scholarly journals Possible Enhancement of Photodynamic Therapy (PDT) Colorectal Cancer Treatment when Combined with Cannabidiol

2020 ◽  
Vol 21 (2) ◽  
pp. 137-148 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nkune W. Nkune ◽  
Cherie A. Kruger ◽  
Heidi Abrahamse
Keyword(s):  
Colorectal Cancer ◽  
Photodynamic Therapy ◽  
Side Effects ◽  
Cannabis Sativa ◽  
Immune Therapy ◽  
Surgical Excision ◽  
Therapy Resistance ◽  
Treatment Modalities ◽  
Secondary Spread ◽  
Tumour Metastasis

: Colorectal cancer (CRC) has a high mortality rate and is one of the most difficult diseases to manage due to tumour resistance and metastasis. The treatment of choice for CRC is reliant on the phase and time of diagnosis. Despite several conventional treatments available to treat CRC (surgical excision, chemo-, radiation- and immune-therapy), resistance is a major challenge, especially if it has metastasized. Additionally, these treatments often cause unwanted adverse side effects and so it remains imperative to investigate, alternative combination therapies. Photodynamic Therapy (PDT) is a promising treatment modality for the primary treatment of CRC, since it is non-invasive, has few side effects and selectively damages only cancerous tissues, leaving adjacent healthy structures intact. PDT involves three fundamentals: a Photosensitizer (PS) drug localized in tumour tissues, oxygen and light. Upon PS excitation using a specific wavelength of light, an energy transfer cascade occurs, that ultimately yields cytotoxic species, which in turn induces cell death. Cannabidiol (CBD) is a cannabinoid compound derived from the Cannabis sativa plant, which is found to exert anticancer effects on CRC through different pathways, inducing apoptosis and so inhibits tumour metastasis and secondary spread. This review paper highlights current conventional treatment modalities for CRC and their limitations, as well as discusses the necessitation for further investigation into unconventional active nanoparticle targeting PDT treatments for enhanced primary CRC treatment. This can be administered in combination with CBD, to prevent CRC secondary spread and so enhance the synergistic efficacy of CRC treatment outcomes, with less side effects.

scholarly journals KRAS-IRF2 Axis Drives Immune Suppression and Immune Therapy Resistance in Colorectal Cancer

Cancer Cell ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 35 (4) ◽  
pp. 559-572.e7 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wenting Liao ◽  
Michael J. Overman ◽  
Adam T. Boutin ◽  
Xiaoying Shang ◽  
Di Zhao ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Colorectal Cancer ◽  
Immune Suppression ◽  
Immune Therapy ◽  
Therapy Resistance

Head and Neck Cancer Treatments from Chemotherapy to Magnetic Systems: Perspectives and Challenges

2021 ◽  
Vol 14 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nathali R B de Lima ◽  
Fernando G de Souza Junior ◽  
Valérie G Roullin ◽  
Kaushik Pal ◽  
Nathalia D da Silva
Keyword(s):  
Head And Neck Cancer ◽  
Photodynamic Therapy ◽  
Side Effects ◽  
Head And Neck ◽  
Neck Cancer ◽  
Surgical Excision ◽  
Alternative Therapies ◽  
Malignant Neoplasms ◽  
Active Components ◽  
Therapeutic Modalities

Background: Cancer is one of the diseases causing society’s fears as a stigma of death and pain. Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma (HNSCC) is a group of malignant neoplasms of different locations in this region of the human body. It is one of the leading causes of morbidity and mortality in Brazil, because these malignant neoplasias, in most cases, are diagnosed in late phases. Surgical excision, chemotherapy and radiotherapy encompass the forefront of antineoplastic therapy; however, the numerous side effects associated with these therapeutic modalities are well known. Some treatments present enough potential to help or replace conventional treatments, such as Magnetic Hyperthermia and Photodynamic Therapy. Such approaches require the development of new materials at the nanoscale, able to carry out the loading of their active components while presenting characteristics of biocompatibility mandatory for biomedical applications. Objective: This work aims to make a bibliographical review of HNSCC treatments. Recent techniques proven effective in other types of cancer were highlighted and raised discussion and reflections on current methods and possibilities of enhancing the treatment of HNSCC. Method: The study was based on a bibliometric research between the years 2008 and 2019 using the following keywords: Cancer, Head and Neck Cancer, Chemotherapy, Radiotherapy, Photodynamic Therapy, and Hyperthermia. Results: A total of 5.151.725 articles were found, 3.712.670 about cancer, 175.470 on Head and Neck Cancer, 398.736 on Radiotherapy, 760.497 on Chemotherapy, 53.830 on Hyperthermia, and 50.522 on Photodynamic Therapy. Conclusion: The analysis shows that there is still much room for expanding research, especially for alternative therapies since most of the studies still focus on conventional treatments and on the quest to overcome their side effects. The scientific community needs to keep looking for more effective therapies generating fewer side effects for the patient. Currently, the so-called alternative therapies are being used in combination with the conventional ones, but the association of these new therapies shows great potential, in other types of cancer, to improve the treatment efficacy.

scholarly journals Enhancing Breast Cancer Treatment Using a Combination of Cannabidiol and Gold Nanoparticles for Photodynamic Therapy

2019 ◽  
Vol 20 (19) ◽  
pp. 4771 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dimakatso R. Mokoena ◽  
Blassan P. George ◽  
Heidi Abrahamse
Keyword(s):  
Breast Cancer ◽  
Photodynamic Therapy ◽  
Side Effects ◽  
Cancer Treatment ◽  
Gold Nanoparticle ◽  
Cannabis Sativa ◽  
Minimal Risk ◽  
Positive Effects ◽  
Immunological Factors

Indisputably, cancer is a global crisis that requires immediate intervention. Despite the use of conventional treatments over the past decades, it is acceptable to admit that these are expensive, invasive, associated with many side effects and, therefore, a reduced quality of life. One of the most possible solutions to this could be the use of gold nanoparticle (AuNP) conjugated photodynamic therapy (PDT) in combination with cannabidiol (CBD), a Cannabis derivative from the Cannabis sativa. Since the use of Cannabis has always been associated with recreation and psychoactive qualities, the positive effects of Cannabis or its derivatives on cancer treatment have been misunderstood and hence misinterpreted. On the other hand, AuNP-PDT is the most favoured form of treatment for cancer, due to its augmented specificity and minimal risk of side effects compared to conventional treatments. However, its use requires the consideration of several physical, biologic, pharmacologic and immunological factors, which may hinder its effectiveness if not taken into consideration. In this review, the role of gold nanoparticle mediated PDT combined with CBD treatment on breast cancer cells will be deliberated.

Management of congenital subglottic hemangioma: Trends and success over the past 17 years

2005 ◽  
Vol 132 (2) ◽  
pp. 226-231 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mohamed A. Bitar ◽  
Roger V. Moukarbel ◽  
George H. Zalzal
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Side Effects ◽  
Success Rate ◽  
Study Design ◽  
Complication Rate ◽  
Carbon Dioxide Laser ◽  
Treatment Options ◽  
Surgical Excision ◽  
Treatment Modalities ◽  
The Past

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the success and complications of various treatment options of congenital subglottic hemangioma. STUDY DESIGN AND SETTINGS: Reported cases were grouped by treatment modalities and corresponding outcome evaluated. RESULTS: From 1986 through 2002, 372 patients were reported in 28 series. Carbon dioxide laser had 88.9% success rate yet 5.5 % significant subglottic stenosis. It shortened the tracheotomy duration by 13.7 months. Corticosteroids were not that beneficial (useful in only 24.5%) with 12.9% side effects. Intralesional corticosteroids were successful in 86.4% with 5.6% complication rate. Surgical excision (as young as 2.5 months), was useful in 98% with 10% complication rate, using cartilage grafts in 34%. Other modalities were less popular. CONCLUSION: Treatment should be individualized. Guidelines are suggested. Priority is given to secure the airways. The CO2 laser is useful when used cautiously. Steroids may be beneficial. Excision is for stubborn cases.

scholarly journals Porphyrin/Chlorin Derivatives as Promising Molecules for Therapy of Colorectal Cancer

Molecules ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 26 (23) ◽  
pp. 7268
Author(s):  
Fatima Dandash ◽  
David Y. Leger ◽  
Mona Diab-Assaf ◽  
Vincent Sol ◽  
Bertrand Liagre
Keyword(s):  
Colorectal Cancer ◽  
Photodynamic Therapy ◽  
Side Effects ◽  
Cancer Cells ◽  
The Other ◽  
Therapeutic Approaches ◽  
New Therapeutic Approaches ◽  
Porphyrin Derivatives ◽  
Chemotherapeutic Activity ◽  
Anticancer Treatment

Colorectal cancer (CRC) is a leading cause of cancer-related death. The demand for new therapeutic approaches has increased attention paid toward therapies with high targeting efficiency, improved selectivity and few side effects. Porphyrins are powerful molecules with exceptional properties and multifunctional uses, and their special affinity to cancer cells makes them the ligands par excellence for anticancer drugs. Porphyrin derivatives are used as the most important photosensitizers (PSs) for photodynamic therapy (PDT), which is a promising approach for anticancer treatment. Nevertheless, the lack of solubility and selectivity of the large majority of these macrocycles led to the development of different photosensitizer complexes. In addition, targeting agents or nanoparticles were used to increase the efficiency of these macrocycles for PDT applications. On the other hand, gold tetrapyrrolic macrocycles alone showed very interesting chemotherapeutic activity without PDT. In this review, we discuss the most important porphyrin derivatives, alone or associated with other drugs, which have been found effective against CRC, as we describe their modifications and developments through substitutions and delivery systems.

scholarly journals Photodynamic Therapy with Zinc Phthalocyanine Inhibits the Stemness and Development of Colorectal Cancer: Time to Overcome the Challenging Barriers?

Molecules ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 26 (22) ◽  
pp. 6877
Author(s):  
Mahsa Gholizadeh ◽  
Mohammad Amin Doustvandi ◽  
Fateme Mohammadnejad ◽  
Mahdi Abdoli Shadbad ◽  
Habib Tajalli ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Colorectal Cancer ◽  
Photodynamic Therapy ◽  
Cancer Therapy ◽  
Therapy Resistance ◽  
Zinc Phthalocyanine ◽  
Apoptosis Pathway ◽  
Intrinsic Apoptosis Pathway ◽  
Sw480 Cells ◽  
Tumoral Cells

Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is a light-based cancer therapy approach that has shown promising results in treating various malignancies. Growing evidence indicates that cancer stem cells (CSCs) are implicated in tumor recurrence, metastasis, and cancer therapy resistance in colorectal cancer (CRC); thus, targeting these cells can ameliorate the prognosis of affected patients. Based on our bioinformatics results, SOX2 overexpression is significantly associated with inferior disease-specific survival and worsened the progression-free interval of CRC patients. Our results demonstrate that zinc phthalocyanine (ZnPc)-PDT with 12 J/cm2 or 24 J/cm2 irradiation can substantially decrease tumor migration via downregulating MMP9 and ROCK1 and inhibit the clonogenicity of SW480 cells via downregulating CD44 and SOX2. Despite inhibiting clonogenicity, ZnPc-PDT with 12 J/cm2 irradiation fails to downregulate CD44 expression in SW480 cells. Our results indicate that ZnPc-PDT with 12 J/cm2 or 24 J/cm2 irradiation can substantially reduce the cell viability of SW480 cells and stimulate autophagy in the tumoral cells. Moreover, our results show that ZnPc-PDT with 12 J/cm2 or 24 J/cm2 irradiation can substantially arrest the cell cycle at the sub-G1 level, stimulate the intrinsic apoptosis pathway via upregulating caspase-3 and caspase-9 and downregulating Bcl-2. Indeed, our bioinformatics results show considerable interactions between the studied CSC-related genes with the studied migration- and apoptosis-related genes. Collectively, the current study highlights the potential role of ZnPc-PDT in inhibiting stemness and CRC development, which can ameliorate the prognosis of CRC patients.

scholarly journals Calcium Signalling in Medulloblastoma: An In Silico Analysis of the Expression of Calcium Regulating Genes in Patient Samples

Genes ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (9) ◽  
pp. 1329
Author(s):  
Ahmed Maklad ◽  
Mohammed Sedeeq ◽  
Michael J. G. Milevskiy ◽  
Iman Azimi
Keyword(s):  
Calcium Signalling ◽  
Treatment Strategies ◽  
In Silico Analysis ◽  
Therapy Resistance ◽  
Treatment Modalities ◽  
Malignant Brain Tumour ◽  
Tumour Metastasis ◽  
Regulator Genes ◽  
New Treatment ◽  
Silico Analysis

Dysregulation in calcium signalling is implicated in several cancer-associated processes, including cell proliferation, migration, invasion and therapy resistance. Modulators of specific calcium-regulating proteins have been proposed as promising future therapeutic agents for some cancers. Alterations in calcium signalling have been extensively studied in some cancers; however, this area of research is highly underexplored in medulloblastoma (MB), the most common paediatric malignant brain tumour. Current MB treatment modalities are not completely effective and can result in several long-lasting mental complications. Hence, new treatment strategies are needed. In this study, we sought to probe the landscape of calcium signalling regulators to uncover those most likely to be involved in MB tumours. We investigated the expression of calcium signalling regulator genes in MB patients using publicly available datasets. We stratified the expression level of these genes with MB molecular subgroups, tumour metastasis and patient survival to uncover correlations with clinical features. Of particular interest was CACNA1 genes, in which we were able to show a developmentally-driven change in expression within the cerebellum, MB’s tissue of origin, highlighting a potential influence on tumour incidence. This study lays a platform for future investigations into molecular regulators of calcium signalling in MB formation and progression.

scholarly journals Immune-Modulating Effects of Conventional Therapies in Colorectal Cancer

Cancers ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (8) ◽  
pp. 2193
Author(s):  
Erta Kalanxhi ◽  
Sebastian Meltzer ◽  
Anne Hansen Ree
Keyword(s):  
Colorectal Cancer ◽  
Immune Therapy ◽  
Standard Of Care ◽  
Cytotoxic Agents ◽  
Treatment Modalities ◽  
New Developments ◽  
Adaptive Immune ◽  
Small Subgroup ◽  
Tumor Dissemination

Biological heterogeneity and low inherent immunogenicity are two features that greatly impact therapeutic management and outcome in colorectal cancer. Despite high local control rates, systemic tumor dissemination remains the main cause of treatment failure and stresses the need for new developments in combined-modality approaches. While the role of adaptive immune responses in a small subgroup of colorectal tumors with inherent immunogenicity is indisputable, the challenge remains in identifying the optimal synergy between conventional treatment modalities and immune therapy for the majority of the less immunogenic cases. In this context, cytotoxic agents such as radiation and certain chemotherapeutics can be utilized to enhance the immunogenicity of an otherwise immunologically silent disease and enable responsiveness to immune therapy. In this review, we explore the immunological characteristics of colorectal cancer, the effects that standard-of-care treatments have on the immune system, and the opportunities arising from combining immune checkpoint-blocking therapy with immune-modulating conventional treatments.

scholarly journals Mechanism of Apoptosis Induced by Curcumin in Colorectal Cancer

2019 ◽  
Vol 20 (10) ◽  
pp. 2454 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nor Isnida Ismail ◽  
Iekhsan Othman ◽  
Faridah Abas ◽  
Nordin H. Lajis ◽  
Rakesh Naidu
Keyword(s):  
Colorectal Cancer ◽  
Side Effects ◽  
Signaling Pathways ◽  
Cancer Progression ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Current Treatment ◽  
Treatment Modalities ◽  
Ancient Medicine ◽  
Colorectal Cancer Progression ◽  
Apoptosis Regulation

Colorectal cancer (CRC) is among the top three cancer with higher incident and mortality rate worldwide. It is estimated that about over than 1.1 million of death and 2.2 million new cases by the year 2030. The current treatment modalities with the usage of chemo drugs such as FOLFOX and FOLFIRI, surgery and radiotherapy, which are usually accompanied with major side effects, are rarely cured along with poor survival rate and at higher recurrence outcome. This trigger the needs of exploring new natural compounds with anti-cancer properties which possess fewer side effects. Curcumin, a common spice used in ancient medicine was found to induce apoptosis by targeting various molecules and signaling pathways involved in CRC. Disruption of the homeostatic balance between cell proliferation and apoptosis could be one of the promoting factors in colorectal cancer progression. In this review, we describe the current knowledge of apoptosis regulation by curcumin in CRC with regard to molecular targets and associated signaling pathways.

Abstract B52: KRAS-IRF2 axis drives immune suppression and immune therapy resistance in colorectal cancer

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wenting Liao ◽  
Michael Overman ◽  
Adam Boutin ◽  
Scott Kopetz ◽  
Ron DePinho ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Colorectal Cancer ◽  
Immune Suppression ◽  
Immune Therapy ◽  
Therapy Resistance
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