Study of the Synchrotron Photoionization Oxidation of Alpha-Angelica Lactone (AAL) Initiated by O(3P) at 298, 550, and 700 K

In recent years, biofuels have been receiving significant attention because of their potential for decreasing carbon emissions and providing a long-term renewable solution to unsustainable fossil fuels. Currently, lactones are some of the alternatives being produced. Many lactones occur in a range of natural substances and have many advantages over bioethanol. In this study, the oxidation of alpha-angelica lactone initiated by ground-state atomic oxygen, O(3P), was studied at 298, 550, and 700 K using synchrotron radiation coupled with multiplexed photoionization mass spectrometry at the Lawrence Berkeley National Lab (LBNL). Photoionization spectra and kinetic time traces were measured to identify the primary products. Ketene, acetaldehyde, methyl vinyl ketone, methylglyoxal, dimethyl glyoxal, and 5-methyl-2,4-furandione were characterized as major reaction products, with ketene being the most abundant at all three temperatures. Possible reaction pathways for the formation of the observed primary products were computed using the CBS–QB3 composite method.

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A Novel Iron Chloride Red-Ox Concentration Flow Cell Battery (ICFB) Concept; Power and Electrode Optimization

Energies ◽

10.3390/en14041109 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 14 (4) ◽

pp. 1109

Author(s):

Robert Bock ◽

Björn Kleinsteinberg ◽

Bjørn Selnes-Volseth ◽

Odne Stokke Burheim

Keyword(s):

Energy Storage ◽

Large Scale ◽

Fossil Fuels ◽

Flow Cell ◽

Iron Chloride ◽

Carbon Electrodes ◽

Concentration Difference ◽

Term Energy ◽

Short And Long Term

For renewable energies to succeed in replacing fossil fuels, large-scale and affordable solutions are needed for short and long-term energy storage. A potentially inexpensive approach of storing large amounts of energy is through the use of a concentration flow cell that is based on cheap and abundant materials. Here, we propose to use aqueous iron chloride as a reacting solvent on carbon electrodes. We suggest to use it in a red-ox concentration flow cell with two compartments separated by a hydrocarbon-based membrane. In both compartments the red-ox couple of iron II and III reacts, oxidation at the anode and reduction at the cathode. When charging, a concentration difference between the two species grows. When discharging, this concentration difference between iron II and iron III is used to drive the reaction. In this respect it is a concentration driven flow cell redox battery using iron chloride in both solutions. Here, we investigate material combinations, power, and concentration relations.

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Edible Energy Production and Energy Return on Investment—Long-Term Analysis of Global Changes

Energies ◽

10.3390/en14041011 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 14 (4) ◽

pp. 1011

Author(s):

Bartłomiej Bajan ◽

Joanna Łukasiewicz ◽

Agnieszka Poczta-Wajda ◽

Walenty Poczta

Keyword(s):

Energy Efficiency ◽

Return On Investment ◽

Food Production ◽

Energy Production ◽

Crop Production ◽

Fossil Fuels ◽

Animal Production ◽

Global Changes ◽

Energy Return On Investment

The projected increase in the world’s population requires an increase in the production of edible energy that would meet the associated increased demand for food. However, food production is strongly dependent on the use of energy, mainly from fossil fuels, the extraction of which requires increasing input due to the depletion of the most easily accessible deposits. According to numerous estimations, the world’s energy production will be dependent on fossil fuels at least to 2050. Therefore, it is vital to increase the energy efficiency of production, including food production. One method to measure energy efficiency is the energy return on investment (EROI), which is the ratio of the amount of energy produced to the amount of energy consumed in the production process. The literature lacks comparable EROI calculations concerning global food production and the existing studies only include crop production. The aim of this study was to calculate the EROI of edible crop and animal production in the long term worldwide and to indicate the relationships resulting from its changes. The research takes into account edible crop and animal production in agriculture and the direct consumption of fossil fuels and electricity. The analysis showed that although the most underdeveloped regions have the highest EROI, the production of edible energy there is usually insufficient to meet the food needs of the population. On the other hand, the lowest EROI was observed in highly developed regions, where production ensures food self-sufficiency. However, the changes that have taken place in Europe since the 1990s indicate an opportunity to simultaneously reduce the direct use of energy in agriculture and increase the production of edible energy, thus improving the EROI.

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Potential for Farmers’ Cooperatives to Convert Coffee Husks into Biochar and Promote the Bioeconomy in the North Ecuadorian Amazon

Applied Sciences ◽

10.3390/app11114747 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (11) ◽

pp. 4747

Author(s):

Mario A. Heredia Salgado ◽

Ina Säumel ◽

Andrea Cianferoni ◽

Luís A. C. Tarelho

Keyword(s):

Fossil Fuels ◽

Agricultural Waste ◽

The North ◽

Income Sources ◽

Ecuadorian Amazon ◽

Specific Standard ◽

The Government ◽

Post Harvesting ◽

Term Maintenance

Improving the livelihoods of communities living in fragile ecosystems, such as tropical forests, is among the main strategies to promote their conservation and preserve wildlife. In the Ecuadorian Amazon, farmers’ cooperatives are recognized as an important mechanism to improve the socioeconomic conditions of local communities. This study analyzes the integration of pyrolysis processes to convert agricultural waste into biochar as a way to implement the bioeconomy in these organizations. We found that post-harvesting processes in the studied farmers’ cooperatives are similar, and coffee husks are a potential feedstock to produce biochar. Although the environmental policies in Ecuador consider the valorization of agricultural waste, we did not find any specific standard to regulate the operation of pyrolysis facilities. Nonetheless, conversion of agricultural waste into biochar can contribute to (i) replacement of subsidized fossil fuels used in drying processes, (ii) prevention of environmental pollution caused by accumulation of waste, (iii) emergence of new income sources linked with the provision of carbon sequestration services, and (iv) the long-term maintenance of soil fertility. Currently, demonstration projects are needed to stimulate collaboration among farmers’ cooperatives, academia, the government, international cooperation agencies, and existing forest conservation initiatives.

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Using system dynamics to evaluate renewable electricity development in Malaysia

Kybernetes ◽

10.1108/k-10-2012-0092 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 43 (1) ◽

pp. 24-39 ◽

Cited By ~ 16

Author(s):

Salman Ahmad ◽

Razman bin Mat Tahar

Keyword(s):

System Dynamics ◽

Fossil Fuels ◽

Systems Approach ◽

Capacity Expansion ◽

Assessment Model ◽

Flow Diagram ◽

Content Type ◽

The Government ◽

Policy Targets

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to provide an assessment of Malaysia's renewable capacity target. Malaysia relies heavily on fossil fuels for electricity generation. To diversify the fuel-mix, a technology-specific target has been set by the government in 2010. Considering the complexity in generation expansion, there is a dire need for an assessment model that can evaluate policy in a feedback fashion. The study also aims to expand policy evaluation literature in electricity domain by taking a dynamic systems approach. Design/methodology/approach – System dynamics modelling and simulation approach is used in this study. The model variables, selected from literature, are constituted into casual loop diagram. Later, a stock and flow diagram is developed by integrating planning, construction, operation, and decision making sub-models. The dynamic interactions between the sub-sectors are analysed based on the short-, medium- and long-term policy targets. Findings – Annual capacity constructions fail to achieve short-, medium- and long-term targets. However, the difference in operational capacity and medium- and long-term target are small. In terms of technology, solar photovoltaic (PV) attains the highest level of capacity followed by biomass. Research limitations/implications – While financial calculations are crucial for capacity expansion decisions, currently they are not being modelled; this study primarily focuses on system delays and exogenous components only. Practical implications – A useful model that offers regulators and investors insights on system characteristics and policy targets simultaneously. Originality/value – This paper provides a model for evaluating policy for renewable capacity expansion development in a dynamic context, for Malaysia.

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Oxidation of indolic bases by cytochrome P450 and ferrous picolinate

Spectroscopy An International Journal ◽

10.1155/1997/364081 ◽

1997 ◽

Vol 13 (2) ◽

pp. 163-174

Author(s):

K. Jankowski ◽

M. Delaforge ◽

M. Jaouen ◽

H. Virelizier

Keyword(s):

Cytochrome P450 ◽

Reaction Products ◽

Major Reaction ◽

Hepatic Cytochrome

Oxidations performed on four indolic bases,β-carboline1, ibogaine2, reserpine3and ajmaline4, by hepatic cytochrome P450 (Cyt. P450) and ferrous picolinate (Fe(PA)2), lead to alicyclic hydroxylation as major reaction products.

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Solvent-Based Polymer Swelling Characterization for the Development of the Nano/Micro-Particle Polymer Composite MEMS Corrosion Sensor

Volume 10: Micro- and Nano-Systems Engineering and Packaging ◽

10.1115/imece2014-40145 ◽

2014 ◽

Author(s):

Feng Pan ◽

Abdoul Kader Maiga ◽

Po-Hao Adam Huang

Keyword(s):

Reaction Products ◽

Material Transport ◽

Sensing Element ◽

Micro Electro Mechanical Systems ◽

Polymer Swelling ◽

Corrosion Sensor ◽

Mems Technology ◽

New Type ◽

Oxide Removal

The concept of using Micro-Electro-Mechanical Systems (MEMS) for in-situ corrosion sensing and for long-term applications has been proposed and is currently under development by our research lab. This is a new type of sensing using MEMS technology and, to the knowledge of our team, has not been explored previously. The MEMS corrosion sensor is based on the oxidation of metal nano/micro-particle embedded in elastomeric polymer to form a composite sensing element. The polymer controls the diffusion into and out of the sensor while the corrosion of the metal particles inhibits electrical conduction which is used as the detection signal. The work presented here is based on part of the methods developed for the removal of native and process-induced metal oxides. A major aspect is the study of the swelling dynamics of the polymer matrix (polydimethylsiloxane, PDMS) intended for enhancing material transport of etchants into and reaction products out of the composite during oxide removal. More specifically, the characterization of the swelling of copper particles-PDMS composite samples in liquid solvent baths is presented.

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ANALYSIS OF THE CAUSALITY OF CO2 EMISSIONS, CONSUMPTION OF FOSSIL FUELS, ELECTRICITY CONSUMPTION, AND ECONOMIC GROWTH IN INDONESIA IN 1990-2019

AFEBI Economic and Finance Review ◽

10.47312/aefr.v4i02.265 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 4 (02) ◽

pp. 113

Author(s):

Melati Intan Kurnia ◽

Hadi Sasana ◽

Yustirania Septiani

Keyword(s):

Economic Growth ◽

Energy Consumption ◽

Fuel Consumption ◽

Co2 Emissions ◽

Fossil Fuels ◽

Fossil Fuel ◽

Electricity Consumption ◽

Negative Influence ◽

Fossil Fuel Consumption

Increasing economic growth will spark against increased energy consumption. But on the other hand, increasing economic growth will also trigger the occurrence of natural damage and degradation of environmental quality derived from CO2 emissions. CO2 emissions are caused by oxidation process of fossil fuel energy. This research aims to know the causality relationship between CO2 emissions, fossil fuel consumption, electricity consumption, and economic growth in Indonesia, as well as long-term relationship between CO2 emissions, fossil fuel consumption, electricity consumption, to economic growth in Indonesia in 1990 – 2019. The used data is the secondary data that is in the form of data time series. The dependent variables of this study are economic growth, while independent variables are CO2 emissions, fossil fuel consumption, electricity consumption. The method that is used in this study is Vector Error Correction Model. The results showed that there was a one-way causality between economic growth and fossil fuel consumption, and between electricity consumption and CO2 emissions. The research also shows that on long-term CO2 emissions has a negative influence, while the consumption of fossil fuels and electricity has a positive effect on Indonesia's economic growth in 1990-2019.Keywords: CO2, Energy Consumption, Economic Growth.

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LULUCF Including - Excluding Emissions and Health Expenditures Path and Panel Data Analysis of Solution Result Relationship Example of G7 Countries

10.31124/advance.12894674.v1 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Zişan Yardım Kılıçkan ◽

Rıdvan Karacan

Keyword(s):

Land Use ◽

Panel Data ◽

Structural Equation ◽

Fossil Fuels ◽

Panel Data Analysis ◽

Health Expenditures ◽

Equation Model ◽

Total Emission ◽

G7 Countries

Traditional production is carried out using fossil fuels. In recent years, the destructive effects of fossil fuel elimination especially on human health and the environment became prominent. This effect leads to an increase in health expenditures (HE), and health problems that are severe and require long term therapies. To counter this problem, some countries have taken some measures to mini the effects of fossil fuels. One of these measures is called “Land Use, Land Use Change and Forestry” or LULUCF for short. LULUCF aims to reduce greenhouse gas emissions in the atmosphere by natural means that are cheap. In this regard, this paper aims to analyze the effects of harmful gases of total emissions in terms of health expenditures both including LULUCF (LI) and excluding LULUCF (LE). Panel data methodology and SPSS Path (Structural Equation) Model were used and cover G7 countries between 1990 and 2016. It was found that there is no linear relationship between LE and HE and LI has no effect on HE. Path analysis showed a negative correlation between LI total emission and SH and a positive correlation between LE total emission and HE.

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GAS–LIQUID CHROMATOGRAPHY OF TERPENES: PART II. THE DEHYDRATION PRODUCTS OF α-TERPINEOL

Canadian Journal of Chemistry ◽

10.1139/v61-001 ◽

1961 ◽

Vol 39 (1) ◽

pp. 1-12 ◽

Cited By ~ 15

Author(s):

E. Von Rudloff

Keyword(s):

Liquid Chromatography ◽

Oxalic Acid ◽

Complex Mixture ◽

Reaction Times ◽

Gas Liquid Chromatography ◽

Minor Components ◽

Reaction Products ◽

The Third ◽

Major Reaction ◽

Trace Constituents

The complex mixture of terpenes obtained on dehydrating α-terpineol with aqueous oxalic acid was almost completely separated by gas–liquid chromatography (GLC), using rapeseed oil as a new liquid phase. Terpinolene, dipentene, α- and γ-terpinene, Δ2,4(8)-p-menthadiene, and 1,8-cineole were identified as the major reaction products; three minor and seven trace constituents were also detected. One of the minor components was p-cymene, one an oxide, and the third an unidentified hydrocarbon. The yield of these components after different reaction times was determined by GLC. The initial dehydration gives terpinolene and dipentene in the ratio of approximately 2:1. Terpinolene is isomerized to α- and γ-terpinene, Δ2,4,(8)-p-menthadiene, and the unidentified hydrocarbon, but not to dipentene. 1,8-Cineole and the other oxide are formed in a reversible reaction. Dehydration of α-terpineol with several other acidic reagents yielded mixtures of products similar to that obtained with aqueous oxalic acid. With acetic acid or acetic anhydride, however, dipentene was formed preferentially and this reaction appears to proceed via the derived acetate.

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Change in turbopause altitude at 52 and 70° N

Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics ◽

10.5194/acp-16-2299-2016 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 16 (4) ◽

pp. 2299-2308 ◽

Cited By ~ 7

Author(s):

Chris M. Hall ◽

Silje E. Holmen ◽

Chris E. Meek ◽

Alan H. Manson ◽

Satonori Nozawa

Keyword(s):

Time Series ◽

Atomic Oxygen ◽

Molecular Diffusion ◽

Temporal Evolution ◽

Molecular Mixing ◽

Trace Species ◽

Term Change ◽

Meteor Trail ◽

Altitude Estimation

Abstract. The turbopause is the demarcation between atmospheric mixing by turbulence (below) and molecular diffusion (above). When studying concentrations of trace species in the atmosphere, and particularly long-term change, it may be important to understand processes present, together with their temporal evolution that may be responsible for redistribution of atmospheric constituents. The general region of transition between turbulent and molecular mixing coincides with the base of the ionosphere, the lower region in which molecular oxygen is dissociated, and, at high latitude in summer, the coldest part of the whole atmosphere. This study updates previous reports of turbopause altitude, extending the time series by half a decade, and thus shedding new light on the nature of change over solar-cycle timescales. Assuming there is no trend in temperature, at 70° N there is evidence for a summer trend of ∼  1.6 km decade−1, but for winter and at 52° N there is no significant evidence for change at all. If the temperature at 90 km is estimated using meteor trail data, it is possible to estimate a cooling rate, which, if applied to the turbopause altitude estimation, fails to alter the trend significantly irrespective of season. The observed increase in turbopause height supports a hypothesis of corresponding negative trends in atomic oxygen density, [O]. This supports independent studies of atomic oxygen density, [O], using mid-latitude time series dating from 1975, which show negative trends since 2002.

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