Activity ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Pre Treatment ◽  
Tocotrienol Rich Fraction ◽  
Major Mediator

Glutamate is the major mediator of excitatory signals in the mammalian central nervous system. Extreme amounts of glutamate in the extracellular spaces can lead to numerous neurodegenerative diseases. We aimed to clarify the potential of the following vitamin E isomers, tocotrienol-rich fraction (TRF) and α-tocopherol (α-TCP), as potent neuroprotective agents against glutamate-induced injury in neuronal SK-N-SH cells. Cells were treated before and after glutamate injury (pre- and post-treatment, respectively) with 100 - 300 ng/ml TRF/α-TCP. Exposure to 120 mM glutamate significantly reduced cell viability to 76 % and 79 % in the pre- and post-treatment studies, respectively; however, pre- and post-treatment with TRF/α-TCP attenuated the cytotoxic effect of glutamate. Compared to the positive control (glutamate-injured cells not treated with TRF/α-TCP), pre-treatment with 100, 200, and 300 ng/ml TRF significantly improved cell viability following glutamate injury to 95.2 %, 95.0 %, and 95.6 %, respectively (p < 0.05).The isomers not only conferred neuroprotection by enhancing mitochondrial activity and depleting free radical production, but also increased cell viability and recovery upon glutamate insult. Our results suggest that vitamin E has potent antioxidant potential for protecting against glutamate injury and recovering glutamate-injured neuronal cells. Our findings also indicate that both TRF and α-TCP could play key roles as anti-apoptotic agents with neuroprotective properties.

CONTRACEPTION BY AN INJECTABLE LONG-ACTING OESTROGEN-PROGESTOGEN AGENT. III

1972 ◽  
Vol 69 (1) ◽  
pp. 67-76
Author(s):  
Rolf Plesner
Keyword(s):  
Treatment Period ◽  
Treatment Cycle ◽  
Post Treatment ◽  
Mixed Phase ◽  
Discontinuation Of Treatment ◽  
Phase Type ◽  
Secretory Type ◽  
Pre Treatment ◽  
Long Acting ◽  
Fertile Women

ABSTRACT Twenty-two fertile women were treated cyclically in from 4–30 cycles (mean 15.5) with a total of 341 injections of Deladroxate®, an injectable, long-acting oestrogen-progestogen. The injections were administered on the 8th (7th–9th) day of each cycle. Before treatment, the last pre-treatment cycle was controlled by means of daily recordings of the basal body temperature (BBT), urinary excretion of pregnanediol and total pituitary gonadotrophins at certain intervals, and by endometrial biopsies obtained late in the cycle. The effects of Deladroxate® on ovulation, on pituitary gonadotrophic function, and on the endometrium were controlled by the above mentioned parameters during cycles 1, 3, and 6, and all assessments were repeated after discontinuation of treatment. During treatment, there was a statistically significant fall in gonadotrophin excretion values (as compared with the pre-treatment values), and the fall was found to be gradually progressive during treatment. After discontinuation of treatment, there seemed to be a tendency towards an increase in the excretion values. Suppression of ovulation as determined by means of the pregnanediol excretion during treatment, was effective in nearly all of the treatment cycles checked. The fall in pregnanediol excretion was also gradually progressive during treatment, while there was a slight increase in excretion values in the post-treatment period. During treatment, 79 BBT curves were recorded. Nearly 50 % were monophasic, indicating anovulatory cycles, 17 curves were biphasic, but with the rise in temperature occurring at non-characteristic times in the cycles, 18 curves were classified as thermogenic because of a rise in temperature occurring within 24 hours after the injection, and 5 curves were not assessable. During the first month after discontinuation of treatment, 8 out of 10 recorded curves were monophasic. Out of 53 endometrial biopsies obtained around the 23rd day of the cycle, 31 were of the mixed phase type, but showing a predominance of proliferative patterns, 15 were of the secretory type, and 7 were purely proliferative. Out of 15 biopsies obtained in the post-treatment period, only two were of the mixed phase type, 12 were proliferative and one was purely secretory.

What Can Digitization Do For Formulated Product Innovation and Development

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
James McDonagh ◽  
William Swope ◽  
Richard L. Anderson ◽  
Michael Johnston ◽  
David J. Bray
Keyword(s):  
High Performance ◽  
Quality Data ◽  
High Quality Data ◽  
Base Level ◽  
Hybrid Approaches ◽  
Digital Ecosystem ◽  
Recent Developments ◽  
Chemical Simulation ◽  
High Level ◽  
Physical And Chemical

Digitization offers significant opportunities for the formulated product industry to transform the way it works and develop new methods of business. R&D is one area of operation that is challenging to take advantage of these technologies due to its high level of domain specialisation and creativity but the benefits could be significant. Recent developments of base level technologies such as artificial intelligence (AI)/machine learning (ML), robotics and high performance computing (HPC), to name a few, present disruptive and transformative technologies which could offer new insights, discovery methods and enhanced chemical control when combined in a digital ecosystem of connectivity, distributive services and decentralisation. At the fundamental level, research in these technologies has shown that new physical and chemical insights can be gained, which in turn can augment experimental R&D approaches through physics-based chemical simulation, data driven models and hybrid approaches. In all of these cases, high quality data is required to build and validate models in addition to the skills and expertise to exploit such methods. In this article we give an overview of some of the digital technology demonstrators we have developed for formulated product R&D. We discuss the challenges in building and deploying these demonstrators.<br>

Pre-treatment and post-treatment visual functions in congenital myopia alone versus congenital myopia complicated by amblyopia

2018 ◽  
Vol 75 (4) ◽  
pp. 44-48
Author(s):  
A. Mukhina ◽  
◽  
I. Boichuk ◽  
L. Zhuravliova ◽  
◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Post Treatment ◽  
Visual Functions ◽  
Pre Treatment

High-Performance Natural Rubber/Graphene Composites from a Uniquely Designed Physical and Chemical Hybrid-Network

2020 ◽  
Vol 35 (2) ◽  
pp. 146-157
Author(s):  
B.-L. Yu ◽  
L.-C. Jiang ◽  
K. Huang ◽  
X.-L. Liu ◽  
X.-M. Shao ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Natural Rubber ◽  
High Performance ◽  
Hybrid Network ◽  
Physical And Chemical

Application of a fractionation technique for better understanding of the removal of natural organic matter by alum coagulation

2002 ◽  
Vol 2 (5-6) ◽  
pp. 427-433 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. van Leeuwen ◽  
C. Chow ◽  
R. Fabris ◽  
N. Withers ◽  
D. Page ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Natural Organic Matter ◽  
High Performance ◽  
Relative Proportion ◽  
Water Source ◽  
Size Exclusion ◽  
Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Pyrolysis Gas ◽  
Alum Treatment ◽  
Hydrophobic Acids

To gain an improved understanding of the types of organic compounds that are recalcitrant to water treatment, natural organic matter (NOM) isolates from two drinking water sources (Mt. Zero and Moorabool reservoirs, Victoria, Australia) were separated into fractions of distinct chemical behaviour using resins. Four fractions were obtained from each water source and were organics absorbed to: (1) XAD-8 (very hydrophobic acids, VHA); (2) DAX-4 (slightly hydrophobic acids, SHA); (3) bound to an anion exchange resin (charged organics, CHAR); and (4) not absorbed or bound to resins (neutrals, NEUT). These fractions were then tested to determine the capacity of alum to remove them from water and to correlate this with the character of each isolate. The fractions were characterised by the application of high performance size exclusion chromatography (HPSEC), bacterial regrowth potential (BRP), trihalomethane formation potential (THMFP), pyrolysis gas-chromatography mass spectrometry (Py-GC-MS) and thermochemolysis. The highest removals of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) by alum treatment were in waters spiked with the CHAR fractions while the NEUT fractions were the most recalcitrant. The number average molecular weights (Mn) of DOC of the CHAR fractions before treatment were the highest, whilst those of the NEUT fractions were the lowest. After alum treatment, the Mn of the NEUT fractions were only slightly reduced. Results from Py-GC-MS and thermochemolysis indicate that the NEUT fractions had the highest relative proportion of saccharide derived organic material. Nonetheless, the BRP of waters spiked with the NEUT fractions differed markedly, indicating that organics recalcitrant to alum treatment can vary substantially in their chemical composition and capacity to support microbial growth.

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