scholarly journals Effects of Adherence to a Higher Protein Diet on Weight Loss, Markers of Health, and Functional Capacity in Older Women Participating in a Resistance-Based Exercise Program

Nutrients ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (8) ◽  
pp. 1070 ◽  
Author(s):  
Melyn Galbreath ◽  
Bill Campbell ◽  
Paul La Bounty ◽  
Jennifer Bunn ◽  
Jacqueline Dove ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Composition ◽  
Functional Capacity ◽  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Exercise Program ◽  
Resting Energy Expenditure ◽  
Fat Free Mass ◽  
Protein Diet ◽  
Older Individuals ◽  
Fat Percentage ◽  
Carbohydrate Diet

Resistance training and maintenance of a higher protein diet have been recommended to help older individuals maintain muscle mass. This study examined whether adherence to a higher protein diet while participating in a resistance-based exercise program promoted more favorable changes in body composition, markers of health, and/or functional capacity in older females in comparison to following a traditional higher carbohydrate diet or exercise training alone with no diet intervention. In total, 54 overweight and obese females (65.9 ± 4.7 years; 78.7 ± 11 kg, 30.5 ± 4.1 kg/m2, 43.5 ± 3.6% fat) were randomly assigned to an exercise-only group (E), an exercise plus hypo-energetic higher carbohydrate (HC) diet, or a higher protein diet (HP) diet. Participants followed their respective diet plans and performed a supervised 30-min circuit-style resistance exercise program 3 d/wk. Participants were tested at 0, 10, and 14 weeks. Data were analyzed using univariate, multivariate, and repeated measures general linear model (GLM) statistics as well as one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) of changes from baseline with [95% confidence intervals]. Results revealed that after 14 weeks, participants in the HP group experienced significantly greater reductions in weight (E −1.3 ± 2.3, [−2.4, −0.2]; HC −3.0 ± 3.1 [−4.5, −1.5]; HP −4.8 ± 3.2, [−6.4, −3.1]%, p = 0.003), fat mass (E −2.7 ± 3.8, [−4.6, −0.9]; HC −5.9 ± 4.2 [−8.0, −3.9]; HP −10.2 ± 5.8 [−13.2, –7.2%], p < 0.001), and body fat percentage (E −2.0 ± 3.5 [−3.7, −0.3]; HC −4.3 ± 3.2 [−5.9, −2.8]; HP −6.3 ± 3.5 [−8.1, −4.5] %, p = 0.002) with no significant reductions in fat-free mass or resting energy expenditure over time or among groups. Significant differences were observed in leptin (E −1.8 ± 34 [−18, 14]; HC 43.8 ± 55 [CI 16, 71]; HP −26.5 ± 70 [−63, −9.6] ng/mL, p = 0.001) and adiponectin (E 43.1 ± 76.2 [6.3, 79.8]; HC −27.9 ± 33.4 [−44.5, −11.3]; HP 52.3 ± 79 [11.9, 92.8] µg/mL, p = 0.001). All groups experienced significant improvements in muscular strength, muscular endurance, aerobic capacity, markers of balance and functional capacity, and several markers of health. These findings indicate that a higher protein diet while participating in a resistance-based exercise program promoted more favorable changes in body composition compared to a higher carbohydrate diet in older females.

Body Composition Modifications Due to the “Search, Rescue and Survival Training” in Male Military Firefighter Cadets

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thiago Ramos de Barros ◽  
Verônica Pinto Salerno ◽  
Thalita Ponce ◽  
Míriam Raquel Meira Mainenti
Keyword(s):  
Body Composition ◽  
Body Weight ◽  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Food Restriction ◽  
Physical Exertion ◽  
High Energy ◽  
The Body ◽  
Fat Free Mass ◽  
Sleep Restriction ◽  
Fat Percentage

ABSTRACT Introduction To train and prepare cadets for a career as firefighters in Rio de Janeiro, the second-year students of the Officers Training Course are submitted to a Search, Rescue, and Survival Training (SRST) course, which is characterized by long periods of high physical exertion and sleep restriction during a 9-day instruction module, and food restriction during a 7-day survival module. The present study investigated changes in the body composition of 39 male cadets submitted to SRST during training and 4 weeks of recovery with no restrictions in food consumption. Materials and Methods Each cadet was evaluated by anthropometric measurements at six time points: pre-SRST; after the first module; after the second module; and after 1, 2, and 4 weeks of recovery. Measurements included body girths and skinfolds, to estimate trunk (chest and waist) and limbs (arm and thigh) dimensions, as well as body composition. Repeated measures ANOVA and Friedman test were applied (depending on each data distribution). Results Statistically significant decreases in body weight (76.2; 69.8-87.2 to 63.9; 58.9-73.5 kg) and fat free mass (FFM, 69.2; 63.7-77.2 to 60.1; 56.2-68.0 kg) were observed following the second module of SRST. Following a single week of recovery, the FFM returned to pre-SRST values. Body weight returned to pre-training levels in 2 weeks. Body fat percentage and mass also significantly decreased during SRST (9.0; 7.7-12.3 to 6.5; 5.1-9.3% and 6.9; 5.6-10.0 to 6.9; 5.6-10.0 kg, respectively), which showed a slower and more gradual recovery that reached pre-SRST values after 4 weeks. The girths of arm, thigh, chest and waist significantly decreased due to SRST. The girths of the limbs (arm and thigh) returned to pre-training values after one month of recovery, while the girths of the trunk (chest and waist) did not return to pre-SRST values during the study period. Conclusions The findings suggest that men who experience periods of high energy demands and sleep restriction followed by a period of food restriction will endure unavoidable physical consequences that can be mostly reversed by a 1-month recovery.

scholarly journals Structured Exercise Program is Feasible and Improves Functional Capacity among Older Adults in Puerto Rico

2014 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 16-30
Author(s):  
Osvaldo J Hernandez Soto ◽  
Farah A Ramirez Marrero
Keyword(s):  
Older Adults ◽  
Body Composition ◽  
Puerto Rico ◽  
Functional Capacity ◽  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Exercise Program ◽  
Impact Factors ◽  
Muscle Endurance ◽  
Lipid Levels ◽  
Balance Test

Physical inactivity is a major risk factor affecting overall health and functional capacity among older adults. In this study we evaluated functional capacity in 22 older adults in Puerto Rico (mean age ± standard deviation = 73.3 ± 8.2 years) before, during and after eight weeks participation in a structured exercise program. Functional capacity was evaluated using a field test battery (body composition, flexibility, coordination, agility and balance, muscle endurance and cardiorespiratory endurance) validated for this population. Also, cardiorespiratory fitness (VO2max) and blood lipid levels were evaluated in a sub-sample (n = 7). A repeated measures ANOVA was used to detect changes in functional capacity before, during and after the exercise program. A paired t-test was used to evaluate changes in VO2max and lipids before and after the program. Flexibility improved significantly during the exercise program (51.6 ± 12.2 vs. 57.7 ± 8.1 cm, p=0.04) and this change was sustained at the end of the program (54.4 ± 10.2 cm). At eight weeks into the program, time in the agility and balance test improved by two seconds and muscle endurance improved by five repetitions (p<0.05 for all). No changes were observed in body composition, coordination, VO2max and lipid levels (p>0.05). These results suggest that participation in a structured exercise program for eight weeks can positively impact factors that improve movement capacity in older adults.

Energy Expenditure and Body Fat Distribution in Mohawk Children

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1995 ◽  
Vol 95 (1) ◽  
pp. 89-95
Author(s):  
Michael I. Goran ◽  
Mary Kaskoun ◽  
Rachel Johnson ◽  
Charlene Martinez ◽  
Benson Kelly ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Physical Activity ◽  
Body Composition ◽  
Native Americans ◽  
Energy Expenditure ◽  
Total Energy ◽  
Body Fat ◽  
Resting Energy Expenditure ◽  
Fat Distribution ◽  
Total Energy Expenditure ◽  
Fat Free Mass

Objective. Epidemiologic studies suggest that Native Americans, including the Mohawk people, have a high prevalence of obesity, diabetes, and cardiovascular risk. However, current information on alterations in related variables such as energy metabolism and body composition in Native Americans is almost exclusively limited to already obese Pima adults living in the Southwest. The aim of this study was to characterize energy metabolism and body composition in young Mohawk children (17 girls, 11 boys; aged 4 to 7 years) as compared to Caucasian children (36 girls, 34 boys; aged 4 to 7 years). Total energy expenditure was measured by doubly labeled water, postprandial resting energy expenditure by indirect calorimetry, and activity energy expenditure was derived from the difference between total and resting energy expenditure. Fat and fat free mass were estimated from bioelectrical resistance, and body fat distribution was estimated from skinfolds and circumferences. Results. There were no significant effects of ethnic background or sex on body weight, height, or body mass index. Fat free mass was significantly higher in boys and fat mass was significantly higher in girls, with no effect of ethnic background. Chest skinfold thickness, the ratio of trunk skinfolds:extremity skinfolds, and the waist:hip ratio were significantly higher in Mohawk children by 2.5 mm, 0.09 units, and 0.03 units, respectively, independent of sex and fat mass. Total energy expenditure was significantly higher in Mohawk children compared to Caucasian (100 kcal/day in girls, 150 kcal/day in boys), independent of fat free mass and sex, due to a significantly higher physical activity-related energy expenditure. Conclusion. These data suggest that: 1) body fat is more centrally distributed in Mohawk relative to Caucasian children, and this effect is independent of sex and body fat content; 2) Mohawk children have a greater total energy expenditure than Caucasian children, independent of fat free mass, due to greater physical activity-related energy expenditure.

P0960HOME BASED RESISTANCE EXERCISE PROGRAM AND SARCOPENIA IN HEMODIALYSIS PATIENTS: IT IS A USEFUL INTERVENTION?

2020 ◽  
Vol 35 (Supplement_3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Vicent Esteve Simó ◽  
Anna Junqué Jiménez ◽  
Verónica Duarte Gallego ◽  
Irati Tapia González ◽  
Fátima Moreno Guzmán ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Skeletal Muscle ◽  
Body Composition ◽  
Resistance Exercise ◽  
Muscle Mass ◽  
Functional Capacity ◽  
Muscular Strength ◽  
Skeletal Muscle Mass ◽  
Exercise Program ◽  
Hemodialysis Patients ◽  
Home Based

Abstract Background and Aims Sarcopenia is a skeletal muscle disorder associated with adverse outcomes including falls, physical disability and mortality particularly in hemodialysis (HD) patients. Currently, progressive resistance training exercise has been shown a proven method to treat and prevent sarcopenia. Nevertheless, these findings are poorly investigated in HD patients since exercise programs are not widespread. The aim of our study was to assess the effect of a home-based resistance exercise program (HBREP) on muscular strength, functional capacity and body composition in our hemodialysis patients with sarcopenia according to the European Working Group on Sarcopenia in Older People criteria (EWGSOP2). Method A 12 weeks single-center prospective study. HD patients from our institution with EWGSOP2 sarcopenia diagnosis were enrolled in a HBREP. Demographical an anthropometrical data, main biochemical and nutritional parameters, hand grip (HG) muscular strength, functional capacity tests: Sit to stand to seat 5 (STS5); Short Physical Performance Battery (SPPB), gait speed (GS), as well as body composition determined by electrical bioimpedance (BIA) and sarcopenia severity were analized. Results 18 HD patients with sarcopenia (71.4% severe) were included (4 drop out).78.6% men. Mean age 74.7 years and 53.3 months on HD. The main etiologies of ESRD were the HBP (21.4%) and DM (14.3%). Globally, a significant improvement was observed at the end of the study in relation to muscular strength (HG 19.9±6.1 vs 22.2±7.1 kg, p 0.001) and functional capacity tests (STS5 21.9±10.3 vs 17.2±9.9 sec, p 0.001; SPPB (6.9±2.3 vs 9.1±2.5 score, p 0.001 and GS 0.8±0.1 vs 0.9±0.2 m/s, p 0.015). Likewise, higher total skeletal muscle mass (SMM, 14.3±2.8 vs 14.5±2.9 kg) and SMM index (SMM/height2, 5.5±0.7 vs 5.7±0.9 Kg/m2 ) were found at the end of the study, although these differences were not significant. Finally, 2 patients (14.8%) reverse the EWGSOP2 sarcopenia criteria and 3 (21.4%) enhanced their severe sarcopenia. No relevant changes regarding anthropometrical data, main biochemical and nutritional parameters or dialysis adequacy were observed at the end of the study. Conclusion A home-based resistance exercise program improves muscular strength, functional capacity and body composition in our sarcopenic hemodialysis patients. With our results, home-based resistance exercise programs should be considered a key point in the prevention and treatment of skeletal muscle mass reduction due to sarcopenia in these patients. Further studies are mandatory to confirm our encouraging results.

scholarly journals Effects of Three Months of Detraining on the Health Profile of Older Women after a Multicomponent Exercise Program

2019 ◽  
Vol 16 (20) ◽  
pp. 3881 ◽  
Author(s):  
Luis Leitão ◽  
Ana Pereira ◽  
Mauro Mazini ◽  
Gabriela Venturini ◽  
Yuri Campos ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Blood Pressure ◽  
Heart Rate ◽  
Older Women ◽  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Pulmonary Ventilation ◽  
Exercise Program ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Health Profile ◽  
Older Individuals ◽  
Negative Effects

Physical exercise results in very important benefits including preventing disease and promoting the quality of life of older individuals. Common interruptions and training cessation are associated with the loss of total health profile, and specifically cardiorespiratory fitness. Would detraining (DT) promote different effects in the cardiorespiratory and health profiles of trained and sedentary older women? Forty-seven older women were divided into an experimental group (EG) and a control group (CG) (EG: n = 28, 70.3 ± 2.3 years; CG: n = 19, 70.1 ± 5.6 years). Oxygen uptake (VO2) and health profile assessments were conducted after the exercise program and after three months of detraining. The EG followed a nine-month multicomponent exercise program before a three-month detraining period. The CG maintained their normal activities. Repeated measures ANOVA showed significant increases in total heath and VO2 (p < 0.01) profile over a nine-month exercise period in the EG and no significant increases in the CG. DT led to greater negative effects on total cholesterol (4.35%, p < 0.01), triglycerides (3.89%, p < 0.01), glucose (4.96%, p < 0.01), resting heart rate (5.15%, p < 0.01), systolic blood pressure (4.13%, p < 0.01), diastolic blood pressure (3.38%, p < 0.01), the six-minute walk test (7.57%, p < 0.01), Pulmonary Ventilation (VE) (10.16%, p < 0.01), the Respiratory Exchange Ratio (RER) (9.78, p < 0.05), and VO2/heart rate (HR) (16.08%, p < 0.01) in the EG. DT may induce greater declines in total health profile and in VO2, mediated, in part, by the effectiveness of multicomponent training particularly developed for older women.

Resting Energy Expenditure in Obese Women with Primary Hypothyroidism and Appropriate Levothyroxine Replacement Therapy

2020 ◽  
Vol 105 (4) ◽  
pp. e1741-e1748 ◽  
Author(s):  
Emanuele Muraca ◽  
Stefano Ciardullo ◽  
Alice Oltolini ◽  
Francesca Zerbini ◽  
Eleonora Bianconi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Composition ◽  
Energy Expenditure ◽  
Replacement Therapy ◽  
Resting Energy Expenditure ◽  
Primary Hypothyroidism ◽  
Normal Serum ◽  
Fat Free Mass ◽  
Model Assessment ◽  
Obese Women ◽  
Resting Energy

Abstract Context Growing evidence suggests that appropriate levothyroxine (LT4) replacement therapy may not correct the full set of metabolic defects afflicting individuals with hypothyroidism. Objective To assess whether obese subjects with primary hypothyroidism are characterized by alterations of the resting energy expenditure (REE). Design Retrospective analysis of a set of data about obese women attending the outpatients service of a single obesity center from January 2013 to July 2019. Patients A total of 649 nondiabetic women with body mass index (BMI) &gt; 30 kg/m2 and thyrotropin (TSH) level 0.4–4.0 mU/L were segregated into 2 groups: patients with primary hypothyroidism taking LT4 therapy (n = 85) and patients with normal thyroid function (n = 564). Main outcomes REE and body composition assessed using indirect calorimetry and bioimpedance. Results REE was reduced in women with hypothyroidism in LT4 therapy when compared with controls (28.59 ± 3.26 vs 29.91 ± 3.59 kcal/kg fat-free mass (FFM)/day), including when adjusted for age, BMI, body composition, and level of physical activity (P = 0.008). This metabolic difference was attenuated only when adjustment for homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) was performed. Conclusions This study demonstrated that obese hypothyroid women in LT4 therapy, with normal serum TSH level compared with euthyroid controls, are characterized by reduced REE, in line with the hypothesis that standard LT4 replacement therapy may not fully correct metabolic alterations related to hypothyroidism. We are not able to exclude that this feature may be influenced by the modulation of insulin sensitivity at the liver site, induced by LT4 oral administration.

scholarly journals Obesity and Body Composition in Preschool Children with Different Levels of Actigraphy-Derived Physical Activity—A Cross-Sectional Study

2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (4) ◽  
pp. 1210
Author(s):  
Justyna Wyszyńska ◽  
Piotr Matłosz ◽  
Agnieszka Szybisty ◽  
Paweł Lenik ◽  
Katarzyna Dereń ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Physical Activity ◽  
Body Composition ◽  
Preschool Children ◽  
Lower Risk ◽  
Bioelectrical Impedance ◽  
Impedance Analysis ◽  
Fat Free Mass ◽  
Fat Percentage ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Steps Per Day

Detailed associations between physical activity (PA) and body composition in preschoolers remain unclear. The aim of this study was to assess body composition among preschool children differentiated according to their levels of PA and to assess whether meeting the current PA recommendations is associated with a lower risk of obesity, determined by body mass index (BMI) and body fat percentage (BFP). Free-living PA was measured using accelerometers for 7 days in children aged 5 to 6 years. Bioelectrical impedance analysis was used to estimate body composition. Significant differences in content of BFP, fat-free mass (FFM), and total body water (TBW) were found between boys meeting and not meeting moderate-to-vigorous PA (MVPA) recommendations. Meeting the MVPA recommendation was associated with a twofold lower risk of obesity determined by BFP in boys but not in girls. In contrast, the total number of recommended steps per day was not related to adiposity in boys or girls. No statistically significant differences were observed in body composition indices and quintiles of MVPA. Boys in the 3rd–5th quintiles of steps per day presented significantly lower BFP and higher muscle mass and TBW than their peers in quintile 1. However, different associations were observed between body composition indices and quintiles of PA.

scholarly journals Body composition and resting energy expenditure in humans: role of fat, fat-free mass and extracellular fluid

2000 ◽  
Vol 24 (9) ◽  
pp. 1153-1157 ◽  
Author(s):  
S Nielsen ◽  
DD Hensrud ◽  
S Romanski ◽  
JA Levine ◽  
B Burguera ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Composition ◽  
Energy Expenditure ◽  
Extracellular Fluid ◽  
Resting Energy Expenditure ◽  
Fat Free Mass ◽  
Resting Energy

Body composition in psychotic disorders: a general population survey

2008 ◽  
Vol 39 (5) ◽  
pp. 801-810 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. E. Saarni ◽  
S. I. Saarni ◽  
M. Fogelholm ◽  
M. Heliövaara ◽  
J. Perälä ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Composition ◽  
Waist Circumference ◽  
General Population ◽  
Muscle Mass ◽  
Abdominal Obesity ◽  
Psychotic Disorders ◽  
Large Population ◽  
Fat Free Mass ◽  
Fat Percentage ◽  
Increased Risk

BackgroundThe literature suggests an association between obesity and schizophrenia but fat mass and fat-free mass, which have been shown to be more predictive of all-cause mortality than only waist circumference and obesity [body mass index (BMI) ⩾30 kg/m2], have not been reported in psychotic disorders. We examined the detailed body composition of people with different psychotic disorders in a large population-based sample.MethodWe used a nationally representative sample of 8082 adult Finns aged ⩾30 years with measured anthropometrics (height, weight, waist circumference, fat percentage, fat-free mass and segmental muscle mass). Psychiatric diagnoses were based on a consensus procedure utilizing the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV (SCID)-interview, case-notes and comprehensive register data.ResultsSchizophrenia (including schizo-affective disorder) was associated with obesity [odds ratio (OR) 2.3, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.5–3.6], abdominal obesity (waist circumference ⩾88 cm for women, ⩾102 cm for men) (OR 2.2, 95% CI 1.3–3.6) and with higher fat percentage (mean difference 3.8%, 95% CI 2.0–5.7%), adjusted for age and gender, than in the remaining sample. The associations between schizophrenia and low fat-free mass and decreased muscle mass on trunk and upper limbs became statistically significant after adjusting for BMI. After further adjusting for current antipsychotic medication, education, diet and smoking, schizophrenia remained associated with obesity (OR 1.9, 95% CI 1.1–3.6) and abdominal obesity (OR 3.8, 95% CI 1.5–9.4). Participants with affective psychoses did not differ from the general population.ConclusionsIndividuals with schizophrenia have metabolically unfavorable body composition, comprising abdominal obesity, high fat percentage and low muscle mass. This leads to increased risk of metabolic and cardiovascular diseases.

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