scholarly journals Porphyrin/Chlorin Derivatives as Promising Molecules for Therapy of Colorectal Cancer

Molecules ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 26 (23) ◽  
pp. 7268
Author(s):  
Fatima Dandash ◽  
David Y. Leger ◽  
Mona Diab-Assaf ◽  
Vincent Sol ◽  
Bertrand Liagre
Keyword(s):  
Colorectal Cancer ◽  
Photodynamic Therapy ◽  
Side Effects ◽  
Cancer Cells ◽  
The Other ◽  
Therapeutic Approaches ◽  
New Therapeutic Approaches ◽  
Porphyrin Derivatives ◽  
Chemotherapeutic Activity ◽  
Anticancer Treatment

Colorectal cancer (CRC) is a leading cause of cancer-related death. The demand for new therapeutic approaches has increased attention paid toward therapies with high targeting efficiency, improved selectivity and few side effects. Porphyrins are powerful molecules with exceptional properties and multifunctional uses, and their special affinity to cancer cells makes them the ligands par excellence for anticancer drugs. Porphyrin derivatives are used as the most important photosensitizers (PSs) for photodynamic therapy (PDT), which is a promising approach for anticancer treatment. Nevertheless, the lack of solubility and selectivity of the large majority of these macrocycles led to the development of different photosensitizer complexes. In addition, targeting agents or nanoparticles were used to increase the efficiency of these macrocycles for PDT applications. On the other hand, gold tetrapyrrolic macrocycles alone showed very interesting chemotherapeutic activity without PDT. In this review, we discuss the most important porphyrin derivatives, alone or associated with other drugs, which have been found effective against CRC, as we describe their modifications and developments through substitutions and delivery systems.

Selective aggregation of zinc phthalocyanines in the skin

2000 ◽  
Vol 04 (03) ◽  
pp. 278-284 ◽  
Author(s):  
KENJI TABATA ◽  
KAORU FUKUSHIMA ◽  
KAZUO ODA ◽  
ICHIRO OKURA
Keyword(s):  
Photodynamic Therapy ◽  
Side Effects ◽  
Bovine Serum Albumin ◽  
Low Density Lipoprotein ◽  
Density Lipoprotein ◽  
The Other ◽  
Low Density ◽  
Monomeric Form ◽  
Zinc Phthalocyanines ◽  
Selective Aggregation

In photodynamic therapy it is important to avoid undesirable side effects caused by photodynamic reactions with accumulated photosensitizers, especially in the skin. Although phthalocyanine monomers can serve as photosensitizers, aggregated phthalocyanines are inactive. In this study the aggregations of five zinc phthalocyanines (MSPc, TSPc, TX-101A, TX-105A and TX-106A) in the skin and in the tumor are compared. Every phthalocyanine was more dissociated in the tumor than in the skin. In particular, TX-101A and TX-106A remained in monomeric form in the tumor but were aggregated in the skin. The aggregation effects of phthalocyanines in organic solvents and biological materials were also investigated. These phthalocyanines were aggregated in water and ethanol and also by the addition of bovine serum albumin and ghosts of red cells. On the other hand, they were dissociated in propanol and also by the addition of low-density lipoprotein. It was found that the dissociation of these phthalocyanines depended strongly on the polarity of the solvents and on the biological microenvironment.

scholarly journals Immunotoxins Immunotherapy against Hepatocellular Carcinoma: A Promising Prospect

Toxins ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (10) ◽  
pp. 719
Author(s):  
Mohammad Heiat ◽  
Hamid Hashemi Yeganeh ◽  
Seyed Moayed Alavian ◽  
Ehsan Rezaie
Keyword(s):  
Hepatocellular Carcinoma ◽  
Side Effects ◽  
Liver Cancer ◽  
Cancer Cells ◽  
Treatment Strategy ◽  
High Efficiency ◽  
The Other ◽  
Cross Resistance ◽  
Chemotherapy Drugs ◽  
The World

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is one of the most common cancers in the world. Therefore, fighting against such cancer is reasonable. Chemotherapy drugs are sometimes inefficient and often accompanied by undesirable side effects for patients. On the other hand, the emergence of chemoresistant HCC emphasizes the need for a new high-efficiency treatment strategy. Immunotoxins are armed and rigorous targeting agents that can purposefully kill cancer cells. Unlike traditional chemotherapeutics, immunotoxins because of targeted toxicity, insignificant cross-resistance, easy production, and other favorable properties can be ideal candidates against HCC. In this review, the characteristics of proper HCC-specific biomarkers for immunotoxin targeting were dissected. After that, the first to last immunotoxins developed for the treatment of liver cancer were discussed. So, by reviewing the strengths and weaknesses of these immunotoxins, we attempted to provide keynotes for designing an optimal immunotoxin against HCC.

scholarly journals Molecular Pathogenesis of Colorectal Cancer with an Emphasis on Recent Advances in Biomarkers, as Well as Nanotechnology-Based Diagnostic and Therapeutic Approaches

Nanomaterials ◽  
2022 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 169
Author(s):  
Fakhria A. Al-Joufi ◽  
Aseem Setia ◽  
Mounir M. Salem-Bekhit ◽  
Ram Kumar Sahu ◽  
Fulwah Y. Alqahtani ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Colorectal Cancer ◽  
Cancer Cells ◽  
Conceptual Knowledge ◽  
Water Solubility ◽  
Diagnostic Techniques ◽  
Molecular Pathogenesis ◽  
Colorectal Adenomas ◽  
Screening Methods ◽  
Therapeutic Approaches ◽  
Early Cancer Diagnosis

Colorectal cancer (CRC) is a serious disease that affects millions of people throughout the world, despite considerable advances in therapy. The formation of colorectal adenomas and invasive adenocarcinomas is the consequence of a succession of genetic and epigenetic changes in the normal colonic epithelium. Genetic and epigenetic processes associated with the onset, development, and metastasis of sporadic CRC have been studied in depth, resulting in identifying biomarkers that might be used to predict behaviour and prognosis beyond staging and influence therapeutic options. A novel biomarker, or a group of biomarkers, must be discovered in order to build an accurate and clinically useful test that may be used as an alternative to conventional methods for the early detection of CRC and to identify prospective new therapeutic intervention targets. To minimise the mortality burden of colorectal cancer, new screening methods with higher accuracy and nano-based diagnostic precision are needed. Cytotoxic medication has negative side effects and is restricted by medication resistance. One of the most promising cancer treatment techniques is the use of nano-based carrier system as a medication delivery mechanism. To deliver cytotoxic medicines, targeted nanoparticles might take advantage of differently expressed molecules on the surface of cancer cells. The use of different compounds as ligands on the surface of nanoparticles to interact with cancer cells, enabling the efficient delivery of antitumor medicines. Formulations based on nanoparticles might aid in early cancer diagnosis and help to overcome the limitations of traditional treatments, including low water solubility, nonspecific biodistribution, and restricted bioavailability. This article addresses about the molecular pathogenesis of CRC and highlights about biomarkers. It also provides conceptual knowledge of nanotechnology-based diagnostic techniques and therapeutic approaches for malignant colorectal cancer.

scholarly journals Lack of consideration of sex and gender in clinical trials for COVID-19

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Emer Brady ◽  
Mathias Wullum Nielsen ◽  
Jens Peter Andersen ◽  
Sabine Oertelt-Prigione
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Trials ◽  
Side Effects ◽  
Sex And Gender ◽  
Therapeutic Approaches ◽  
Planning Stage ◽  
New Therapeutic Approaches ◽  
Analysis Phase ◽  
Potential Risks ◽  
And Gender ◽  
Sex And Gender Differences

Sex and gender differences impact the incidence of SARS-CoV-2 infection and COVID-19 mortality. Furthermore, sex differences characterize the frequency and severity of pharmacological side effects. A large number of clinical trials are ongoing to develop new therapeutic approaches and vaccines for COVID-19. We investigated the inclusion of sex and/or gender in currently registered studies on ClinicalTrials.gov. Only 416 (16.7%) of the 2,484 registered SARS-CoV-2/COVID-19 trials mention sex/gender as recruitment criterion and only 103 (4.1%) allude to sex/gender in the description of the analysis phase. None of the 11 clinical trials published in scientific journals on June 2020 reported sex-disaggregated results. Hence, lack of consideration upon registration does not seem to be corrected during trial execution and reporting. Given the biological relevance and the potential risks of unwanted side effects, we urge researchers to focus on sex-disaggregated analyses already at the planning stage of COVID-19 trials.

scholarly journals Possible Enhancement of Photodynamic Therapy (PDT) Colorectal Cancer Treatment when Combined with Cannabidiol

2020 ◽  
Vol 21 (2) ◽  
pp. 137-148 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nkune W. Nkune ◽  
Cherie A. Kruger ◽  
Heidi Abrahamse
Keyword(s):  
Colorectal Cancer ◽  
Photodynamic Therapy ◽  
Side Effects ◽  
Cannabis Sativa ◽  
Immune Therapy ◽  
Surgical Excision ◽  
Therapy Resistance ◽  
Treatment Modalities ◽  
Secondary Spread ◽  
Tumour Metastasis

: Colorectal cancer (CRC) has a high mortality rate and is one of the most difficult diseases to manage due to tumour resistance and metastasis. The treatment of choice for CRC is reliant on the phase and time of diagnosis. Despite several conventional treatments available to treat CRC (surgical excision, chemo-, radiation- and immune-therapy), resistance is a major challenge, especially if it has metastasized. Additionally, these treatments often cause unwanted adverse side effects and so it remains imperative to investigate, alternative combination therapies. Photodynamic Therapy (PDT) is a promising treatment modality for the primary treatment of CRC, since it is non-invasive, has few side effects and selectively damages only cancerous tissues, leaving adjacent healthy structures intact. PDT involves three fundamentals: a Photosensitizer (PS) drug localized in tumour tissues, oxygen and light. Upon PS excitation using a specific wavelength of light, an energy transfer cascade occurs, that ultimately yields cytotoxic species, which in turn induces cell death. Cannabidiol (CBD) is a cannabinoid compound derived from the Cannabis sativa plant, which is found to exert anticancer effects on CRC through different pathways, inducing apoptosis and so inhibits tumour metastasis and secondary spread. This review paper highlights current conventional treatment modalities for CRC and their limitations, as well as discusses the necessitation for further investigation into unconventional active nanoparticle targeting PDT treatments for enhanced primary CRC treatment. This can be administered in combination with CBD, to prevent CRC secondary spread and so enhance the synergistic efficacy of CRC treatment outcomes, with less side effects.

scholarly journals Special Issue on Molecular and Translational Research on Colorectal Cancer 2.0

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (14) ◽  
pp. 7479
Author(s):  
Alessandro Passardi ◽  
Emanuela Scarpi ◽  
Paola Ulivi
Keyword(s):  
Colorectal Cancer ◽  
Translational Research ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Prognostic Biomarkers ◽  
Special Issue ◽  
Therapeutic Approaches ◽  
New Targets ◽  
Scientific Papers ◽  
Anticancer Treatment ◽  
New Strategies

The present editorial aims to summarise the six scientific papers that have contributed to this Special Issue, focusing on different aspects of molecular and translational research on colorectal cancer. We believe that the present Special Issue might contribute to the expansion of the current knowledge concerning potential molecular predictive and/or prognostic biomarkers in CRC, as well as new targets for anticancer treatment. This may help in identifying new strategies to improve diagnostic and therapeutic approaches.

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