Reflux Extraction Optimization and Antioxidant Activity of Phenolic Compounds from Pleioblastus amarus (Keng) Shell

Phenols were extracted from the Pleioblastus amarus (Keng) shell (PAS) using ethanol. A Plackett–Burman assessment indicated that the factors affecting polyphenol extraction included the ethanol concentration, extraction temperature, liquid to solid ratio, extraction time, and reflux extraction times; the best extraction parameters were the ethanol concentration of 75%, a 20:1 liquid to solid ratio, and an extraction time of 2.1 h. The number of polyphenols was 7.216 mg/g. Furthermore, the phenol composition analysis showed the presence of p-Coumaric acid (196.88 mg /mL) and rutin (312.9 mg /mL), which were used for the in vitro extraction and determination of the antioxidant activity. According to the A, B, C, and D antioxidant activity assays, the ethyl acetate phase was the strongest with low IC50 values of 0.169 ± 0.01 mg/mL, 0.289 ± 0.01 mg/mL, 0.372 ± 0.01 mg/mL, and 1.029 ± 0.03 mg/mL, respectively, confirming high antioxidant activity. For the n-butanol and petroleum ether phases, antioxidant activity was lower. This study showed that the polyphenol extract from Pleioblastus amarus (Keng) shell displayed excellent antioxidant activity, enhancing its practical application.

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Optimization of Extraction Conditions to Improve Phenolic Content and In Vitro Antioxidant Activity in Craft Brewers’ Spent Grain Using Response Surface Methodology (RSM)

Foods ◽

10.3390/foods9101398 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 9 (10) ◽

pp. 1398

Author(s):

Ana Isabel Andres ◽

Maria Jesus Petron ◽

Ana Maria Lopez ◽

Maria Luisa Timon

Keyword(s):

Antioxidant Activity ◽

Phenolic Compounds ◽

Extraction Time ◽

Extraction Temperature ◽

Simple Method ◽

Solid Ratio ◽

Spent Grain ◽

G Ratio ◽

In Vitro Antioxidant Activity

Extraction temperature, extraction time and liquid (water) to solid ratio were optimized in order to extract antioxidant phenolic compounds from brewers’ spent grain (BSG). The extracts were analysed for their total phenol content (TPC) and antioxidant activity was measured using three different methods: 2,2-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) free radical, 2,2′-azino-bis(3-ethylbenothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid) (ABTS), and reducing power (RP) assays. All the parameters except extraction time promoted different efficiencies for the extraction of antioxidant phenolic compounds. TPC extraction was higher at lower temperatures and lower liquid/solid ratios up to a certain point. In this sense, a decrease in TPC with increasing liquid/solid ratios took place until a 16:1 ratio and a plateau was reached beyond that ratio. The highest DPPH activity was reported for 30–35 °C and 60–90 min extraction and 60–90 min extraction with a 25 mL/g ratio. ABTS values increased as the liquid to solid ratio decreased, being positively correlated with TPC (R = 0.788; p < 0.01). The highest RP was achieved at 30–33 °C extraction temperature and 10–14 mg/mL v/w ratio and at 116–120 min extraction and 16–17 mg/mL ratio. Gallic acid accounted for the majority of the phenolic compounds found, followed by hydroxyphenylacetic acid, epicatechin, and protocatechuic acid. Sinapic, 4-hydroxy benzoic, and syringic acids were also found in lower quantities. Coumaric, vanillic, ferulic, and caffeic acids were present in very small amounts. All the extracts contained phenolics and showed in vitro antioxidant activity, but the extracts obtained by using 30 °C, 121.9 min, and 10 mL/g liquid/solid ratio exhibited the highest content in TPC and antioxidant potential. The aqueous extraction of a potentially bioactive extract from BSG was demonstrated to be an efficient and simple method to recover these value-added compounds.

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Ultrasound-Assisted Extraction of Total Flavonoids from Pteris cretica L.: Process Optimization, HPLC Analysis, and Evaluation of Antioxidant Activity

Antioxidants ◽

10.3390/antiox8100425 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 8 (10) ◽

pp. 425 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Mengyang Hou ◽

Wenzhong Hu ◽

Aosheng Wang ◽

Zhilong Xiu ◽

Yusheng Shi ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Antioxidant Activity ◽

Total Flavonoids ◽

Extraction Temperature ◽

Ultrasound Assisted Extraction ◽

Solid Ratio ◽

Assisted Extraction ◽

Pteris Cretica ◽

Nitric Oxide Radical ◽

Ultrasonic Assisted ◽

Ic50 Values

In the present work, the ultrasonic-assisted extraction (UAE) of total flavonoids (TF) from Pteris cretica L. was optimized by response surface methodology (RSM) on the basis of a single-factor experiment. The optimized UAE parameters were as follows: Ethanol concentration 56.74%, extraction time 45.94 min, extraction temperature 74.27 °C, and liquid/solid ratio 33.69 mL/g. Under the optimized conditions, the total flavonoids yield (TFY) was 4.71 ± 0.04%, which was higher than that obtained by heat reflux extraction (HRE). The extracts were further analyzed by HPLC, and five major flavonoids, including rutin, quercitrin, luteolin, apigenin, and luteolin-7-O-glucoside, were identified and quantified. Furthermore, the results of the antioxidant test showed that the TF extract obtained under optimized UAE conditions exhibited good 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl radical (DPPH•) and 2,2-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) radical (ABTS+•), nitric oxide radical (NO•) scavenging activities, and ferrous ion (Fe2+) chelating capacity, with IC50 values of 74.49, 82.92, 89.12, and 713.41 µg/mL, respectively. Results indicated that the UAE technique developed in this work was an efficient, rapid, and simple approach for the extraction of flavonoids with antioxidant activity from P. cretica.

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Extraction Process of Polyphenols from Soybean (Glycine max L.) Sprouts: Optimization and Evaluation of Antioxidant Activity

Processes ◽

10.3390/pr7080489 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 7 (8) ◽

pp. 489 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

Xuan Tien Le ◽

Vo Luu Lan Vi ◽

Tran Quoc Toan ◽

Long Giang Bach ◽

Tran Thanh Truc ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Antioxidant Activity ◽

Ethanol Concentration ◽

Dry Weight ◽

Extraction Process ◽

Extraction Time ◽

Extraction Temperature ◽

Polyphenol Content ◽

Experimental Conditions ◽

Total Polyphenol ◽

Total Polyphenol Content

This research aimed to optimize the total polyphenol content (TPC) extracted from soybean sprout powder under different experimental parameters, including ethanol concentration (60–100% v/v), extraction temperature (40–80 °C), extraction time (15–150 min), material:solvent ratio (1:4–1:10 g/mL), the number extraction cycles (1, 2 and 3 times), the age of sprout (0–7 days), and the used part of the sprout (cotyledon, hypocotyl, or radicle). The obtained results were used in response surface methodology, in combination with a central composite design, to model the total polyphenol content (TPC) with respect to three variables, including ethanol concentration, extraction temperature, and material:solvent ratio. The experimental conditions for optimal recovery of TPC consisted of ethanol concentration of 88% (v/v), extraction temperature of 59 °C, material:solvent ratio of 1:6.5 g/mL, extraction time of 60 min, and 2 cycles of maceration. In addition, for maximal TPC, the sprout should undergo the germination of 5 days and the radicle fraction should be used. Based on the suggested optimum conditions, the obtained and verified TPC was 19.801 mg genistein (GE)/g dry weight (d.w.). The obtained dried extract also exhibited low antioxidant activity.

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The Effects of Extraction Conditions on Extraction Yield and Syringin Content in Producing Standardized Tinospora crispa Aqueous Extract with High Antioxidant Activity

Asian Food Science Journal ◽

10.9734/afsj/2021/v20i430291 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 106-120

Author(s):

Zamree Md Shah ◽

Mohd Kamal Nik Hasan ◽

Khairul Kamilah Abdul Kadir ◽

Mohd Shahidan Mohd Arshad ◽

Zulkhairi Amom

Keyword(s):

Antioxidant Activity ◽

Antioxidant Activities ◽

Pharmaceutical Preparations ◽

Extraction Yield ◽

Extraction Time ◽

Extraction Temperature ◽

Solid Ratio ◽

Beneficial Effects ◽

High Antioxidant Activity ◽

Optimized Conditions

The herbal plant known as Tinospora crispa is reported to have many beneficial effects on health and has great potential in future to be developed as a health product either in the form of traditional medicine, food supplements or in pharmaceutical preparations. However, so far knowledge on processing procedures to produce quality standardized extracts of this plant to be used in product development has still not widely reported. Therefore, the objective of this study was to determine the optimal extraction conditions for producing a standardized T. crispa aqueos extract (STCAE) with high extraction yield and high syringin content. Experiments were conducted to determine the effects of various extraction conditions involving temperature (25–100 ° C), extraction time (0.5–6 hours) and liquid (water) to solid ratio (5: 1–25: 1 ml of solvent per g stem dry). Using optimized conditions obtained, the extract was standardized based on syringin and was further investigated on its antioxidant activity through DPPH, FRAP and TBA bioassays. Results revealed that the optimum extraction conditions were found to be 1 h extraction time and 15:1 ml g−1 liquid-to-solid ratio. For the extraction temperature, 60°C was found to be the best. STCAE was produced on the basis of the extract to contain with at least 0.4 wt% of syringin. STCAE was found to possess high antioxidant activities through DPPH, FRAP and TBA bioassays.

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PENGARUH SUHU DAN WAKTU EKSTRAKSI DENGAN GELOMBANG ULTRASONIK TERHADAP AKTIVITAS ANTIOKSIDAN EKSTRAK DAUN JAMBU BIJI (Psidium guajava L.)

Jurnal Ilmu dan Teknologi Pangan (ITEPA) ◽

10.24843/itepa.2019.v08.i03.p05 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 8 (3) ◽

pp. 267

Author(s):

Sandra Sekarsari ◽

I Wayan Rai Widarta ◽

Anak Agung Gede Ngurah Anom Jambe

Keyword(s):

Antioxidant Activity ◽

Psidium Guajava ◽

Ultrasonic Waves ◽

Total Phenol ◽

Extraction Time ◽

Total Flavonoids ◽

Extraction Temperature ◽

Time Treatment ◽

Randomized Design ◽

Ic50 Values

This research was conducted to determine temperature and time extraction with ultrasonic waves on the antioxidant activity of guajava leaf extract and obtain the temperature and extraction time with ultrasonic waves that are appropriate to produce the highest antioxidant activity. The experimental design used in this research was a Factorial Completely Randomized Design with time treatment consisting of 3 levels, namely 10 minutes, 20 minutes and 30 minutes and temperatures consisting of 3 levels, namely 40°C, 45°C and 50°C. The treatment was repeated two times, so that 18 experimental units were obtained. Data were conducted using analyzed of variance and if treatment had a significant effect, followed by Duncan's test. The results showed that the interaction between temperature and time of extraction of guajava leaves with ultrasonic waves had a very significant effect (P<0.01) on yield, total phenol, total flavonoids, total tannins and antioxidant activity of guajava leaves. The treatment of extraction temperature and extraction time of guajava leaves with ultrasonic waves had very significant effect (P<0.01) on yield, total phenol, total flavonoids, total tannins and antioxidant activity of guajava leaves. The best results showed that temperature of 45oC with time 20 minutes result antioxidant activity based on 89.03 %, free radical inhibition percentage with IC50 values 3.55 mg/L, yield 16.26 %, total phenol was 331.77 mgGAE/g extract, total flavonoids was 637.33 mgQE/g extract and total tannins were 583.75 mgTAE/g. Keywords : antioxidant, guajava leaves, temperature, time, ultrasonics

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Effect of Time, Solvent-Solid Ratio, Ethanol Concentration and Temperature on Extraction Yield of Phenolic Compounds From Olive Leaves

Engineering, Technology & Applied Science Research ◽

10.48084/etasr.1983 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 8 (2) ◽

pp. 2805-2808

Author(s):

N. Elboughdiri

Keyword(s):

Phenolic Compounds ◽

Ethanol Concentration ◽

Extraction Yield ◽

Extraction Time ◽

Total Phenolic ◽

Optimal Conditions ◽

Total Phenolic Compounds ◽

Olive Leaves ◽

Factors Affecting ◽

Solid Ratio

This study aims to determine the factors affecting the process of extraction of phenolic compounds from olive leaves. Two methods of extraction were used in this work and different tests were implemented with the aim of optimizing the recovery of phenolic compounds from olive leaves. The factors considered were the extraction time, temperature, solvent-solid ratio and the ethanol concentration. Obtained results show that the recommended optimal conditions for the extraction of the total phenolic compounds from olive leaves were found at 40°C with a solvent/solid ratio of 30:1 and ethanol concentration of 80% (v/v) when the dried olive leaves are stored at -21°C at the beginning of the experiments.

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Ultrasonication assisted extraction of total flavonoids from Kaempferia galanga L. and its antioxidant activity

Bangladesh Journal of Botany ◽

10.3329/bjb.v49i3.49990 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 49 (3) ◽

pp. 601-609

Author(s):

Zhaobao Xiang ◽

Xiaoling Wu ◽

Xue Zhong

Keyword(s):

Antioxidant Activity ◽

Ethanol Concentration ◽

Extraction Time ◽

Total Flavonoids ◽

Ultrasonic Power ◽

Extraction Temperature ◽

Optimum Conditions ◽

Validation Test ◽

Kaempferia Galanga ◽

Assisted Extraction

Ultrasonication assisted extraction (UAE) was employed to extract total flavonoids (TF) from Kaempferia galanga L. (KGL) roots. Single-factor experiments were performed to evaluate the effects of the process parameters (solvent-to-material ratio, ethanol concentration, extraction time, ultrasonic power, and extraction temperature) on the TF yield and the response surface methodology (RSM) was used to optimize the extraction parameters. The optimum conditions to obtain the maximum TF yield were solvent-to-material ratio, 25; ethanol concentration, 62%; extraction time, 27.0 min; extraction temperature, 50℃ and ultrasonic power, 225 W. The yield of TF under these conditions reached 3.22 ± 0.12 mg/g of dry root. The analysis of variance and validation test indicated that the proposed method is useful and reliable. The antioxidant capacities of TF of KGL was determined by DPPH· and ABTS+· methods, which revealed that it has good antioxidant activity in both systems.

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Effects of Extraction Conditions on Antioxidant Activities of Roselle (Hibiscus sabdariffa L.) Extracts

Materials Science Forum ◽

10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.977.201 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 977 ◽

pp. 201-206 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Quoc Duy Nguyen ◽

Tri Nhut Pham ◽

Mai Le Thanh Binh ◽

Ma Thuan ◽

Ngo Thi Thanh Van ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Antioxidant Activity ◽

Free Radical ◽

Antioxidant Activities ◽

Radical Scavenging ◽

Free Radical Scavenging ◽

Extraction Time ◽

Solvent Ratio ◽

Extraction Temperature ◽

Antioxidant Power ◽

Solid Ratio

The objective of this study was to determine the optimal value of factors affecting the extraction of antioxidant activity of Roselle calyces. The investigated factors included extraction temperatures (30, 40, 50, 60, 70 and 80°C), extraction time (30, 60, 90, 120 and 150 minutes) and solid to solvent ratio (1:5, 1:10, 1:20, 1:40 and 1:50 g/mL). The efficiency of extraction was evaluated based on antioxidant activities which were measured by DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) free radical scavenging assay, ferric reducing antioxidant power assay (FRAP). The results showed that when the extraction temperature range of 70–80°C, DPPH free radical scavenging and FRAP were highest with 677.47–725.81 μmolTE/L and 4186.91–4391.62 μmolTE/L, respectively. For the extraction time from 120 to 150 minutes, the resulting extracts with highest FRAP and DPPH free radical scavenging antioxidant capacity were obtained. Meanwhile, the antioxidant activity tended to decrease as the solvent/solid ratio increased.

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Optimization of extraction of total flavonoids from Drynaria rhizome, and its effect on osteoclast differentiation

Tropical Journal of Pharmaceutical Research ◽

10.4314/tjpr.v18i4.21 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 18 (4) ◽

pp. 829-835

Author(s):

Bo Yuan ◽

Fang Yu ◽

WenJi Song ◽

ZhengNan Zhao ◽

HaiDong Liang

Keyword(s):

Bone Resorption ◽

Osteoclast Differentiation ◽

Cathepsin K ◽

Extraction Yield ◽

Bone Diseases ◽

Extraction Time ◽

Total Flavonoids ◽

Extraction Temperature ◽

Solid Ratio

Purpose: To optimize the extraction parameters for total flavonoids of Drynaria rhizome, and determine their effect on osteoclast differentiation and bone resorption in vitro. Methods: A 5-level 3-factor central composite design was applied to the optimization of extract yield of total flavonoids from Drynaria rhizome. Response Surface Methodology (RSM) design was used to optimize total flavonoids extraction from Drynaria rhizome. The independent factors included extraction temperature (A), extraction time (B) and liquid: solid ratio (C). Moreover, NFATc1, DC-STAMP, cathepsin K and MMP-9 mRNA expressions were determined. Results: Values obtained were fitted into a second-order polynomial equation with multiple regression analysis using a statistical method. Analysis of variance results indicate that the independent variables influenced total flavonoid extraction from Drynaria rhizome. The optimal conditions for extraction yield were extraction temperature of 75 oC, extraction time of 100 min, and liquid: solid ratio of 107:1. The yield of 5.38 ± 0.62 % was consistent with these optimized conditions, which was an indication of the accuracy of the model. Experiments revealed that total flavonoids from Drynaria rhizome regulated the expression levels of NFATc1, DC-STAMP, cathepsin K and MMP-9 mRNA Conclusion: This study has successfully optimized the extraction yield of total flavonoids from Drynaria rhizome. The total flavonoids inhibit osteoclast differentiation and bone resorption. Thus, they may be beneficial in the treatment of bone diseases.

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Inhibitory Effect of Antidesma bunius Fruit Extract on Carbohydrate Digestive Enzymes Activity and Protein Glycation In Vitro

Antioxidants ◽

10.3390/antiox10010032 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 10 (1) ◽

pp. 32

Author(s):

Pattamaporn Aksornchu ◽

Netima Chamnansilpa ◽

Sirichai Adisakwattana ◽

Thavaree Thilavech ◽

Charoonsri Choosak ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Antioxidant Activity ◽

Radical Scavenging Activity ◽

Digestive Enzyme ◽

Radical Scavenging ◽

Protein Glycation ◽

Trolox Equivalent Antioxidant Capacity ◽

Fruit Extract ◽

Antioxidant Power ◽

Ic50 Values

Antidesma bunius (L.) spreng (Mamao) is widely distributed in Northeastern Thailand. Antidesma bunius has been reported to contain anthocyanins, which possess antioxidant and antihypertensive actions. However, the antidiabetic and antiglycation activity of Antidesma bunius fruit extract has not yet been reported. In this study, we investigated the inhibitory activity of anthocyanin-enriched fraction of Antidesma bunius fruit extract (ABE) against pancreatic α-amylase, intestinal α-glucosidase (maltase and sucrase), protein glycation, as well as antioxidant activity. A liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) chromatogram revealed that ABE contained phytochemical compounds such as cyanidin-3-glucoside, delphinidin-3-glucoside, ellagic acid, and myricetin-3-galactoside. ABE inhibited intestinal maltase and sucrase activity with the IC50 values of 0.76 ± 0.02 mg/mL and 1.33 ± 0.03 mg/mL, respectively. Furthermore, ABE (0.25 mg/mL) reduced the formation of fluorescent AGEs and the level of Nε-carboxymethyllysine (Nε-CML) in fructose and glucose-induced protein glycation during four weeks of incubation. During the glycation process, the protein carbonyl and β-amyloid cross structure were decreased by ABE (0.25 mg/mL). In addition, ABE exhibited antioxidant activity through DPPH radical scavenging activity and Trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity (TEAC) with the IC50 values 15.84 ± 0.06 µg/mL and 166.1 ± 2.40 µg/mL, respectively. Meanwhile, ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) showed an EC50 value of 182.22 ± 0.64 µg/mL. The findings suggest that ABE may be a promising agent for inhibiting carbohydrate digestive enzyme activity, reducing monosaccharide-induced protein glycation, and antioxidant activity.

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