scholarly journals Mechanical Milling: A Superior Nanotechnological Tool for Fabrication of Nanocrystalline and Nanocomposite Materials

Nanomaterials ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (10) ◽  
pp. 2484
Author(s):  
M. Sherif El-Eskandarany ◽  
Abdulsalam Al-Hazza ◽  
Latifa A. Al-Hajji ◽  
Naser Ali ◽  
Ahmed A. Al-Duweesh ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Milling ◽  
Nanocomposite Materials ◽  
Milling Process ◽  
Advanced Materials ◽  
New Materials ◽  
Diverse Range ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
History Of ◽  
Innovative Materials ◽  
Nanocrystalline Titanium

Throughout human history, any society’s capacity to fabricate and refine new materials to satisfy its demands has resulted in advances to its performance and worldwide standing. Life in the twenty-first century cannot be predicated on tiny groupings of materials; rather, it must be predicated on huge families of novel elements dubbed “advanced materials”. While there are several approaches and strategies for fabricating advanced materials, mechanical milling (MM) and mechanochemistry have garnered much interest and consideration as novel ways for synthesizing a diverse range of new materials that cannot be synthesized by conventional means. Equilibrium, nonequilibrium, and nanocomposite materials can be easily obtained by MM. This review article has been addressed in part to present a brief history of ball milling’s application in the manufacture of a diverse variety of complex and innovative materials during the last 50 years. Furthermore, the mechanism of the MM process will be discussed, as well as the factors affecting the milling process. Typical examples of some systems developed at the Nanotechnology and Applications Program of the Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research during the last five years will be presented in this articles. Nanodiamonds, nanocrystalline hard materials (e.g., WC), metal-matrix and ceramic matrix nanocomposites, and nanocrystalline titanium nitride will be presented and discussed. The authors hope that the article will benefit readers and act as a primer for engineers and researchers beginning on material production projects using mechanical milling.

From the history of the NKVD “national operations” in 1937, 1938 years in Kyrgyzstan. Repression of ethnical minority

2020 ◽  
Vol 2020 (10-3) ◽  
pp. 126-135
Author(s):  
Bolotbek Abdrakhmanov
Keyword(s):  
New Materials ◽  
Foreign Nationals ◽  
The Real ◽  
History Of ◽  
Ruling Party

To analyze the repressive policy of the ruling party and NKVD organs towards the foreigners who lived in Kyrgyzstan in 1937-1938 years. The real materials being used in this research make it possible to think over the events of that complicated period in a new way and give them certain appreciation. Therefore the main aim of the article is to bring together new materials to through the light on the nature of the mass repressions towards a number of soviet citizens as foreign nationals.

An overview of Osmotic Drug Delivery System: An update review

2017 ◽  
Vol 6 (7) ◽  
pp. 5426 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hiren J. Patel ◽  
Vaishnavi P. Parikh
Keyword(s):  
Drug Delivery ◽  
Drug Delivery Systems ◽  
Life Cycle Management ◽  
Delivery Systems ◽  
Osmotic Pump ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Advantages And Disadvantages ◽  
New Chemical Entities ◽  
History Of ◽  
Novel Drug

The pharmaceutical industry has faced several marked challenges in order to bring new chemical entities (NCEs) into the market over the past few decades. Various novel drug delivery approaches have been used as a part of life cycle management from which Osmotic drug delivery systems look the most promising one. After discussing the history of osmotic pump development, this article looks at the principles, advantages and disadvantages of osmotic drug delivery systems. Then, the basic components of osmotic pump and factors affecting the design of oral osmotic drug delivery systems are discussed in detail. In the later part of the manuscript, various types of osmotic pumps available in the market and evaluation methods for osmotic drug delivery systems are discussed in detail.

Materials technology: Innovations and progress

Impact ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 2020 (2) ◽  
pp. 52-53
Author(s):  
Lucy Sharp
Keyword(s):  
Material Properties ◽  
New Materials ◽  
Medical Problems ◽  
Technology Innovations ◽  
Societal Challenges ◽  
New Material ◽  
Innovative Materials ◽  
The Creation ◽  
Novel Applications

Materials technology is a constantly evolving discipline, with new materials leading to novel applications. For example, new material properties arise from combining different materials into composites. Researching materials can help solve societal challenges, with the creation of innovative materials resulting in breakthroughs in overcoming hurdles facing humankind, including energy challenges and medical problems. Innovative materials breathe new life into industries and spur on scientific and technological discovery.

Atezolizumab-induced myositis and myocarditis in a patient with metastatic urothelial carcinoma

2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (12) ◽  
pp. e236357
Author(s):  
Mary Sessums ◽  
Siva Yarrarapu ◽  
Pramod K Guru ◽  
Devang K Sanghavi
Keyword(s):  
Urothelial Carcinoma ◽  
Immune Checkpoint ◽  
Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors ◽  
Checkpoint Inhibitors ◽  
Basic Knowledge ◽  
Malignant Neoplasms ◽  
Diverse Range ◽  
History Of ◽  
Metastatic Urothelial Carcinoma ◽  
Acute Hypercapnic Respiratory Failure

Immune checkpoint inhibitors have revolutionised cancer therapy in the past decade. Although they have been indicated to treat a diverse range of malignant neoplasms, they are also associated with various immune-related adverse effects. We report the case of a 74-year-old man with a history of urothelial carcinoma who had atezolizumab-induced myocarditis and myositis resulting in acute hypercapnic respiratory failure, despite the discontinuation of atezolizumab and aggressive treatment with corticosteroids. This case highlights the importance of a multidisciplinary approach for early diagnosis and treatment of immune-related adverse events. Physicians must be aware of the risks associated with immune checkpoint inhibitors and have a basic knowledge regarding their management.

Factors affecting progression to permanent atrial fibrillation in an unselected population of patients with non-permanent form of atrial fibrillation

2020 ◽  
Vol 41 (Supplement_2) ◽  
Author(s):  
V.L Malavasi ◽  
E Fantecchi ◽  
V Tordoni ◽  
L Melara ◽  
A Barbieri ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Atrial Fibrillation ◽  
Cox Regression ◽  
Area Under The Curve ◽  
Roc Curves ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Cox Proportional Hazard ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
History Of ◽  
Unselected Population ◽  
Cox Proportional Hazard Regression

Abstract Background Natural history of atrial fibrillation (AF) shows a progression of arrhythmia from non-permanent to permanent AF. Permanent AF was found associated with a worse prognosis than non-permanent one. Aim To assess the factors associated with progression to permanent AF in an unselected population of AF patients with non-permanent AF. Methods In this prospective study we enrolled in- as well as out-patients with non-permanent AF and age ≥18 years, with at least one episode of ECG-documented AF within 1 year. The patients were followed-up at 1 month and every 6 months thereafter. Results Out of 523 patients, 314 (60%) were in non-permanent AF (80 [25.5%] paroxysmal AF, 165 [52.5%] persistent AF, 69 [2%] first diagnosed AF), mostly male (188, 59.9%), median age 71 years (IQ range 62–77), median CHA2DS2VASc 3 (1–4), median HATCH score 1 (1–2). After a median follow-up of 701 (IQ range 437–902) days, 66 patients (21%) showed permanent AF. CHA2DS2VASc and HATCH scores were incrementally associated to progression to permanent AF (CHA2DS2VASc χ2 p=0.001; HATCH χ2 p=0.017; p for trend CHA2DS2VASc <0.001, HATCH p=0.001). At multivariable Cox proportional hazard regression the following variables were significantly associated with AF progression: age (hazard ratio [HR] 1.041; 95% CI: 1.004–1.079; p=0.028), at least moderate left atrial (LA) enlargement (>42 ml/m2) (HR 2.092; 95% CI: 1.132–3.866; p=0.018), antiarrhythmics drugs after the enrollment (HR 0.087; 95% CI: 0.011–0.662; p=0.018), EHRA score >2 (HR 0.351; 95% CI: 0.158–0.779; p=0.010) and Valvular HD (HR 2.161; 95% CI: 1.057–4.420; p=0.035). Adding LA dilation to HATCH score (HATCH-LA) and assigning 2 points based on multivariable Cox regression, HATCH-LA was statistically better in ROC curves in prediction of AF progression vs HATCH score (area under the curve 0.695 vs 0.636; DeLong p=0.0225). Survival-free curves on freedom from permanent AF using as discriminator HATCH-LA score ≤2 vs >2 led to a statistically significant difference (χ2=16.080 p<0.001), but the same was not found for HATCH score (χ2 =3.099; p=0.078). Conclusions In patients without permanent AF, progression of AF was independentely related to age, LA dilation, AF symptoms severity, antiarrhythmic drugs and Valvular HD. HATCH score predicted AF progression and adding to it LA dilation (at least moderate) improved patients stratification for the risk of evolution to permanent AF. Funding Acknowledgement Type of funding source: None

scholarly journals Factors Affecting Thanatosis in the Braconid Parasitoid Wasp Heterospilus prosopidis

Insects ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 48
Author(s):  
Mio Amemiya ◽  
Kôji Sasakawa
Keyword(s):  
Life History ◽  
Antipredator Behavior ◽  
Parasitoid Wasp ◽  
Ecological Perspective ◽  
Background Color ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Death Feigning ◽  
Heterospilus Prosopidis ◽  
History Of

Thanatosis, also called death feigning, is often an antipredator behavior. In insects, it has been reported from species of various orders, but knowledge of this behavior in Hymenoptera is insufficient. This study examined the effects of sex, age (0 or 2 days old), temperature (18 or 25 °C), and background color (white, green, or brown) on thanatosis in the braconid parasitoid wasp Heterospilus prosopidis. Thanatosis was more frequent in 0-d-old individuals and in females at 18 °C. The duration of thanatosis was longer in females, but this effect of sex was weaker at 18 °C and in 0-d-old individuals. The background color affected neither the frequency nor duration. These results were compared with reports for other insects and predictions based on the life history of this species, and are discussed from an ecological perspective.

scholarly journals Biological Transmission of Arboviruses: Reexamination of and New Insights into Components, Mechanisms, and Unique Traits as Well as Their Evolutionary Trends

2005 ◽  
Vol 18 (4) ◽  
pp. 608-637 ◽  
Author(s):  
Goro Kuno ◽  
Gwong-Jen J. Chang
Keyword(s):  
Biological Sciences ◽  
Host Range ◽  
Disease Transmission ◽  
Evolutionary Process ◽  
Field Research ◽  
Diverse Range ◽  
Unique Mode ◽  
History Of ◽  
Mode Of Transmission ◽  
Available Information

SUMMARY Among animal viruses, arboviruses are unique in that they depend on arthropod vectors for transmission. Field research and laboratory investigations related to the three components of this unique mode of transmission, virus, vector, and vertebrate host, have produced an enormous amount of valuable information that may be found in numerous publications. However, despite many reviews on specific viruses, diseases, or interests, a systematic approach to organizing the available information on all facets of biological transmission and then to interpret it in the context of the evolutionary process has not been attempted before. Such an attempt in this review clearly demonstrates tremendous progress made worldwide to characterize the viruses, to comprehend disease transmission and pathogenesis, and to understand the biology of vectors and their role in transmission. The rapid progress in molecular biologic techniques also helped resolve many virologic puzzles and yielded highly valuable data hitherto unavailable, such as characterization of virus receptors, the genetic basis of vertebrate resistance to viral infection, and phylogenetic evidence of the history of host range shifts in arboviruses. However, glaring gaps in knowledge of many critical subjects, such as the mechanism of viral persistence and the existence of vertebrate reservoirs, are still evident. Furthermore, with the accumulated data, new questions were raised, such as evolutionary directions of virus virulence and of host range. Although many fundamental questions on the evolution of this unique mode of transmission remained unresolved in the absence of a fossil record, available observations for arboviruses and the information derived from studies in other fields of the biological sciences suggested convergent evolution as a plausible process. Overall, discussion of the diverse range of theories proposed and observations made by many investigators was found to be highly valuable for sorting out the possible mechanism(s) of the emergence of arboviral diseases.

Nanocomposites: Retrospecr and Prospect

1992 ◽  
Vol 286 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rustum Roy
Keyword(s):  
Major Part ◽  
Size Range ◽  
Nanocomposite Materials ◽  
One Dimension ◽  
New Materials ◽  
Infinite Class ◽  
Materials Synthesis ◽  
The World ◽  
Two Phases ◽  
Nanometer Size Range

ABSTRACTIn this paper we make clear distinctions from the terms nanophase, nanocrystalline and deal only with nanocomposites defined as an interacting mixture of two phases, one of which is in the nanometer size range in at least one dimension. The author's origins of development of the idea that nanocomposites are a virtually infinite class of new materials are described.Then we refer to the results of our extensive studies of nanocomposites derived by solution-solgel techniques to illustrate the properties of such materials in the area of chemical and thermal reactivity.Finally it is pointed out that in the last few years nanocomposite materials have become a major part of new materials synthesis all over the world for applications ranging from mechanical to optical, to magnetic to dielectric.

ARTIFICIAL LIGHT SOURCE AS A COMPONENT CONSTITUTING THE SCULPTURE

2021 ◽  
Vol 6 (15) ◽  
pp. 235-245
Author(s):  
Soner ÖZDEMİR
Keyword(s):  
Light Source ◽  
Artificial Light ◽  
New Materials ◽  
Plastic Arts ◽  
Modern Period ◽  
Artificial Light Source ◽  
Art Works ◽  
History Of Art ◽  
History Of ◽  
Material Forming

Light, which is the main source in which plastic arts produce meaning by processing it, indirectly takes place in all works of art with its different colors and tones throughout the history of art. With the use of new materials and techniques in art with the modern period, it is seen that the light itself, that is, the light source, is also included in art works as a medium. This situation allowed the artists to create brand new perceptions and effects. With the second half of the 20th century, the use of artificial light source in sculpture as an element belonging to the sculpture is encountered. Some of the artists selected as examples in this study were chosen in terms of being the first example in terms of the material they used, the way they used the light source and the diversity of the content they produced with these materials. Light, which is one of the primary conditions for perception in sculpture; In this study, the material forming the sculpture, such as transparency and reflection, is not based on its interaction with its structure, but as an element that forms a part or whole of the sculpture. It is aimed to show the effect of using artificial light source in sculpture on expression and perception through selected examples.

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