The Application of Biomass-Based Catalytic Materials in the Synthesis of Cyclic Carbonates from CO2 and Epoxides

The synthesis of cyclic carbonates from carbon dioxide (CO2) and epoxides is a 100% atom economical reaction and an attractive pathway for CO2 utilisation. Because CO2 is a thermodynamically stable molecule, the use of catalysts is mandatory in reducing the activation energy of the CO2 conversion. Considering environmental compatibility and the high-efficiency catalytic conversion of CO2, there is the strong need to develop green catalysts. Biomass-based catalysts, a type of renewable resource, have attracted considerable attention due to their unique properties—non-toxic, low-cost, pollution-free, etc. In this review, recent advances in the development of biomass-based catalysts for the synthesis of cyclic carbonates by CO2 and epoxides coupling are summarized and discussed in detail. The effect of biomass-based catalysts, functional groups, reaction conditions, and co-catalysts on the catalytic efficiency and selectivity of synthesizing cyclic carbonates process is discussed. We intend to provide a comprehensive understanding of recent experimental and theoretical progress of CO2 and epoxides coupling reaction and pave the way for both CO2 conversion and biomass unitization.

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Porphyrin-based homogeneous catalysts for the CO2 cycloaddition to epoxides and aziridines

Journal of Porphyrins and Phthalocyanines ◽

10.1142/s1088424619300015 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 23 (04n05) ◽

pp. 305-328 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Daniela Intrieri ◽

Caterina Damiano ◽

Paolo Sonzini ◽

Emma Gallo

Keyword(s):

Catalytic Efficiency ◽

Bifunctional Catalysts ◽

Fine Chemicals ◽

Cyclic Carbonates ◽

Metal Porphyrin ◽

Co Catalysts ◽

Component Systems ◽

Two Component ◽

Two Component Systems ◽

Catalytic Cycles

The direct insertion of carbon dioxide (CO2) into three-membered rings, such as epoxides and aziridines, represents a relevant strategy to obtain cyclic carbonates and oxazolidinones, which are two useful classes of fine chemicals. The synthesis of these compounds can be efficiently catalyzed by a combination of metal porphyrin complexes and various co-catalysts in homogeneous systems. The catalytic efficiency of these systems is discussed herein by taking into account both the characteristics of the metals and the nature of the co-catalysts, either when used as two-component systems or when combined in bifunctional catalysts. Moreover, mechanistic proposals of the CO2 cycloaddition processes are reported to provide a rationale of catalytic cycles in order to pave the way for designing more active and efficient catalytic procedures.

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Cycloaddition Reaction of Carbon Dioxide to Epoxides Catalyzed by Polymer-Supported Quaternary Phosphonium Salts

Journal of Chemistry ◽

10.1155/2013/261378 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 2013 ◽

pp. 1-9 ◽

Cited By ~ 9

Author(s):

Yubing Xiong ◽

Feng Bai ◽

Zipeng Cui ◽

Na Guo ◽

Rongmin Wang

Keyword(s):

Carbon Dioxide ◽

Low Cost ◽

Cycloaddition Reaction ◽

Coupling Reaction ◽

Catalytic Performance ◽

Cyclic Carbonate ◽

Cyclic Carbonates ◽

Phosphonium Salts ◽

Polymer Supported ◽

High Yields

Polymer-supported quaternary phosphonium salt (PS-QPS) was explored as effective catalyst for the coupling reaction of carbon dioxide with epoxides. The results indicated that cyclic carbonates with high yields (98.6%) and excellent selectivity (100%) could be prepared at the conditions of 5 MPa CO2, 150°C, and 6 h without the addition of organic solvents or cocatalysts. The effects of various reaction conditions on the catalytic performance were investigated in detail. The catalyst is applicable to a variety of epoxides, producing the corresponding cyclic carbonates in good yields. Furthermore, the catalyst could be recovered easily and reused for five times without loss of catalytic activity obviously. A proposed mechanism for synthesis of cyclic carbonate in the presence of PS-QPS was discussed. The catalyst was characterized by thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectrum. It is believed that PS-QPS is of great potential for CO2fixation applications due to its unusual advantages, such as easy preparation, high activity and selectivity, stability, low cost, and reusability.

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Synthesis and process optimization of Boscalid by catalyst Pd-PEPPSI-IPrDtBu-An

Journal of the Serbian Chemical Society ◽

10.2298/jsc200330003x ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 3-3

Author(s):

Jian Xu ◽

Xiao-Bing Lan ◽

Lin-Jian Xia ◽

Yi Yang ◽

Gao Cao

Keyword(s):

Raw Materials ◽

Condensation Reaction ◽

Suzuki Reaction ◽

Coupling Reaction ◽

Catalytic Efficiency ◽

Catalytic Performance ◽

Synthesis Process ◽

Reaction Conditions ◽

Cross Coupling Reaction ◽

Optimal Reaction

The purpose of this research was to reduce the amount of noble metal palladium catalyst and improve the catalytic performance in the Suzuki-Miyaura cross-coupling reaction, which is the key step in the synthesis of Boscalid. Taking o-bromonitrobenzene and p-chlorophenylboronic acid as raw materials, three kinds of Pd-PEPPSI-IPr catalysts were synthesized and employed in the Suzuki reaction, and then the biaryl product was subjected to reduction and condensation reaction to prepare Boscalid. Under optimal reaction conditions, the result showed that the catalytic system exhibits highest catalytic efficiency under aerobic conditions, giving the 2-(4-chlorophenyl)nitrobenzene over 99 % yield. Moreover, the Pd-PEPPSI-IPrDtBu-An catalyst was minimized to 0.01mol%. The synthesis process was mild, the post-treatment was simple, and the production cost was reduced which makes it suitable for industrial production.

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Tuning the Edge-Site Activity of 2H Phase MoSe2 for Hydrogen Evolution Reaction via Sulfur Substitution and Strain Engineering

Science of Advanced Materials ◽

10.1166/sam.2020.3824 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 12 (10) ◽

pp. 1446-1456

Author(s):

Ziwei Xu ◽

Guanghui Zhao ◽

Mingyuan Wang ◽

Jingjing Liang ◽

Shahid Hussain ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Catalytic Activity ◽

Hydrogen Evolution ◽

Hydrogen Evolution Reaction ◽

Density Functional ◽

High Efficiency ◽

Low Cost ◽

Catalytic Efficiency ◽

Strain Engineering ◽

Catalyst Design ◽

Potential Candidate

The 2H phase MoSe2 of high chemical stability and excellent catalytic activity is a promising catalyst for the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) as a potential candidate, due to its low cost, high efficiency and abundant production. However, the HER catalytic efficiency of MoSe2 largely depends on the activity of reaction sites including the basal plane and the edges, and remains low because only the Mo edge sites are active. Herein, we have calculated the structural stability, catalytic activity, and strain engineering on sulfur substituted MoSe2 catalytic structures (Mo(Se1–xSx)2) by density functional theory. The results demonstrate that most of Mo(Se1–xSx)2 monolayers are thermodynamically stable and the HER activity of the Mo(Se1–xSx)2 monolayers can be effectively tuned by both element substitution and strain engineering with the mechanisms uncovered at the atomic level. This study provides the experiments theoretical references for the novel catalyst design of the hydrogen evolution reaction.

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Rapid and Efficient Coupling Reaction of Azo Dyes in a Continuous-Flow Microreactor

Advanced Materials Research ◽

10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.560-561.516 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 560-561 ◽

pp. 516-520

Author(s):

Wu Bin Yu ◽

Ming Ming Zheng ◽

Jian Rong Gao

Keyword(s):

Reaction Time ◽

Azo Dyes ◽

Continuous Flow ◽

Room Temperature ◽

High Efficiency ◽

Coupling Reaction ◽

Reaction Conditions ◽

Short Reaction Time ◽

Flow Microreactor ◽

Efficient Coupling

A convenient, rapid efficient method for the synthesis of azo dyes has been developed by coupling in a continuous-flow microreactor at room temperature. The advantage of this protocol is its continuousness, high efficiency and selectivity, short reaction time, and milder reaction conditions.

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Coupling reaction of epoxide and carbon dioxide catalysed by alkali metal salts in the presence of ß-cyclodextrin derivatives

World Journal of Engineering ◽

10.1108/wje-12-2016-0172 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 14 (2) ◽

pp. 159-164 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Zhang Guangqing ◽

Shenjun Qin ◽

Li Zhen ◽

Han Haiyan ◽

Li Hui ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Catalytic Activity ◽

Alkali Metal ◽

Synergetic Effect ◽

Coupling Reaction ◽

Metal Salts ◽

High Catalytic Activity ◽

Cyclic Carbonates ◽

Alkali Metal Salts ◽

Content Type ◽

Co Catalysts

Purpose This study aims to investigate the coupling reaction of epoxide and CO2 catalysed by alkali metal salts in the presence of ß-cyclodextrin (ß-CD) derivatives to generate cyclic carbonates at various conditions. Design/methodology/approach The coupling reaction was catalysed by alkali metal salts. The effects of the co-catalysts were investigated by using the conversion rate of raw materials. The affecting factors, such as reaction temperature, amount of the co-catalyst and reaction time, were explored. The possible mechanism of the coupling reaction was discussed. Findings Results showed that the structure of ß-CD is an important factor influencing the catalytic activity for the coupling reaction of epoxide with CO2. The catalytic system of 2,3,6-trimethyl-ß-CD with potassium iodide (KI) showed a high catalytic activity. The protocol was expanded to various epoxides, which provided the corresponding cyclic carbonates in excellent yields. The apparent decrease in the yields was not detected after four recycling times. Moreover, the mechanism for the synergetic effect of the catalyst was proposed. Originality/value The coupling reactions were achieved in the presence of different structure of ß-CD as co-catalysts. The affecting of substituent of ß-CD were investigated.

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Rapid Synthesis of Biotin-, Digoxigenin-, Trinitrophenyl-, and Fluorochrome-labeled Tyramides and Their Application for In Situ Hybridization Using CARD Amplification

Journal of Histochemistry & Cytochemistry ◽

10.1177/002215549804600611 ◽

1998 ◽

Vol 46 (6) ◽

pp. 771-777 ◽

Cited By ~ 156

Author(s):

Anton H.N. Hopman ◽

Frans C.S. Ramaekers ◽

Ernst J.M. Speel

Keyword(s):

In Situ Hybridization ◽

High Efficiency ◽

Low Cost ◽

Coupling Reaction ◽

Single Copy ◽

High Yield ◽

Fast Method ◽

Trinitrobenzenesulfonic Acid ◽

Catalyzed Reporter Deposition

A one-step procedure for the synthesis of different tyramide conjugates, which can be utilized in the catalyzed reporter deposition (CARD) amplification system, is described. Succinimidyl esters of biotin, digoxigenin, and of the fluorochromes fluorescein, rhodamine, aminomethylcoumarine acetic acid, and Cy3 were coupled to tyramine in dimethylformamide (DMF) adjusted to a pH of 7.0–8.0 with triethylamine (TEA). The coupling reaction can be performed within 2 hr and the reaction mixture can be applied without further purification steps. Furthermore, trinitrophenyl (TNP)-tyramide was prepared by adding 2,4,6,-trinitrobenzenesulfonic acid to tyramine dissolved in either MilliQ/DMF basified with TEA or in an NaHCO3 (pH 9.5) buffer. A subsequent precipitation of the TNP-tyramide resulted in a high-yield isolation of this conjugate. The synthesized tyramide conjugates were applied successfully in single- and multiple-target in situ hybridization (ISH) procedures to detect both repetitive and single-copy DNA target sequences in cell preparations with high efficiency. The described approach provides an easy and fast method to prepare a variety of tyramide conjugates in bulk amounts at relatively low cost.

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Microwave-Assisted Regioselective Suzuki Coupling of 2,4-Dichloropyrimidines with Aryl and Heteroaryl Boronic Acids

Catalysts ◽

10.3390/catal11040439 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (4) ◽

pp. 439

Author(s):

Ana Dolšak ◽

Kristjan Mrgole ◽

Matej Sova

Keyword(s):

Low Cost ◽

Coupling Reaction ◽

Suzuki Coupling ◽

Boronic Acids ◽

Catalyst Loading ◽

Reaction Conditions ◽

Suzuki Coupling Reaction ◽

Microwave Assisted ◽

Synthetic Procedure ◽

Low Catalyst Loading

Suzuki coupling reaction has been often used for the preparation of a diverse set of substituted pyrimidines. In this study, the Suzuki coupling of 2,4-dichloropyrimidines with aryl and heteroaryl boronic acids was investigated. A thorough screening of reaction conditions and the use of microwave irradiation led to a very efficient and straightforward synthetic procedure providing C4-substituted pyrimidines in good to excellent yields. Short reaction time (15 min) and extremely low catalyst loading (0.5 mol%) are the main advantages of our tetrakis(triphenylphosphine)palladium(0) catalyzed microwave-assisted procedure, which could be used for quick and low-cost regioselective preparation of substituted pyrimidine rings.

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Influence of MBE Growth Conditions on Dislocation Densities of GaAs/Ge Epilayers Grown on Silicon Substrates

Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America ◽

10.1017/s0424820100118692 ◽

1985 ◽

Vol 43 ◽

pp. 364-365

Author(s):

K.M. Hones ◽

P. Sheldon ◽

B.G. Yacobi ◽

A. Mason

Keyword(s):

High Efficiency ◽

Lattice Mismatch ◽

Low Cost ◽

Growth Conditions ◽

Nonradiative Recombination ◽

Device Structure ◽

Si Substrates ◽

Transmission Electron ◽

Dislocation Densities ◽

Dislocation Type

There is increasing interest in growing epitaxial GaAs on Si substrates. Such a device structure would allow low-cost substrates to be used for high-efficiency cascade- junction solar cells. However, high-defect densities may result from the large lattice mismatch (∼4%) between the GaAs epilayer and the silicon substrate. These defects can act as nonradiative recombination centers that can degrade the optical and electrical properties of the epitaxially grown GaAs. For this reason, it is important to optimize epilayer growth conditions in order to minimize resulting dislocation densities. The purpose of this paper is to provide an indication of the quality of the epitaxially grown GaAs layers by using transmission electron microscopy (TEM) to examine dislocation type and density as a function of various growth conditions. In this study an intermediate Ge layer was used to avoid nucleation difficulties observed for GaAs growth directly on Si substrates. GaAs/Ge epilayers were grown by molecular beam epitaxy (MBE) on Si substrates in a manner similar to that described previously.

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Improvement of Ti/RuO2–IrO2 Anode Lifetime and Electrocatalytical Properties by Using an Eco-Friendly Thermal Decomposition Method Using Polyvinyl Alcohol as Solvent

10.26434/chemrxiv.7991129 ◽

2019 ◽

Author(s):

Charlys Bezerra ◽

Géssica Santos ◽

Marilia Pupo ◽

Maria Gomes ◽

Ronaldo Silva ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Thermal Decomposition ◽

Polyvinyl Alcohol ◽

High Efficiency ◽

Electrochemical Impedance ◽

Pechini Method ◽

Low Cost ◽

Charge Transfer Resistance ◽

Transfer Resistance ◽

Calcination Temperatures ◽

Service Lifetime

Electrochemical oxidation processes are promising solutions for wastewater treatment due to their high efficiency, easy control and versatility. Mixed metal oxides (MMO) anodes are particularly attractive due to their low cost and specific catalytic properties. Here, we propose an innovative thermal decomposition methodology using <a>polyvinyl alcohol (PVA)</a> as a solvent to prepare Ti/RuO2–IrO2 anodes. Comparative anodes were prepared by conventional method employing a polymeric precursor solvent (Pechini method). The calcination temperatures studied were 300, 400 and 500 °C. The physical characterisation of all materials was performed by X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy coupled with energy dispersive spectroscopy, while electrochemical characterisation was done by cyclic voltammetry, accelerated service lifetime and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. Both RuO2 and IrO2 have rutile-type structures for all anodes. Rougher and more compact surfaces are formed for the anodes prepared using PVA. Amongst temperatures studied, 300 °C using PVA as solvent is the most suitable one to produce anodes with expressive increase in voltammetric charge (250%) and accelerated service lifetime (4.3 times longer) besides reducing charge-transfer resistance (8 times lower). Moreover, the electrocatalytic activity of the anodes synthesised with PVA toward the Reactive Blue 21 dye removal in chloride medium (100 % in 30 min) is higher than that prepared by Pechini method (60 min). Additionally, the removal total organic carbon point out improved mineralisation potential of PVA anodes. Finally, this study reports a novel methodology using PVA as solvent to synthesise Ti/RuO2–IrO2 anodes with improved properties that can be further extended to synthesise other MMO compositions.

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