scholarly journals Oxazolidinone Antibiotics: Chemical, Biological and Analytical Aspects

Molecules ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 26 (14) ◽  
pp. 4280
Author(s):  
Claudia Foti ◽  
Anna Piperno ◽  
Angela Scala ◽  
Ottavia Giuffrè
Keyword(s):  
Biological Activity ◽  
High Performance ◽  
Natural Waters ◽  
Water Solubility ◽  
Biological Fluids ◽  
Wide Spectrum ◽  
Analytical Techniques ◽  
Resistance Mechanisms ◽  
Analytical Determination ◽  
Protein Synthesis Inhibitors

This review covers the main aspects concerning the chemistry, the biological activity and the analytical determination of oxazolidinones, the only new class of synthetic antibiotics advanced in clinical use over the past 50 years. They are characterized by a chemical structure including the oxazolidone ring with the S configuration of substituent at C5, the acylaminomethyl group linked to C5 and the N-aryl substituent. The synthesis of oxazolidinones has gained increasing interest due to their unique mechanism of action that assures high antibiotic efficiency and low susceptibility to resistance mechanisms. Here, the main features of oxazolidinone antibiotics licensed or under development, such as Linezolid, Sutezolid, Eperezolid, Radezolid, Contezolid, Posizolid, Tedizolid, Delpazolid and TBI-223, are discussed. As they are protein synthesis inhibitors active against a wide spectrum of multidrug-resistant Gram-positive bacteria, their biological activity is carefully analyzed, together with the drug delivery systems recently developed to overcome the poor oxazolidinone water solubility. Finally, the most employed analytical techniques for oxazolidinone determination in different matrices, such as biological fluids, tissues, drugs and natural waters, are reviewed. Most are based on HPLC (High Performance Liquid Chromatography) coupled with UV-Vis or mass spectrometer detectors, but, to a lesser extent are also based on spectrofluorimetry or voltammetry.

scholarly journals Determination of amino acids in human biological fluids by high-performance liquid chromatography: critical review

Amino Acids ◽  
2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Grażyna Gałęzowska ◽  
Joanna Ratajczyk ◽  
Lidia Wolska
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
High Performance ◽  
Hplc Analysis ◽  
Limit Of Detection ◽  
Biological Fluids ◽  
Analytical Techniques ◽  
Epidemiological Studies ◽  
Preparation Conditions

AbstractThe quantitation and qualification of amino acids are most commonly used in clinical and epidemiological studies, and provide an excellent way of monitoring compounds in human fluids which have not been monitored previously, to prevent some diseases. Because of this, it is not surprising that scientific interest in evaluating these compounds has resurfaced in recent years and has precipitated the development of a multitude of new analytical techniques. This review considers recent developments in HPLC analytics on the basis of publications from the last few years. It helps to update and systematize knowledge in this area. Particular attention is paid to the progress of analytical methods, pointing out the advantages and drawbacks of the various techniques used for the preparation, separation and determination of amino acids. Depending on the type of sample, the preparation conditions for HPLC analysis change. For this reason, the review has focused on three types of samples, namely urine, blood and cerebrospinal fluid. Despite time-consuming sample preparation before HPLC analysis, an additional derivatization technique should be used, depending on the detection technique used. There are proposals for columns that are specially modified for amino acid separation without derivatization, but the limit of detection of the substance is less beneficial. In view of the fact that amino acid analyses have been performed for years and new solutions may generate increased costs, it may turn out that older proposals are much more advantageous.

scholarly journals ANALYTICAL METHODS FOR THE QUANTITATION OF AMLODIPINE BESYLATE AND ATORVASTATIN CALCIUM IN PHARMACEUTICAL DOSAGE FORM AND BIOLOGICAL FLUIDS

2019 ◽  
pp. 5-15
Author(s):  
SK MANIRUL HAQUE ◽  
MURAD ALSAWALHA
Keyword(s):  
High Performance Liquid Chromatography ◽  
Liquid Chromatography ◽  
High Performance ◽  
Biological Fluids ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Pharmaceutical Preparations ◽  
Analytical Techniques ◽  
Pharmaceutical Dosage Form ◽  
Atorvastatin Calcium ◽  
Advantages And Disadvantages

Amlodipine is the best-prescribed medication for cardiovascular disease major risk factor for hypertension and atorvastatin well known for diabetic. First discussed low cost ultraviolet-visible technique for the determination and quantitation of drugs in pharmaceuticals and biological fluids. Chromatographic techniques have an application with respect to trace analysis. Different types of chromatography such as high-performance liquid chromatography, high performance thin layer chromatography have most frequent applications in the field of pharmaceutical as well as biomedical analyses. Chromatography combined with mass spectrophotometry has the ability to collect molecular ion, followed to prepare a spectrum to assess molecular weight as well as structure. High-performance liquid chromatography coupled with mass spectrophotometry is a reliable and dynamic technique for the analysis of small and large drugs molecule. The advantages and disadvantages of all techniques are compared with each other with respect to sensitivity, reproducibility and other important parameters. The investigation also focused for the quantitation on both drugs in pharmaceutical preparations and plasma samples with the help of all available analytical techniques.

scholarly journals Characterization, purity assessment, and preparation of liposomal formulation of 2,4,6-trihydroxygeranylacetophenone

2020 ◽  
Vol 19 (10) ◽  
pp. 2025-2032
Author(s):  
Yamen Alkhateeb ◽  
Qais B. Jarrar ◽  
Faridah Abas ◽  
Yaya Rukayadi ◽  
Khozirah Shaari
Keyword(s):  
Particle Size ◽  
High Performance ◽  
Encapsulation Efficiency ◽  
Water Solubility ◽  
Analytical Techniques ◽  
Spectroscopic Characterization ◽  
Hplc Method ◽  
Liposomal Formulation ◽  
Poor Solubility ◽  
Quantitative Nuclear Magnetic Resonance

Purpose: To prepare, characterize, and determine the purity of 2,4,6-trihydroxygeranylacetophenone (tHGA), and also to develop and characterize a liposomal formulation of tHGA to overcome its poor water solubility. Methods: The tHGA was synthesized and then purified in two steps using two types of column chromatography separation techniques. The compound was characterized using different analytical techniques, while the purity of tHGA was determined by quantitative-nuclear magnetic resonance (qNMR). Proliposomes method was developed to produce liposome-encapsulated tHGA which was characterized based on particle size, polydispersity, stability, and encapsulation efficiency. A selective and rapid high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method was developed and validated to quantify tHGA in a liposomal formulation in order to evaluate the encapsulation efficiency. Results: The tHGA was successfully prepared and characterized with 98.4 % purity. A simple and reproducible proliposomes method was successfully developed to produce liposome-encapsulated tHGA. The liposomal formulation exhibited excellent encapsulation efficiency (90.4 %). This formulation also yielded a homogenous liposome population (polydispersity index = 0.39) with a small particle size (250.8 nm). The prepared liposome-encapsulated tHGA was stable at refrigerated temperature (4 ºC) for at least four weeks. The developed HPLC method showed good linearity over the range of 10 to 500 μg/mL with high precision and accuracy. Conclusion: The compound produced has a high purity which can be used as an analytical reference standard. The developed formulation is  effective for dissolving and entrapping a high amount of tHGA which helps to overcome its poor solubility. Keywords: Liposomes, Proliposomes, Trihydroxygeranylacetophenone, tHGA, Spectroscopic characterization, Poor solubility

scholarly journals An Overview of Analytical Determination of Diltiazem, Cimetidine, Ranitidine, and Famotidine by UV Spectrophotometry and HPLC Technique

2013 ◽  
Vol 2013 ◽  
pp. 1-16 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nighat Shafi ◽  
Farhan Ahmed Siddiqui ◽  
Huma Naseem ◽  
Nawab Sher ◽  
Arif Zubair ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
High Performance ◽  
Biological Fluids ◽  
High Performance Liquid Chromatographic ◽  
Spectroscopic Technique ◽  
Pharmaceutical Chemistry ◽  
Analytical Determination ◽  
Therapeutic Drug ◽  
Uv Spectrophotometry ◽  
Liquid Chromatographic

This review article recapitulates the analytical methods for the quantitative determinations of diltiazem and three H2receptor antagonists (cimetidine, ranitidine, and famotidine) by one of the spectroscopic technique (UV spectrophotometery) and separation technique such as high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The clinical and pharmaceutical analysis of these drugs requires effective analytical procedures for quality control, pharmaceutical dosage formulations, and biological fluids. An extensive survey of the literature published in various analytical and pharmaceutical chemistry-related journals has been compiled in its review. A synopsis of reported spectrophotometric and high-performance liquid chromatographic methods for individual drug is integrated. This appraisal illustrates that majority of the HPLC methods reviewed are based on the quantitative analysis of drugs in biological fluids, and they are appropriate for therapeutic drug monitoring purpose.

Lacidipine: review of analytical methods developed for pharmaceutical dosage forms and biological fluids

Bioanalysis ◽  
2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sai Tejasvini Chebrolu ◽  
Lalit Kumar ◽  
Ruchi Verma
Keyword(s):  
High Performance ◽  
Limit Of Detection ◽  
Biological Fluids ◽  
Ultra Violet ◽  
Analytical Techniques ◽  
Dosage Forms ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
Scanning Calorimetry ◽  
Limit Of Quantification ◽  
Pharmaceutical Dosage Forms

Lacidipine (LAC) is a calcium antagonist used in the treatment of hypertension. It is a lipophilic drug containing dihydropyridine ring that is responsible for the activity. This review article gives an overview of various analytical techniques proposed for the determination of LAC in pharmaceutical dosage forms, in pure form, in biological fluids and to determine characteristics of LAC in modified release dosage forms. Ultra violet/visible spectrophotometric, spectroflourimetric, high performance liquid chromatography, high performance thin layer chromatography, electro-analytical, bioanalytical and miscellaneous methods such as microbiological assay, X-ray diffraction, differential scanning calorimetry, were discussed. Various parameters such as system suitability, selectivity, linearity, precision, accuracy, limit of detection, limit of quantification and robustness have been discussed for the employed methods.

Proton pump inhibitors: recent developments in analytical methodologies

2015 ◽  
Vol 34 (1-2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Mehul M. Patel ◽  
Satish D. Bhuva ◽  
Miketa M. Patel
Keyword(s):  
Liquid Chromatography ◽  
Proton Pump Inhibitors ◽  
Proton Pump ◽  
Analytical Methods ◽  
High Performance ◽  
Biological Fluids ◽  
Ultra Violet ◽  
Analytical Techniques ◽  
Pharmaceutical Chemistry

AbstractAn extensive survey of the literature published in various analytical and pharmaceutical chemistry-related journals have been conducted, and the instrumental analytical methods that were developed and used for the determination of proton pump inhibitors in bulk drugs, formulations, and biological fluids have been reviewed. This review covers the time period from 1990 to 2011 during which 80 analytical methods, including all types of spectrophotometric and chromatographic techniques were reported. High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with ultra violet (UV) detection was found to be the technique of choice for many workers, and more than 50 methods were based on liquid chromatography (LC) and ultra violet (UV). A critical analysis of the reported data was carried out and the present state of the art of the analytical techniques for the determination of omeprazole, esomeprazole, pantoprazole, rabeprazole, dexrabeprazole, tenatoprazole, lansoprazole, and dexlansoprazole is discussed.

scholarly journals Current Methods for the Extraction and Analysis of Isothiocyanates and Indoles in Cruciferous Vegetables

Analytica ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 2 (4) ◽  
pp. 93-120
Author(s):  
Sofia Karanikolopoulou ◽  
Panagiota-Kyriaki Revelou ◽  
Marinos Xagoraris ◽  
Maroula G. Kokotou ◽  
Violetta Constantinou-Kokotou
Keyword(s):  
High Performance ◽  
Degradation Products ◽  
Analytical Techniques ◽  
Extraction Methods ◽  
Analytical Determination ◽  
Cruciferous Vegetables ◽  
Plant Metabolites ◽  
Secondary Plant Metabolites ◽  
Wide Range

Cruciferous vegetables are characterized by the presence of sulfur-containing secondary plant metabolites known as glucosinolates (GLS). The consumption of cruciferous vegetables such as broccoli, cabbage, rocket salad, and cauliflower has been related to the prevention of non-communicable diseases. Their beneficial effects are attributed to the enzymatic degradation products of GLS, e.g., isothiocyanates and indoles. Owing to these properties, there has been a shift in the last few years towards the research of these compounds and a wide range of methods for their extraction and analytical determination have been developed. The aim of this review is to present the sample preparation and extraction procedures of isothiocyanates and indoles from cruciferous vegetables and the analytical methods for their determination. The majority of the references that have been reviewed are from the last decade. Although efforts towards the application of eco-friendly non-conventional extraction methods have been made, the use of conventional solvent extraction is mainly applied. The major analytical techniques employed for the qualitative and quantitative analysis of isothiocyanates and indoles are high-performance liquid chromatography and gas chromatography coupled with or without mass spectrometry detection. Nevertheless, the analytical determination of isothiocyanates presents several problems due to their instability and the absence of chromophores, making the simultaneous determination of isothiocyanates and indoles a challenging task.

scholarly journals Reviewing the Analytical Methodologies to Determine the Occurrence of Citrinin and Its Major Metabolite, Dihydrocitrinone, in Human Biological Fluids

Molecules ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 25 (12) ◽  
pp. 2906
Author(s):  
Liliana Silva ◽  
André Pereira ◽  
Sofia Duarte ◽  
Angelina Pena ◽  
Celeste Lino
Keyword(s):  
Liquid Chromatography ◽  
Human Exposure ◽  
High Performance ◽  
Biological Fluids ◽  
Parent Compound ◽  
Analytical Techniques ◽  
Reliable Estimate ◽  
Biomarkers Of Exposure ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Pre Treatment

Until now, the available data regarding citrinin (CIT) levels in food and the consumption of contaminated foods are insufficient to allow a reliable estimate of intake. Therefore, biomonitoring configuring analysis of parent compound and/or metabolites in biological fluids, such as urine or blood, is being increasingly applied in the assessment of human exposure to CIT and its metabolite, dihydrocitrinone (DH-CIT). Most studies report urinary levels lower for the parent compound when compared with DH-CIT. A high variability either in the mean levels or in the inter-individual ratios of CIT/DH-CIT between the reported studies has been found. Levels of DH-CIT in urine were reported as being comprised between three to seventeen times higher than the parent mycotoxin. In order to comply with this objective, sensitive analytical methodologies for determining biomarkers of exposure are required. Recent development of powerful analytical techniques, namely liquid chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) and ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography (UHPLC-MS/MS) have facilitated biomonitoring studies, mainly in urine samples. In the present work, evidence on human exposure to CIT through its occurrence and its metabolite, in biological fluids, urine and blood/plasma, in different countries, is reviewed. The analytical methodologies usually employed to evaluate trace quantities of these two molecules, are also presented. In this sense, relevant data on sampling (size and pre-treatment), extraction, cleanup and detection and quantification techniques and respective chromatographic conditions, as well as the analytical performance, are evidenced.

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