scholarly journals Supplementation with the Leucine Metabolite β-hydroxy-β-methylbutyrate (HMB) does not Improve Resistance Exercise-Induced Changes in Body Composition or Strength in Young Subjects: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Nutrients ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (5) ◽  
pp. 1523 ◽  
Author(s):  
Josephine S. Jakubowski ◽  
Everson A. Nunes ◽  
Filipe J. Teixeira ◽  
Victoria Vescio ◽  
Robert W. Morton ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Review ◽  
Body Composition ◽  
Resistance Exercise ◽  
Body Mass ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Fat Free Mass ◽  
Strength Analysis ◽  
Composition Analysis ◽  
Total Body Mass ◽  
Leucine Metabolite

β-hydroxy-β-methylbutyrate (HMB) is a leucine metabolite that is purported to increase fat-free mass (FFM) gain and performance in response to resistance exercise training (RET). The aim of this systematic review and meta-analysis was to determine the efficacy of HMB supplementation in augmenting FFM and strength gains during RET in young adults. Outcomes investigated were: total body mass (TBM), FFM, fat mass (FM), total single repetition maximum (1RM), bench press (BP) 1RM, and lower body (LwB) 1RM. Databases consulted were: Medical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System Online (Medline), Excerpta Medica database (Embase), The Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature (CINAHL), and SportDiscus. Fourteen studies fit the inclusion criteria; however, 11 were analyzed after data extraction and funnel plot analysis exclusion. A total of 302 participants (18–45 y) were included in body mass and composition analysis, and 248 were included in the strength analysis. A significant effect was found on TBM. However, there were no significant effects for FFM, FM, or strength outcomes. We conclude that HMB produces a small effect on TBM gain, but this effect does not translate into significantly greater increases in FFM, strength or decreases in FM during periods of RET. Our findings do not support the use of HMB aiming at improvement of body composition or strength with RET.

Betaine supplementation fails to improve body composition: a systematic review and meta-analysis

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-21
Author(s):  
Damoon Ashtary-Larky ◽  
Reza Bagheri ◽  
Grant M. Tinsley ◽  
Omid Asbaghi ◽  
Sara Salehpour ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Review ◽  
Body Composition ◽  
Body Mass ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Fat Free Mass ◽  
Cochrane Library ◽  
Dietary Intakes ◽  
Fat Percentage ◽  
Trial Duration ◽  
Betaine Supplementation

Abstract Previous studies evaluating the effects of betaine supplementation on body composition offer contradictory findings. This systematic review and meta-analysis assessed the effects of betaine supplementation on body composition indices (body mass [BM], body mass index [BMI], body fat percentage [BFP], fat mass [FM], fat-free mass [FFM]), and dietary intakes. Studies examining the effects of betaine supplementation on body composition and dietary intakes published up to August 2021 were identified through PubMed, the Cochrane Library, Web of Science, Embase, SCOPUS, and Ovid databases. Betaine supplementation failed to significantly affect BM [(WMD: −0.40 kg, 95% CI: −1.46 to 0.64), p=0.447], BMI [(WMD: −0.05 kg/m2, 95% CI: −0.36 to 0.25), p=0.719], BFP [(WMD: 0.26%, 95% CI: −0.82 to 1.36), p=0.663], FM [(WMD: −0.57 kg, 95% CI: −2.14 to 0.99), p=0.473], and FFM [(WMD: 0.61 kg, 95% CI: −1.27 to 2.49), p=0.527]. Subgroup analyses based on participant’s age (<40 and >40 years), sex, BMI, trial duration (<8 and ≥8 weeks), betaine supplementation dosage (<4 and ≥4 g), and health status (healthy or unhealthy) demonstrated similar results. Other than a potential negligible increase in protein intake (WMD: 3.56 g, 95% CI: 0.24 to 6.88, p=0.035), no changes in dietary intakes were observed following betaine supplementation compared to control. The present systematic review and meta-analysis does not show any beneficial effects of betaine supplementation on body composition indices (BM, BMI, FM, and FFM).

Effects of Aerobic Plus Resistance Exercise on Body Composition Related Variables in Pediatric Obesity: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials

2015 ◽  
Vol 27 (4) ◽  
pp. 431-440 ◽  
Author(s):  
Antonio García-Hermoso ◽  
Mairena Sánchez-López ◽  
Vicente Martínez-Vizcaíno
Keyword(s):  
Body Mass Index ◽  
Body Composition ◽  
Body Weight ◽  
Resistance Exercise ◽  
Body Mass ◽  
Fat Mass ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Fat Free Mass ◽  
Exercise Interventions ◽  
Obese Youth

The purpose of this meta-analysis of randomized trials was to determine the effectiveness of aerobic plus resistance exercise interventions on body composition related to variables in overweight and obese youth. A computerized search was made of 7 databases. The analysis was restricted to randomized controlled trials that examined the effect of aerobic and resistance exercise on body composition (body weight, body mass index, fat mass, fat-free mass, and waist circumference) in obese youth. Two independent reviewers screened studies and extracted data. Weighted mean differences (WMD) and 95% confidence intervals were calculated. Nine studies were selected for meta-analysis as they fulfilled the inclusion criteria (n = 365). Aerobic plus resistance exercise interventions (8–24 weeks duration) produced a decrease in body weight (WMD=-3.31 kg), body mass index (WMD=-1.05 kg/m2), and fat mass (WMD=-1.93% and 5.05 kg), but changes in fatfree mass and waist circumference were not observed. These changes were accentuated through programs of at least 60 min of exercise per session, generating greater reductions in body weight (WMD=-4.11 kg), fat mass (WMD=-4.07%), and increase in fat-free mass (WMD = 2.45 kg). This meta-analysis provides insight into the effectiveness of short-term aerobic plus resistance exercise interventions for decreasing body weight, body mass index, and fat mass in pediatric obesity.

scholarly journals Body composition changes in physically active individuals consuming ketogenic diets: a systematic review

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Julie L. Coleman ◽  
Christopher T. Carrigan ◽  
Lee M. Margolis
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Review ◽  
Body Composition ◽  
Body Mass ◽  
Risk Of Bias ◽  
Fat Free Mass ◽  
Cochrane Library ◽  
Ideal Strength ◽  
Physically Active ◽  
Ketogenic Diets ◽  
Study Intervention

Abstract Background To achieve ideal strength/power to mass ratio, athletes may attempt to lower body mass through reductions in fat mass (FM), while maintaining or increasing fat-free mass (FFM) by manipulating their training regimens and diets. Emerging evidence suggests that consumption of high-fat, ketogenic diets (KD) may be advantageous for reducing body mass and FM, while retaining FFM. Methods A systematic review of the literature was conducted using PubMed and Cochrane Library databases to compare the effects of KD versus control diets (CON) on body mass and composition in physically active populations. Randomized and non-randomized studies were included if participants were healthy (free of chronic disease), physically active men or women age ≥ 18 years consuming KD (< 50 g carbohydrate/d or serum or whole blood β-hydroxybutyrate (βhb) > 0.5 mmol/L) for ≥14 days. Results Thirteen studies (9 parallel and 4 crossover/longitudinal) that met the inclusion criteria were identified. Aggregated results from the 13 identified studies show body mass decreased 2.7 kg in KD and increased 0.3 kg in CON. FM decreased by 2.3 kg in KD and 0.3 kg in CON. FFM decreased by 0.3 kg in KD and increased 0.7 kg in CON. Estimated energy balance based on changes in body composition was − 339 kcal/d in KD and 5 kcal/d in CON. Risk of bias identified some concern of bias primarily due to studies which allowed participants to self-select diet intervention groups, as well as inability to blind participants to the study intervention, and/or longitudinal study design. Conclusion KD can promote mobilization of fat stores to reduce FM while retaining FFM. However, there is variance in results of FFM across studies and some risk-of-bias in the current literature that is discussed in this systematic review.

One- and two-year change in body composition as measured by DXA in a population-based cohort of older men and women

2003 ◽  
Vol 94 (6) ◽  
pp. 2368-2374 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marjolein Visser ◽  
Marco Pahor ◽  
Frances Tylavsky ◽  
Stephen B. Kritchevsky ◽  
Jane A. Cauley ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Composition ◽  
Body Mass ◽  
Fat Mass ◽  
Population Based ◽  
Fat Free Mass ◽  
Simultaneous Increase ◽  
Total Body Mass ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Total Body

Changing body composition has been suggested as a pathway to explain age-related functional decline. No data are available on the expected changes in body composition as measured by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) in a population-based cohort of older persons. Body composition data at baseline, 1-yr follow-up, and 2-yr follow-up was measured by DXA in 2,040 well-functioning black and white men and women aged 70–79 yr, participants of the Health, Aging, and Body Composition Study. After 2 yr, a small decline in total body mass was observed (men: −0.3%, women: −0.4%). Among men, fat-free mass and appendicular lean soft tissue mass (ALST) decreased by −1.1 and −0.8%, respectively, which was masked by a simultaneous increase in total fat mass (+2.0%). Among women, a decline in fat-free mass was observed after 2 yr only (−0.6%) with no change in ALST and body fat mass. After 2 yr, the decline in ALST was greater in blacks than whites. Change in total body mass was associated with change in ALST ( r = +0.58 to +0.70; P < 0.0001). Among participants who lost total body mass, men lost relatively more ALST than women, and blacks lost relatively more ALST than whites. In conclusion, the mean change in body composition after a 1- to 2-yr follow-up was 1–2% with a high interindividual variability. Loss of ALST was greater in men compared with women, and greater in blacks compared with whites, suggesting that men and blacks may be more prone to muscle loss.

scholarly journals Accounting for height in indices of body composition during childhood and adolescence

2019 ◽  
Vol 4 ◽  
pp. 105 ◽  
Author(s):  
Linda M. O'Keeffe ◽  
Abigail Fraser ◽  
Laura D. Howe
Keyword(s):  
Body Composition ◽  
Cohort Study ◽  
Body Mass ◽  
Fat Mass ◽  
Early Life ◽  
Fat Free Mass ◽  
Childhood And Adolescence ◽  
Total Body Mass ◽  
Total Body ◽  
Age And Sex

Correlations of body composition with height vary by age and sex during childhood. Standard approaches to accounting for height in measures of body composition (dividing by height (in meters)2) do not take this into account. Using measures of total body mass (TBM), fat mass (FM) and fat free mass (FFM) at ages nine, 11, 13, 15 and 18 years from a longitudinal UK cohort study (ALSPAC), we calculated indices of body composition at each age by dividing measures by height (in meters)2. We then produced age-and sex-specific powers of height using allometric regressions and calculated body composition indices by dividing measures by height raised to these powers. TBM, FM and FFM divided by height2 were correlated with height up-to age 11 in females. In males, TBM and FM divided by height2 were correlated with height up-to age 15 years while FM divided by height2 was correlated with height up-to age 11 years. Indices of body composition using age-and sex-specific powers were not correlated with height at any age. In early life, age-and sex-specific powers of height, rather than height in meters2, should be used to adjust body composition for height when measures of adiposity/mass independent of height are required.

scholarly journals Functional Mobility and Basic Motor Skills in Patients with Multiple Sclerosis and Its Relation to the Anthropometrical Status and Body Composition Parameters

Medicina ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 55 (12) ◽  
pp. 773 ◽  
Author(s):  
Edyta Matusik ◽  
Aldona Augustak ◽  
Jacek Durmala
Keyword(s):  
Multiple Sclerosis ◽  
Body Composition ◽  
Body Mass ◽  
Motor Skills ◽  
Clinical Status ◽  
Functional Mobility ◽  
Fat Free Mass ◽  
Composition Analysis ◽  
Disability Status ◽  
Before And After

Background and objectives: Patients with multiple sclerosis (MS) have many potential risk factors (spasticity, immobilization, glucocorticoids use) which can deteriorate the anthropometrical status and body composition and may have a potential negative impact on functional mobility and basic motor skill improvement after physiotherapy. The aim of the study was to assess the functional mobility and basic motor skills in patients with MS and to correlate them with disability and anthropometrical status and body composition parameters. Materials and Methods: Timed Up-and-Go Test (TUG) and six-min walk test (6MWT) were performed in 36 patients with MS before and after 4 weeks of physiotherapy. Body mass index (BMI), waist-to-height ratio (W/HtR), and waist-to-hip ratio (WHR) were assessed in this group. Body composition was evaluated by bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA) and fat mass (FAT), fat free mass (FFM), total body water (TBW), and predicted muscle mass (PMM) were expressed as percentage of body mass. Clinical status was assessed by Expanded Disability Status Scale (EDSS) and Ambulatory Index (AI) scales. Results: After physiotherapy, there was a significant improvement in functional mobility and basic motor skills assessed by total distance in 6MWT (p < 0.001) and in TUG trials (p < 0.001). Positive significant correlations were found between the results obtained in both tests (either before and after physiotherapy) vs. FFM, TBW, and PMM, whilst worse results in functional mobility and basic motor skills correlated significantly with higher WHtR, WHR, and FAT (p < 0.05). Clinical status (EDSS) was significantly related to the WHtR and body composition parameters with the same manner as the results in the either 6MWT and TUG. However, there were no significant relationships between BMI vs. either clinical status (EDSS, AI) or functional mobility tests results in patients with MS. Conclusions: Functional mobility and basic motor skills may be significantly improved during physiotherapy, but they are related to the anthropometrical status and body composition of MS patients. Moreover, disability status is also significantly related to these parameters. Body composition deterioration seems to be the important target for the therapeutic intervention in MS patients. For proper nutritional status assessment in patients with MS, body composition analysis or WHtR instead BMI should to be used.

scholarly journals Concurrent aerobic plus resistance exercise versus aerobic exercise alone to improve health outcomes in paediatric obesity: a systematic review and meta-analysis

2016 ◽  
Vol 52 (3) ◽  
pp. 161-166 ◽  
Author(s):  
Antonio García-Hermoso ◽  
Robinson Ramírez-Vélez ◽  
Rodrigo Ramírez-Campillo ◽  
Mark D Peterson ◽  
Vicente Martínez-Vizcaíno
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Review ◽  
Resistance Exercise ◽  
Aerobic Exercise ◽  
Body Mass ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Density Lipoprotein ◽  
Eligibility Criteria ◽  
Exercise Interventions ◽  
Paediatric Obesity ◽  
Concurrent Exercise

ObjectiveTo determine if the combination of aerobic and resistance exercise is superior to aerobic exercise alone for the health of obese children and adolescents.DesignSystematic review with meta-analysis.Data sourcesComputerised search of 3 databases (MEDLINE, EMBASE, and Cochrane Controlled Trials Registry).Eligibility criteria for selecting studiesStudies that compared the effect of supervised concurrent exercise versus aerobic exercise interventions, with anthropometric and metabolic outcomes in paediatric obesity (6–18 years old). The mean differences (MD) of the parameters from preintervention to postintervention between groups were pooled using a random-effects model.Results12 trials with 555 youths were included in the meta-analysis. Compared with aerobic exercise alone, concurrent exercise resulted in greater reductions in body mass (MD=−2.28 kg), fat mass (MD=−3.49%; and MD=−4.34 kg) and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (MD=−10.20 mg/dL); as well as greater increases in lean body mass (MD=2.20 kg) and adiponectin level (MD=2.59 μg/mL). Differences were larger for longer term programmes (>24 weeks).SummaryConcurrent aerobic plus resistance exercise improves body composition, metabolic profiles, and inflammatory state in the obese paediatric population.Trial registration numberCRD42016039807.

The Effect of Lifestyle Intervention on Body Composition, Glycemic Control, and Cardiorespiratory Fitness in Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

2015 ◽  
Vol 25 (6) ◽  
pp. 533-540 ◽  
Author(s):  
Liza Haqq ◽  
James McFarlane ◽  
Gudrun Dieberg ◽  
Neil Smart
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Review ◽  
Body Composition ◽  
Lifestyle Intervention ◽  
Body Mass ◽  
Cardiorespiratory Fitness ◽  
Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Reproductive Age ◽  
Dietary Interventions ◽  
Ovarian Syndrome

Introduction:Polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS) affects 18–22% women of reproductive age. We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis to quantify expected benefits of lifestyle (exercise and dietary) interventions on various clinical outcomes in PCOS.Methods:Potential studies were identified by conducting systematic search of PubMed, the Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature, and Cochrane controlled trials registry (1966 to April 2013) using key concepts of PCOS, exercise, dietary and lifestyle interventions.Results:Significant improvements were seen in women who received lifestyle intervention vs. usual care, in body composition parameters of body mass index, mean difference (MD) = −0.12 kg.m−2 (95% CI [−0.22, −0.03], p = .009), body mass MD = −3.42 kg (95% CI [−4.86, −1.99], p < .00001), waist circumference MD = −1.64 cm (95% CI [−2.09, −1.19], p < .00001), waist−hip ratio MD = −0.03 (95% CI [−0.05, −0.01], p = .0002), and body fat % MD = −1.71% (95% CI [−3.10, −0.32], p = .02). Insulin did not improve, MD = −1.21 pmol/L (95% CI [−3.06, −0.63], p = .20). Lipid profile did not improve, total cholesterol MD = −0.02 mmol/L (95% CI [−0.25, 0.21], p = .89). C-reactive protein was significantly lower, MD = −0.47 mmol/L (95% CI [−0.80, −0.15], p = .004). Significant improvements were also observed in cardiorespiratory fitness with exercise alone reducing resting heart rate, MD = −1.89 beats.min−1 (95% CI [−2.90, −0.88], p = .0002), and peak VO2, MD = 4.86 ml.kg−1.min−1 (95% CI [2.83, 6.88], p < .00001). Lifestyle therapy also improved, peak VO2 MD = 5.09 ml.kg−1.min−1 (95% CI [3.13, 7.05], p < .00001).Conclusions:Our analyses suggest lifestyle intervention is optimal for improving body composition and cardiorespiratory fitness in women with PCOS.

scholarly journals The Protein Recommended Dietary Allowance Is Adequate to Retain Lean Body Mass: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials (P08-065-19)

2019 ◽  
Vol 3 (Supplement_1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Joshua Hudson ◽  
Yu Wang ◽  
Robert Bergia ◽  
Wayne Campbell
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Review ◽  
Body Composition ◽  
Randomized Controlled Trials ◽  
Lean Body Mass ◽  
Body Mass ◽  
Nitrogen Balance ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Controlled Trials ◽  
Randomized Controlled

Abstract Objectives Classic short-term nitrogen balance research estimated that the Recommended Dietary Allowance (RDA) of 0.8 g protein/kg/d would be adequate to maintain whole-body nitrogen balance in 97.5% of the population. However, achieving whole-body nitrogen balance does not necessarily equate with tissue-specific amino acid (nitrogen) needs, for example in skeletal muscle. The objective of this systematic review and meta-analysis was to assess in weight-stable adults the effects of chronically consuming greater than the protein RDA, compared to the RDA, on whole-body composition. Methods Articles published through 2018 were identified with PubMed, Scopus, Cochrane, and CINAHL databases. Five articles with 7 comparisons were identified to be relevant through the databases and through screening previous published reviews. Two researchers independently screened the articles for eligible randomized controlled trials (RCTs) of parallel design that measured changes in body composition after ³6 wk of dietary control. Results There was significant heterogeneity in the effect sizes amongst the comparisons (I2  = 72.8%, χ2  = 22.1, P = 0.001). Consuming greater than the protein RDA did not differentially affect any of the changes in total body mass [0.07 kg (−0.75, 0.88); WMD, (95% CI), Random effects], fat mass [−0.65 kg (−1.33, 0.03)], or lean body mass [0.08 kg (−0.59, 0.75)]. Conclusions These results from controlled feeding RCTs support adequacy of the protein RDA to retain lean body mass and indicate that protein intakes greater than the RDA do not promote morphological changes among weight-stable adults. Funding Sources Purdue University Graduate Lynn Fellowship. No external funding was provided for this review.

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