scholarly journals Hourly Breast Expression to Estimate the Rate of Synthesis of Milk and Fat

Nutrients ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (9) ◽  
pp. 1144 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jacqueline Kent ◽  
Hazel Gardner ◽  
Ching-Tat Lai ◽  
Peter Hartmann ◽  
Kevin Murray ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Breast Milk ◽  
Fat Content ◽  
Objective Measurement ◽  
Small Samples ◽  
Milk Samples ◽  
Hourly Rate ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Fat Synthesis

Objective measurement of the rate of synthesis of breast milk and fat in breastfeeding mothers requires test-weighing of each breastfeed and the measurement of each expression from each breast over 24 h, with the collection of milk samples before and after each breastfeed and expression. We sought an abbreviated technique for measuring these rates of synthesis. Participants completed a 24-h breastfeeding milk profile, and expressed their breasts on arrival at the research room and each hour thereafter for 3 h (4 expressions). The hourly rate of milk synthesis, as measured by the yield of milk from the fourth expression, was closely related to the hourly rate of milk synthesis calculated from the 24-h milk profile. The hourly rate of fat synthesis, calculated from the fat content of small samples of the first and last milk expressed during the fourth expression, was different from the rate of fat synthesis calculated from the fat content and volumes of all the breastfeeds and expressions during the 24-h milk profile. The study confirms the use of an abbreviated technique to measure the rate of breast milk synthesis, but is not reliable as a measure of the rate of fat synthesis for an individual.

scholarly journals Breast milk fatty acid composition and fatty acid intake of lactating mothers in South Korea

2017 ◽  
Vol 117 (4) ◽  
pp. 556-561 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hyesook Kim ◽  
Sujeong Kang ◽  
Byung-Moon Jung ◽  
Hyunju Yi ◽  
Ji A. Jung ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Breast Milk ◽  
Human Milk ◽  
Maternal Diet ◽  
Fat Content ◽  
Dietary Intakes ◽  
Food Record ◽  
Supplement Use ◽  
Milk Samples ◽  
Fa Composition

AbstractThe aim of this study was to determine the fatty acid (FA) composition of breast milk, and its association with mothers’ FA intake. Milk samples were obtained from 238 healthy lactating women who volunteered to participate in the Human Milk Micronutrients Analysis Research. Dietary intake during lactation was assessed using a 3-d food record, and fat content and FA composition of the breast milk samples were analysed by IR spectrometry using MilkoScan FT2 and GC flame ionisation detector, respectively. The fat content was 3·31 (sd 1·41) g/100 ml breast milk. The concentrations of arachidonic acid (20 : 4 n-6), EPA (20 : 5 n-3) and DHA (22 : 6 n-3) in breast milk were 0·48 (sd 0·13), 0·15 (sd 0·12) and 0·67 (sd 0·47) % of total FA, respectively. Fat content and FA composition of breast milk were associated with maternal age, BMI, supplement use and infant age. Dietary intakes of EPA, DHA, n-3 FA, n-6 FA, SFA and PUFA were positively correlated with the corresponding FA in the milk samples. FA levels in breast milk and maternal diet are highly correlated. Further studies are warranted to explore factors that may be associated with changes in FA composition in human milk.

Infrared analyzers for breast milk analysis: fat levels can influence the accuracy of protein measurements

2017 ◽  
Vol 55 (12) ◽  
Author(s):  
Celia Kwan ◽  
Gerhard Fusch ◽  
Aldin Bahonjic ◽  
Niels Rochow ◽  
Christoph Fusch
Keyword(s):  
Breast Milk ◽  
Protein Content ◽  
Neonatal Intensive Care ◽  
Near Infrared ◽  
Fat Content ◽  
Milk Analysis ◽  
High Fat ◽  
Before And After ◽  
The Matrix ◽  
Calibration Algorithm

Abstract:Background:Currently, there is a growing interest in lacto-engineering in the neonatal intensive care unit, using infrared milk analyzers to rapidly measure the macronutrient content in breast milk before processing and feeding it to preterm infants. However, there is an overlap in the spectral information of different macronutrients, so they can potentially impact the robustness of the measurement. In this study, we investigate whether the measurement of protein is dependent on the levels of fat present while using an infrared milk analyzer.Methods:Breast milk samples (n=25) were measured for fat and protein content before and after being completely defatted by centrifugation, using chemical reference methods and near-infrared milk analyzer (Unity SpectraStar) with two different calibration algorithms provided by the manufacturer (released 2009 and 2015).Results:While the protein content remained unchanged, as measured by elemental analysis, measurements by infrared milk analyzer show a difference in protein measurements dependent on fat content; high fat content can lead to falsely high protein content. This difference is less pronounced when measured using the more recent calibration algorithm.Conclusions:Milk analyzer users must be cautious of their devices’ measurements, especially if they are changing the matrix of breast milk using more advanced lacto-engineering.

scholarly journals Adequacy of vitamin A and fat in the breast milk of lactating women in south Sri Lanka

2008 ◽  
Vol 11 (7) ◽  
pp. 747-750 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chandrani Liyanage ◽  
Manjula Hettiarachchi ◽  
Prabhath Mangalajeewa ◽  
Sarath Malawipathirana
Keyword(s):  
Breast Milk ◽  
Vitamin A ◽  
Milk Fat ◽  
Pearson Correlation ◽  
Fat Content ◽  
Lactating Women ◽  
Milk Samples ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Urban Rural ◽  
The Right

AbstractObjectiveTo determine vitamin A (retinol) and fat concentrations in breast milk during early lactation.MethodsHealthy lactating women (n 88) aged between 18 and 35 years were randomly selected for the study from urban, semi-urban, rural and estate (plantation) sectors of Galle District. Their anthropometry was recorded; breast milk samples were collected from the right breast one hour after the last feed. Breast milk retinol was determined by HPLC and fat content by the crematocrit method.ResultsSubjects were in the 2nd to 9th month of lactation. Retinol concentrations of the breast milk samples ranged from 0·10 to 2·46 μmol/l, with a mean of 0·50 μmol/l, and correlated positively with parity (Pearson correlation coefficient, r = 0·307; P = 0·01) and negatively with period of lactation (r = −0·209; P = 0·05). The fat content of breast milk ranged between 5·09 and 56·46 g/l with a mean of 26·95 g/l. A significant difference in either breast milk fat or retinol content and mean birth weight of the babies was not seen between the groups. The ratio of retinol to fat in breast milk was positively correlated with weight (r = 0·274; P = 0·01) and height (r = 0·328; P < 0·001) of the mothers.ConclusionsIn this primary investigation on breast milk quality the fat content was found to be marginal; the majority of lactating mothers (92·0 %) were not providing the minimum daily requirement (1·05 μmol/l) of retinol to their babies.

Human breast milk concentration of neopterin at various stages of lactation and during a single feeding

Pteridines ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 26 (2) ◽  
pp. 73-77
Author(s):  
Katarzyna Plata-Nazar ◽  
Ewa Woś-Wasilewska ◽  
Agnieszka Szlagatys-Sidorkiewcz ◽  
Grażyna Łuczak ◽  
Maciej Zagierski ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Breast Milk ◽  
Human Breast Milk ◽  
Human Breast ◽  
Physiological Level ◽  
Milk Samples ◽  
Stage Of Lactation ◽  
Lactation Stage ◽  
Neopterin Concentration ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Immunoenzymatic Assay

AbstractThe aim of this work was to determine the physiological level of neopterin in human breast milk, and to study its variability depending on the duration of a single feeding and the lactation stage. Breast milk samples from 74 women were collected between 2 and 4 days after delivery, and at 15, 30, and 90 days after delivery. Additionally, breast milk samples from eight women were collected before and after 7 and 15 min of breastfeeding. The concentration of neopterin in breast milk was determined by an immunoenzymatic assay. The range of breast milk neopterin concentration at various stages of lactation amounted to 15.4–19.2 nmol/L at 2–4 days after delivery, 20.2–23.0 nmol/L at day 15, 20.8–24.5 nmol/L at day 30, and 16.9–20.4 nmol/L at day 90. The level of neopterin 2–4 days after delivery was significantly lower than that at days 15 and 30; moreover, the concentration of neopterin at day 30 was significantly higher than that at day 90. No significant differences were documented between neopterin concentrations at various phases of a single feeding. While the breast milk concentration of neopterin changes depending on the stage of lactation, it remains stable throughout a single feeding.

scholarly journals Analysis of the composition and antioxidant status of breast milk in women giving birth prematurely and on time

PLoS ONE ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (7) ◽  
pp. e0255252
Author(s):  
Agnieszka Chrustek ◽  
Agnieszka Dombrowska-Pali ◽  
Dorota Olszewska-Słonina
Keyword(s):  
Breast Milk ◽  
Antioxidant Status ◽  
Digestive System ◽  
Total Antioxidant Status ◽  
Cortisol Concentration ◽  
Basic Composition ◽  
Milk Samples ◽  
Premature Babies ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Total Antioxidant

Background Breastfeeding with mother’s milk is the best form of nutrition not only for newborn babies, but especially for premature babies, due to the health benefits of taking human food. Objectives The aim of the study was to examine the basic composition, cortisol concentration and antioxidant status of breast milk samples from women giving birth before 37 weeks of pregnancy and comparing it with milk samples from women giving birth after 37 weeks of pregnancy. Methods The material for the study was milk taken from women giving birth before and after 37 weeks of pregnancy. The basic composition of breast milk was determined using a MIRIS analyzer, cortisol concentration in samples by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent test and their total antioxidant status was assessed by DPPH and FRAP methods. Results It has been shown that the concentration of cortisol in samples of human milk in the group of women giving birth before 37 weeks was 13.95 ng / ml [4,71–86,84], while in the group of women giving birth after week 37 of pregnancy—10.31 ng / ml [2.35-39-02] (p = 0.014), while% inhibition of DPPH was 65.46% and 58.30%, respectively (p = 0.014). Conclusions Milk from women giving birth prematurely is qualitatively different from the milk of women giving birth on time. The total antioxidant status of preterm milk is higher than term milk, which promotes the development of premature babies. Higher cortisol levels in samples from women giving birth before 37 weeks of pregnancy may stimulate the digestive system.

scholarly journals COVID-19 Vaccine mRNABNT162b2 Elicits Human Antibody Response in Milk of Breastfeeding Women

Vaccines ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (7) ◽  
pp. 785
Author(s):  
Maurizio Guida ◽  
Daniela Terracciano ◽  
Michele Cennamo ◽  
Federica Aiello ◽  
Evelina La Civita ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Breast Milk ◽  
Antibody Response ◽  
Human Milk ◽  
Human Antibody ◽  
Serum Antibodies ◽  
Serum Samples ◽  
Low Concentration ◽  
Milk Samples ◽  
Milk Antibodies ◽  
Roche Diagnostics

Objective: The objective of this research is to demonstrate the release of SARS-CoV-2 Spike (S) antibodies in human milk samples obtained by patients who have been vaccinated with mRNABNT162b2 vaccine. Methods: Milk and serum samples were collected in 10 volunteers 20 days after the first dose and 7 seven days after the second dose of the mRNABNT162b2 vaccine. Anti-SARS-CoV-2 S antibodies were measured by the Elecsys® Anti-SARS-CoV-2 S ECLIA assay (Roche Diagnostics AG, Rotkreuz, Switzerland), a quantitative electrochemiluminescence immunometric method. Results: At first sample, anti-SARS-CoV-2 S antibodies were detected in all serum samples (103.9 ± 54.9 U/mL) and only in two (40%) milk samples with a low concentration (1.2 ± 0.3 U/mL). At the second sample, collected 7 days after the second dose, anti-SARS-CoV-2 S antibodies were detected in all serum samples (3875.7 ± 3504.6 UI/mL) and in all milk samples (41.5 ± 47.5 UI/mL). No correlation was found between the level of serum and milk antibodies; the milk antibodies/serum antibodies ratio was on average 2% (range: 0.2–8.4%). Conclusion: We demonstrated a release of anti-SARS-CoV-2 S antibodies in the breast milk of women vaccinated with mRNABNT162b2. Vaccinating breastfeeding women could be a strategy to protect their infants from COVID-19 infection.

Fatty acid profile of milk from Nordestina donkey breed raised on Caatinga pasture

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-5
Author(s):  
Tayanna Bernardo Oliveira Nunes Messias ◽  
Susana Paula Alves ◽  
Rui José Branquinho Bessa ◽  
Marta Suely Madruga ◽  
Maria Teresa Bertoldo Pacheco ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Gas Chromatography ◽  
Milk Fat ◽  
Fat Content ◽  
Donkey Milk ◽  
Fat Percentage ◽  
Mid Infrared ◽  
Milk Samples ◽  
The Third ◽  
Commercial Viability

Abstract In this research communication we describe the composition of fatty acids (FA) present in the milk of the Nordestina donkey breed, and how they differ during lactation. Milk samples were taken from 24 multiparous lactating Nordestina donkeys that grazed the Caatinga, comprising 5 animals at each of around 30, 60 and 90 d in milk (DIM) and a further 9 animals ranging from 120 to 180 DIM. The milk fat content was analysed by mid infrared spectroscopy and the FA profile by gas chromatography. The milk fat percentage ranged from 0.45 to 0.61%. The main FA found in milk were 16:0 and 18:1c9. These did not differ among DIM classes and comprised 23% and 25% of total FA. Notably, the α-Linolenic acid (18:3 n-3) was the third most abundant FA and differed (P < 0.05) with DIM, being lowest in the 30 and 60 DIM samples (around 10.7% of total FA) and highest in the 60 and 90 DIM classes (around 14.6% of total FA). The low-fat content and the FA profile of the donkey milk gives it potential as a functional ingredient, which could help to preserve the commercial viability of the Nordestina donkey breed.

scholarly journals Update on the Transmission of Zika Virus Through Breast Milk and Breastfeeding: A Systematic Review of the Evidence

Viruses ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 123
Author(s):  
Elizabeth Centeno-Tablante ◽  
Melisa Medina-Rivera ◽  
Julia L. Finkelstein ◽  
Heather S. Herman ◽  
Pura Rayco-Solon ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Breast Milk ◽  
Zika Virus ◽  
Mother To Child Transmission ◽  
Inclusion Criteria ◽  
Rt Pcr ◽  
Child Transmission ◽  
Zikv Infection ◽  
Milk Samples ◽  
Clinical Complications ◽  
Mother To Child

We systematically searched regional and international databases and screened 1658 non-duplicate records describing women with suspected or confirmed ZIKV infection, intending to breastfeed or give breast milk to an infant to examine the potential of mother-to-child transmission of Zika virus (ZIKV) through breast milk or breastfeeding-related practices. Fourteen studies met our inclusion criteria and inform this analysis. These studies reported on 97 mother–children pairs who provided breast milk for ZIKV assessment. Seventeen breast milk samples from different women were found positive for ZIKV via RT-PCR, and ZIKV replication was found in cell cultures from five out of seven breast milk samples from different women. Only three out of six infants who had ZIKV infection were breastfed, no evidence of clinical complications was found to be associated with ZIKV RNA in breast milk. This review updates our previous report by including 12 new articles, in which we found no evidence of ZIKV mother-to-child transmission through breast milk intake or breastfeeding. As the certainty of the present evidence is low, additional studies are still warranted to determine if ZIKV can be transmitted through breastfeeding.

Proteolysis detection in milk: II. The effect of preincubation of raw and laboratory pasteurized bulk milk samples on tyrosine value and its relationship with bacterial populations

1973 ◽  
Vol 40 (3) ◽  
pp. 383-392 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. S. Juffs
Keyword(s):  
Major Contributor ◽  
Milk Supply ◽  
Bacterial Populations ◽  
Milk Samples ◽  
Bulk Milk ◽  
Upper Limit ◽  
Principal Source ◽  
Before And After

SummaryA study is reported of the effect of preincubation of raw and laboratory pasteurized bulk milk samples on the tyrosine value (TV) of milk and its relationship with bacterial populations. For raw samples, mean TVs before and after preincubation for 20±2 h at both 25 and 30 °C differed (P < 0·001). After preincubation at 30 °C, the TV of 47 % of raw samples exceeded that considered to represent the upper limit of variation in the TV of a normal bulk milk supply. At this temperature, however, there was no indication that proteolytic psychrotrophs were a major contributor to increased TV. With preincubation of raw samples at 25 °C, an increase to above the upper limit of variation occurred in only 20 % of samples; however, proteolytic psychrotrophs appeared more active at this temperature. In similar samples preincubated after laboratory pasteurization, large increases occurred in TV after 20 ±2 h at 30 °C, while at 25 °C the increases were much smaller and of the order found for preincubated raw samples. The results showed, however, that nonpsychrotrophic bacteria were also the principal source of proteinase giving rise to increased TVs in laboratory pasteurized samples.

CHANGES IN THE COMPOSITION AND YIELD OF THE MAMMARY SECRETION OF COWS DURING THE INITIATION OF LACTATION

1973 ◽  
Vol 59 (2) ◽  
pp. 231-247 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. E. HARTMANN
Keyword(s):  
Mammary Gland ◽  
Late Pregnancy ◽  
The Other ◽  
Small Samples ◽  
Dry Period ◽  
Abrupt Increase ◽  
Milk Samples ◽  
Casein Protein ◽  
Two Phases

SUMMARY Mammary secretion (1·2–2·0 ml) was collected from the milk sinus of each mammary gland (quarter) of two pregnant heifers and eight pregnant cows (dry period 49–229 days), first at weekly intervals from 40 days before parturition, then with increasing frequency as parturition approached. The progressive changes in the concentration of lactose, glucose, casein, non-casein protein and fat in the mammary secretion were determined. Calves were separated from the cows immediately after birth and the yield and composition of milk from individual quarters were determined for 5 days after parturition. Two quarters (milked quarters) of each of a further five cows were milked throughout pregnancy, while the other two quarters (unmilked quarters) of each cow were allowed to involute (dry off) 63– 104 days before parturition. Small samples (5–10 ml) of secretion were collected from the unmilked quarters, first at weekly intervals after drying off and then every second day from 10 to 15 days before parturition. On the days that the unmilked quarters were sampled, corresponding composite milk samples were collected from the milked quarters and the progressive changes in the yield of milk, lactose and fat were determined. The changes in the concentration of lactose and glucose in the mammary secretion, during drying off in late lactation, were determined in an additional five cows. In most cows allowed a usual dry period, and in the unmilked quarters of cows in which two quarters were milked throughout pregnancy, the concentration of lactose gradually increased from about 8 to 12 days before parturition to reach levels of about half those found in normal milk just before parturition. However, in some cows the concentration of lactose was low until 1–2 days before parturition and then increased abruptly, whereas in others the concentration of lactose increased slowly from as early as 32 days before parturition. A further rapid increase in the concentration of lactose in the mammary secretion occurred between 0 and 4 days before parturition in all cows. This latter increase was accompanied by an abrupt increase in the yield of milk, lactose and fat in the milked quarters of the cows in which two quarters were milked throughout pregnancy. These observations suggest that the initiation of lactation in the cow develops in two phases, a limited secretion of milk constituents occurs in late pregnancy and then 0–4 days before parturition copious secretion (lactogenesis) occurs.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document