scholarly journals Sorption and Textural Properties of Activated Carbon Derived from Charred Beech Wood

Molecules ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 26 (24) ◽  
pp. 7604
Author(s):  
Michal Zgrzebnicki ◽  
Agnieszka Kałamaga ◽  
Rafal Wrobel
Keyword(s):  
Activated Carbon ◽  
Carbon Materials ◽  
Beech Wood ◽  
Textural Properties ◽  
Inert Atmosphere ◽  
Activation Process ◽  
Porous Structures ◽  
Activation Time ◽  
High Sorption ◽  
N2 Sorption

The aim of this study was to prepare activated carbon materials with different porous structures. For this purpose, the biomass precursor, beech wood, was carbonized in an inert atmosphere, and the obtained charcoal was physically activated using carbon dioxide at 1273 K. Different porous structures were obtained by controlling the time of the activation process. Prepared materials were characterized in terms of textural (N2 sorption at 77 K), structural (XRD), and sorption properties (CO2, C2H4, C4H10). The shortest activation time resulted in a mostly microporous structure, which provided a high sorption of CO2. Increasing the activation time led to an increasing of the pores’ diameters. Therefore, the highest ethene uptake was obtained for the material with an intermediate activation time, while the highest butane uptake was obtained for the material with the highest activation time.

Adsorptive Removal of Pb(II) Ion from Aqueous Solution Using Rice Husk-Based Activated Carbon

2014 ◽  
Vol 875-877 ◽  
pp. 196-201 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mohd Faisal Taha ◽  
Ahmad S. Rosman ◽  
Maizatul S. Shaharun
Keyword(s):  
Aqueous Solution ◽  
Activated Carbon ◽  
Rice Husk ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Chemical Activation ◽  
Textural Properties ◽  
Activation Process ◽  
Adsorption Studies ◽  
Three Samples ◽  
Equilibrium Data

The potential of rice husk-based activated carbon as an alternative low-cost adsorbent for the removal of Pb (II) ion from aqueous solution was investigated. Rice husk-based activated carbon was preparedviachemical activation process using NaOH followed by the carbonization process at 500°C. Morphological analysis was conducted using field-emission scanning electron microscope /energy dispersive X-ray (FESEM/EDX) on three samples, i.e. raw rice husk, rice husk treated with NaOH and rice husk-based activated carbon. These three samples were also analyzed for their C, H, N, O and Si contents using CHN elemental analyzer and FESEM/EDX. The textural properties of rice husk-based activated carbon, i.e. surface area (253 m2/g) and pore volume (0.17 cm2/g), were determined by N2adsorption. The adsorption studies using rice husk-based activated carbon as an adsorbent to remove Pb (II) ion from aqueous solution were carried out at a fixed initial concentration of Pb (II) ion (150 ppm) with varying adsorbent dose as a function of contact time at room temperature. The concentration of Pb (II) ion was determined by atomic absorption spectrophotometer (AAS). The removal of Pb (II) ion from aqueous solution increased from 35 % to 82 % when the amount of rice husk-based activated carbon was increased from 0.05 g to 0.30 g. The equilibrium data obtained from adsorption studies was found to fit both Langmuir and Freundlich adsorption isotherms.

Pembuatan Karbon Aktif dari Limbah Plastik PET (Polyethylene terephthalate) Menggunakan Aktivator KOH

METANA ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 17 (2) ◽  
pp. 61-68
Author(s):  
Syarifuddin Oko ◽  
Mustafa Mustafa ◽  
Andri Kurniawan ◽  
Lintang Norfitria
Keyword(s):  
Activated Carbon ◽  
Chemical Activation ◽  
Volatile Matter ◽  
Plastic Waste ◽  
Physical Activation ◽  
Activation Process ◽  
Activation Time ◽  
Physical Chemical ◽  
Time Variations ◽  
Constituent Elements

 Pengunaan plastik setiap hari mengakibatkan terjadinya penumpukan sampah plastik yang dapat mencemari lingkungan dan menjadi salah satu masalah serius yang harus ditangani karena plastik tidak dapat terdegradasi. Plastik merupakan senyawa yang unsur penyusun utamanya adalah karbon dan hidrogen. Sehingga limbah plastik berpotensi sebagai pembuatan karbon aktif dan akan membuat limbah plastik menjadi lebih bermanfaat. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh konsentrasi aktivator dan waktu aktivasi terhadap proses aktivasi fisika kimia sehingga menghasilkan produk karbon aktif yang sesuai dengan SNI 06-3730-1995. Plastik PET terlebih dahulu dikarbonasi pada temperatur 480oC selama 2 jam menggunakan furnace hingga membentuk arang. Lalu, direndam dalam aseton selama 24 jam. Setelah itu disaring dan dikeringkan menggunakan oven pada temperatur 110oC selama 3 jam dan dilanjutkan dengan proses aktivasi fisika pada temperatur 750oC selama 2 jam. Karbon yang telah teraktivasi fisika selanjutnya diaktivasi secara kimia dengan menggunakan KOH konsentrasi 1 M, 2 M, 3 M, dan 4M dengan variasi waktu  2 jam dan 4 jam. Diperoleh hasil terbaik yaitu pada karbon aktif dengan konsentrasi KOH 4 M dan waktu aktivasi 2 jam dengan nilai daya serap iod sebesar 980,17 mg/g, kadar abu 0,28%, kadar air 7,55%, dan kadar volatile matter 3,47%. Karbon aktif yang diperoleh telah memenuhi SNI 06-3730-1995.The use of plastic every day results in the accumulation of plastic waste that can pollute the environment and was a serious problem that must be addressed because plastic cannot be degraded. Plastic was a compound whose main constituent elements were carbon and hydrogen. So that plastic waste has the potential to produce activated carbon and will make plastic waste more useful. This study aims to determine the effect of activator concentration and activation time on the physical-chemical activation process so as to produce activated carbon products in accordance with SNI 06-3730-1995. PET plastik was first carbonated at a temperature of 480oC for 2 hours using a furnace to form charcoal. Then, soaked in acetone for 24 hours. After that it was filtered and dried using an oven at a temperature of 110oC for 3 hours and continued with the physical activation process at a temperature of 750oC for 2 hours. The physically activated carbon was then chemically activated using KOH concentrations of 1 M, 2 M, 3 M, and 4 M with time variations of 2 hours and 4 hours. The best results were obtained on activated carbon with a concentration of KOH 4 M and an activation time of 2 hours with an iodine absorption value of 980.17 mg/g, 0.28% ash content, 7.55% water content, and volatile matter levels 3,47%. Activated carbon obtained has complied with SNI 06-3730-1995.

scholarly journals Highly Selective CO2 Capture on Waste Polyurethane Foam-Based Activated Carbon

Processes ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 7 (9) ◽  
pp. 592 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chao Ge ◽  
Dandan Lian ◽  
Shaopeng Cui ◽  
Jie Gao ◽  
Jianjun Lu
Keyword(s):  
Activated Carbon ◽  
Polyurethane Foam ◽  
Co2 Capture ◽  
Carbon Materials ◽  
Activated Carbons ◽  
Chemical Activation ◽  
Physical Activation ◽  
Activation Process ◽  
Co2 Uptake ◽  
High Co2

Low-cost activated carbons were prepared from waste polyurethane foam by physical activation with CO2 for the first time and chemical activation with Ca(OH)2, NaOH, or KOH. The activation conditions were optimized to produce microporous carbons with high CO2 adsorption capacity and CO2/N2 selectivity. The sample prepared by physical activation showed CO2/N2 selectivity of up to 24, much higher than that of chemical activation. This is mainly due to the narrower microporosity and the rich N content produced during the physical activation process. However, physical activation samples showed inferior textural properties compared to chemical activation samples and led to a lower CO2 uptake of 3.37 mmol·g−1 at 273 K. Porous carbons obtained by chemical activation showed a high CO2 uptake of 5.85 mmol·g−1 at 273 K, comparable to the optimum activated carbon materials prepared from other wastes. This is mainly attributed to large volumes of ultra-micropores (<1 nm) up to 0.212 cm3·g−1 and a high surface area of 1360 m2·g−1. Furthermore, in consideration of the presence of fewer contaminants, lower weight losses of physical activation samples, and the excellent recyclability of both physical- and chemical-activated samples, the waste polyurethane foam-based carbon materials exhibited potential application prospects in CO2 capture.

scholarly journals Influence of Fluorine Doping of Activated Carbon Fibers on Their Water Vapor Adsorption Characteristics

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Leticia F. Velasco ◽  
Kyung Hoon Kim ◽  
Young-Seak Lee ◽  
Peter Lodewyckx
Keyword(s):  
Activated Carbon ◽  
Carbon Fibers ◽  
Water Sorption ◽  
Carbon Materials ◽  
Fluorine Content ◽  
Textural Properties ◽  
Sorption Process ◽  
Water Vapor Adsorption ◽  
Activated Carbon Fiber ◽  
And Performance

The characterization of fluorinated carbon fibers by water sorption has been broadly investigated in this work. In brief, a pitch-based activated carbon fiber (ACF) was submitted to a fluorination process under different conditions of partial pressure (F2:N2 ratio) and temperature. This led to samples with varied fluorine content and C-F type bonding. The effect of the fluorination treatment on the textural properties of the ACF was studied by means of nitrogen and carbon dioxide adsorption at −196 and 0°C, respectively, while the changes induced in the surface chemistry of the materials were analyzed by XPS. Also, the affinity and stability of the materials toward water was evaluated by single and cycling isotherms. The obtained results show that a mild fluorination not only can preserve most of the textural properties of the parent ACF, but enhance the water uptake at the first stages of the water sorption process, together with a shift in the upswing of the water isotherms toward lower relative humidities. This indicates that fluorination under certain conditions can actually enhance the surface hydrophilicity of carbon materials with specific properties. On the contrary, higher partial pressures led to highly fluorinated fibers with lower porosity and more hydrophobic character. Moreover, they presented a lower chemical stability as demonstrated by a change in the shape of the water isotherms after two consecutive measurements. The kinetics of water sorption in the ACFs provided further insights into the different sorption phenomena involved. Hence, water sorption can definitely help to tailor the water affinity, stability and performance of fluorinated porous carbon materials under humid conditions.

scholarly journals Activated Carbon Preparation from Eucalyptus Wood Chips using Continuous Carbonization - Steam Activation Process in a Batch Intermittent Rotary Kiln

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sumrit Mopoung ◽  
Nuchjira Dejang
Keyword(s):  
Activated Carbon ◽  
Rotary Kiln ◽  
Carbon Materials ◽  
Activated Carbons ◽  
Wood Chips ◽  
Bet Surface Area ◽  
Activation Process ◽  
Steam Activation ◽  
Activation Temperature ◽  
Eucalyptus Wood

Abstract The production of activated carbon from eucalyptus wood chips by steam activation in a 2000 kg batch intermittent rotary kiln with continuous carbonization - steam activation process at 500°C to 700 °C was studied. The activated carbon products were characterized by FTIR, SEM-EDS, Raman spectroscopy, and BET analyzer. Percent yields, iodine number, and methylene number of the produced activated carbon materials were also measured. It was shown that the percent yield of the activated carbon materials made in the temperatures range of 500°C to 700 °C are 21.63 ± 1.52% − 31.79 ± 0.70% with capacities of 518–737 mg I2/g and 70.11–96.93 mg methylene blue /g. The BET surface area and micropore volume of the activated carbons are 426.8125-870.4732 m2/g and 0.102390–0.215473 cm3/g, respectively. The steam used in the process could create various oxygen containing surface functional groups such as –CO and –COC groups. In addition, it could also increase the amorphous nature of the activated carbon product. These properties of the activated carbon products are increased with increasing steam activation temperature from 500°C to 700°C. As a result, the activated carbon materials produced at activation temperatures of 600 °C and 700 °C have higher adsorption

scholarly journals Application Of Activated Candlenut Shell Using Potassium Hydroxide For Iron Reduction (Fe TO FeSO4)

2019 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 63-67
Author(s):  
Wara Dyah Pita Rengga ◽  
Maharani Rani ◽  
Ashar Shidqi
Keyword(s):  
Activated Carbon ◽  
Adsorption Capacity ◽  
Potassium Hydroxide ◽  
Iron Reduction ◽  
Freundlich Isotherm ◽  
Isotherm Models ◽  
Activation Process ◽  
Activation Time ◽  
Initial Concentration ◽  
A Value

This study aims to prepare carbon from candlenut shell by carbonation and activation of 1M KOH which is used to adsorb Fe 2+ in solution. The activation process produces changes in structure and functional groups on activated carbon. This study studied the effect of carbonation temperatures of 800 o C with the concentration of activator is KOH 1M with 24 hours activation time. The initial concentration of the solution affects the adsorption capacity of activated carbon, the greater the initial concentration of the solution which is at 5 mg/L, the greater the adsorption capacity. Optimum adsorption occurs at pH 7 by providing an increase of Fe 2+ absorption of ± 7 mg/g and contact time is 120 minutes. The equilibrium review is used using the Langmuir and Freundlich isotherm models , where the most suitable equilibrium is the Freundlich Isotherm model with a value of R 2 = 0.9 848 ; K F = 4,427 ; n = 3,475 . It can be concluded that the activated carbon from the candlenut shell is able to absorb Fe 2+ metal in FeSO 4 solution.

scholarly journals Removal of the herbicide 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid from water by using an ultrahighly efficient thermochemically activated carbon

2019 ◽  
Vol 73 (4) ◽  
pp. 223-237
Author(s):  
Danijela Bojic ◽  
Milos Kostic ◽  
Miljana Radovic-Vucic ◽  
Nena Velinov ◽  
Slobodan Najdanovic ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Activated Carbon ◽  
Sorption Capacity ◽  
Sorption Process ◽  
Sorption Kinetics ◽  
Activation Process ◽  
Maximum Sorption Capacity ◽  
Maximum Sorption ◽  
High Sorption ◽  
2,4 Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid ◽  
Lagenaria Vulgaris

Lagenaria vulgaris activated carbon (LVAC) was synthesized from Lagenaria vulgaris biomass by treatment with diluted H2SO4 followed by thermo-chemical carbonization and overheated steam activation process and used for removal of the herbicide 2,4-dichlo-rophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D). Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) indicated that 2,4-D is adsorbed in micropores of the very porous LVAC (665 m2 g-1). LVAC showed high sorption capacity as compared to many previously used sorbents at optimal conditions: the stirring rate of 300 rpm, the sorbent dose of 1.0 g dm-3 and pH from 2 to 7. The experimental maximum sorption capacity of LVAC was 333.3 mg g-1. The pseudo-second-order model and Chrastil model described the 2,4-D sorption kinetics by LVAC. Thermodynamic studies have indicated that the sorption process was endothermic, spontaneous and physical in nature. LVAC was shown to be an ultrahighly efficient sorbent for removal of 2,4-D from groundwater, which could be also recycled and reused.

scholarly journals The Analysis of Pore Development and Formation of Surface Functional Groups in Bamboo-Based Activated Carbon during CO2 Activation

Molecules ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 26 (18) ◽  
pp. 5641
Author(s):  
Krittamet Phothong ◽  
Chaiyot Tangsathitkulchai ◽  
Panuwat Lawtae
Keyword(s):  
Activated Carbon ◽  
Functional Groups ◽  
Active Sites ◽  
Activated Carbons ◽  
Carbonization Temperature ◽  
Activation Process ◽  
Activation Time ◽  
Oxygen Functional Groups ◽  
Porous Properties ◽  
Activation Conditions

Pore development and the formation of oxygen functional groups were studied for activated carbon prepared from bamboo (Bambusa bambos) using a two-step activation with CO2, as functions of carbonization temperature and activation conditions (time and temperature). Results show that activated carbon produced from bamboo contains mostly micropores in the pore size range of 0.65 to 1.4 nm. All porous properties of activated carbons increased with the increase in the activation temperature over the range from 850 to 950 °C, but decreased in the temperature range of 950 to 1000 °C, due principally to the merging of neighboring pores. The increase in the activation time also increased the porous properties linearly from 60 to 90 min, which then dropped from 90 to 120 min. It was found that the carbonization temperature played an important role in determining the number and distribution of active sites for CO2 gasification during the activation process. Empirical equations were proposed to conveniently predict all important porous properties of the prepared activated carbons in terms of carbonization temperature and activation conditions. Oxygen functional groups formed during the carbonization and activation steps of activated carbon synthesis and their contents were dependent on the preparation conditions employed. Using Boehm’s titration technique, only phenolic and carboxylic groups were detected for the acid functional groups in both the chars and activated carbons in varying amounts. Empirical correlations were also developed to estimate the total contents of the acid and basic groups in activated carbons in terms of the carbonization temperature, activation time and temperature.

scholarly journals Activated carbon preparation from eucalyptus wood chips using continuous carbonization–steam activation process in a batch intermittent rotary kiln

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Sumrit Mopoung ◽  
Nuchjira Dejang
Keyword(s):  
Methylene Blue ◽  
Activated Carbon ◽  
Rotary Kiln ◽  
Carbon Materials ◽  
Wood Chips ◽  
Bet Surface Area ◽  
Activation Process ◽  
Steam Activation ◽  
Eucalyptus Wood ◽  
Bet Analysis

AbstractThe production of activated carbon from eucalyptus wood chips by steam activation in a 2000 kg batch intermittent rotary kiln with continuous carbonization–steam activation process conducted at 500 °C to 700 °C was studied. The activated carbon products were characterized by FTIR, SEM–EDS, Raman spectroscopy, and BET analysis. Percent yields, iodine number, and methylene blue number of the produced activated carbon materials were measured as well. It was shown that the percent yields of the activated carbon materials made in the temperature range from 500 to 700 °C are 21.63 ± 1.52%–31.79 ± 0.70% with capacities of 518–737 mg I2/g and 70.11–96.93 mg methylene blue/g. The BET surface area and micropore volume of the activated carbons are 426.8125–870.4732 m2/g and 0.102390–0.215473 cm3/g, respectively. The steam used in the process could create various oxygen containing surface functional groups such as –CO and –COC groups. In addition, it could also increase the amorphous nature of the activated carbon product. These properties of the activated carbon products are increased with increasing steam activation temperature from 500 to 700 °C. As a result, the activated carbon materials produced at activation temperatures of 600 °C and 700 °C exhibit higher adsorption.

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