PSV-13 The Effect of Supplementing Sows with the Leucine Metabolite Beta-hydroxy-beta-methylbutyrate and Vitamin D3 Pre-parturition and During Lactation on Early Piglet Weight

Abstract: Several university studies supplementing calcium beta-hydroxy-beta-methylbutyrate (CaHMB) to sows have reported benefit to piglets such as a reduction in low birthweight piglets, increased piglet birth weight, and increased weaning weights. This study was designed to determine if these benefits would be observed in a commercial production setting using sows whose genetics are known for having a high number of piglets born, which generally results in lower average piglet birth weights. The study was conducted at a commercial farrow to finish operation (Patos de Minas, Minas Gerais, Brazil) and sows studies were randomly assigned to either CaHMB/D (n=41, 3 g CaHMB plus 500 IU Vitamin D3) or a control (n=46, Maltodextrin and CaCO3). Treatments were applied as a top-dress to the morning ration and were applied from 10 days pre-farrowing throughout the lactational period. The results were analyzed using GLM in SAS and Least Square Means±SEM were reported. Piglets from CaHMB/D-supplemented sows had a greater average live birth weights (1.39±0.027 versus 1.32±0.026 kg, respectively, p < 0.05) and 24-hour weights (1.48±0.029 versus 1.39±0.028 kg. respectively, p < 0.02). Normal farm practices were utilized in an attempt to equalize piglet numbers across sows by cross fostering piglets after 24 hours. After analysis of the data at the end of the study, the significant early weight advantage for CaHMB/D-supplemented pigs was eliminated during the cross-fostering process. After equalization, the 24-hour average piglet weights were not significantly different (1.53±0.041 versus 1.45±0.039 kg in CaHMB/D and control, respectively) and, therefore, further advantages to supplementation were not observed. Conclusion: This study would appear to support that feeding CaHMB/D in late gestation and early lactation can improve early piglet weights and further studies with controlled cross-fostering and monitoring individual piglet weight gain are necessary to confirm this advantage is continued throughout the lactation period and into the grower phase.

The influence of dietary supplementation with the leucine metabolite β-hydroxy-β-methylbutyrate (HMB) on the chemotaxis, phagocytosis and respiratory burst of peripheral blood granulocytes and monocytes in calves

Background A healthy immune system plays a particularly important role in newborns, including in calves that are far more susceptible to infections (viral, bacterial and other) than adult individuals. Therefore, the present study aimed to evaluate the influence of HMB on the chemotactic activity (MIGRATEST® kit), phagocytic activity (PHAGOTEST® kit) and oxidative burst (BURSTTEST® kit) of monocytes and granulocytes in the peripheral blood of calves by flow cytometry.Results An analysis of granulocyte and monocyte chemotactic activity and phagocytic activity revealed significantly higher levels of phagocytic activity in calves administered HMB than in the control group, expressed in terms of the percentage of phagocytising cells and mean fluorescence intensity (MFI). HMB also had a positive effect on the oxidative metabolism of monocytes and granulocytes stimulated with PMA (4-phorbol-12-β-myristate-13-acetate) and Escherichia coli bacteria, expressed as MFI values and the percentage of oxidative metabolism.Conclusion HMB stimulates non-specific cell-mediated immunity, which is a very important consideration in newborn calves that are exposed to adverse environmental factors in the first weeks of their life. The supplementation of animal diets with HMB for both preventive and therapeutic purposes can also reduce the use of antibiotics in animal production.

The influence of dietary supplementation with the leucine metabolite β-hydroxy-β-methylbutyrate (HMB) on the chemotaxis, phagocytosis and respiratory burst of peripheral blood granulocytes and monocytes in calves

Background A healthy immune system plays a particularly important role in newborns, including in calves that are far more susceptible to infections (viral, bacterial and other) than adult individuals. Therefore, the present study aimed to evaluate the influence of HMB on the chemotactic activity (MIGRATEST® kit), phagocytic activity (PHAGOTEST® kit) and oxidative burst (BURSTTEST® kit) of monocytes and granulocytes in the peripheral blood of calves by flow cytometry. Results An analysis of granulocyte and monocyte chemotactic activity and phagocytic activity revealed significantly higher levels of phagocytic activity in calves administered HMB than in the control group, expressed in terms of the percentage of phagocytising cells and mean fluorescence intensity (MFI). HMB also had a positive effect on the oxidative metabolism of monocytes and granulocytes stimulated with PMA (4-phorbol-12-β-myristate-13-acetate) and Escherichia coli bacteria, expressed as MFI values and the percentage of oxidative metabolism. Conclusion HMB stimulates non-specific cell-mediated immunity, which is a very important consideration in newborn calves that are exposed to adverse environmental factors in the first weeks of their life. The supplementation of animal diets with HMB for both preventive and therapeutic purposes can also reduce the use of antibiotics in animal production.

The influence of dietary supplementation with the leucine metabolite β-hydroxy-β-methylbutyrate (HMB) on the chemotaxis, phagocytosis and respiratory burst of peripheral blood granulocytes and monocytes in calves

Background A healthy immune system plays a particularly important role in newborns, including in calves that are far more susceptible to infections (viral, bacterial and other) than adult individuals. Therefore, the present study aimed to evaluate the influence of HMB on the chemotactic activity (MIGRATEST® kit), phagocytic activity (PHAGOTEST® kit) and oxidative burst (BURSTTEST® kit) of monocytes and granulocytes in the peripheral blood of calves by flow cytometry. Results An analysis of granulocyte and monocyte chemotactic activity and phagocytic activity revealed significantly higher levels of phagocytic activity in calves administered HMB than in the control group, expressed in terms of the percentage of phagocytising cells and mean fluorescence intensity (MFI). HMB also had a positive effect on the oxidative metabolism of monocytes and granulocytes stimulated with PMA (4-phorbol-12-β-myristate-13-acetate) and Escherichia coli bacteria, expressed as MFI values and the percentage of oxidative metabolism. Conclusion HMB stimulates non-specific cell-mediated immunity, which is a very important consideration in newborn calves that are exposed to adverse environmental factors in the first weeks of their life. The supplementation of animal diets with HMB for both preventive and therapeutic purposes can also reduce the use of antibiotics in animal production.

Supplementation with the Leucine Metabolite β-hydroxy-β-methylbutyrate (HMB) does not Improve Resistance Exercise-Induced Changes in Body Composition or Strength in Young Subjects: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

β-hydroxy-β-methylbutyrate (HMB) is a leucine metabolite that is purported to increase fat-free mass (FFM) gain and performance in response to resistance exercise training (RET). The aim of this systematic review and meta-analysis was to determine the efficacy of HMB supplementation in augmenting FFM and strength gains during RET in young adults. Outcomes investigated were: total body mass (TBM), FFM, fat mass (FM), total single repetition maximum (1RM), bench press (BP) 1RM, and lower body (LwB) 1RM. Databases consulted were: Medical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System Online (Medline), Excerpta Medica database (Embase), The Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature (CINAHL), and SportDiscus. Fourteen studies fit the inclusion criteria; however, 11 were analyzed after data extraction and funnel plot analysis exclusion. A total of 302 participants (18–45 y) were included in body mass and composition analysis, and 248 were included in the strength analysis. A significant effect was found on TBM. However, there were no significant effects for FFM, FM, or strength outcomes. We conclude that HMB produces a small effect on TBM gain, but this effect does not translate into significantly greater increases in FFM, strength or decreases in FM during periods of RET. Our findings do not support the use of HMB aiming at improvement of body composition or strength with RET.

The influence of dietary supplementation with the leucine metabolite β-hydroxy-β-methylbutyrate (HMB) on chemotaxis, phagocytosis and respiratory burst of peripheral blood granulocytes and monocytes in calves

Background A healthy immune system plays a particularly important role in newborns, including in calves that are far more susceptible to infections (viral, bacterial and other) than adult individuals. Therefore the objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of HMB on the chemotactic activity (MIGRATEST® kit), phagocytic activity (PHAGOTEST® kit) and respiratory burst (BURSTTEST® kit) of peripheral blood granulocytes and monocytes in calves by flow cytometry. Results An analysis of granulocyte and monocyte chemotactic activity and phagocytic activity revealed significantly higher levels of phagocytic activity in calves administered HMB than in the control group, expressed in terms of the percentage of phagocytising cells and mean fluorescence intensity (MFI). HMB also had a positive effect on the oxidative metabolism of both granulocytes and monocytes after stimulation with Escherichia coli bacteria and with PMA (4-phorbol-12-β-myristate-13-acetate), expressed in terms of the percentage of oxidative metabolism and MFI. Conclusion HMB stimulates non-specific cell-mediated immunity, which is a very important consideration in newborn calves that are exposed to adverse environmental factors in the first weeks of their life. The supplementation of animal diets with HMB for both preventive and therapeutic purposes can also reduce the use of antibiotics in animal production.

Effects of Beta-Hydroxy-Beta-Methylbutyrate in Partially Hepatectomized Rats

Beta-hydroxy-beta-methylbutyrate (HMB) is a leucine metabolite with protein anabolic effects. Since HMB is synthesized in the liver, unique effects of exogenous HMB intake may be hypothesized in subjects with liver disease, in which muscle wasting is frequently found. We studied effects of HMB on the liver and soleus (SOL) and extensor digitorum longus (EDL) muscles in partially-hepatectomized (PH) rats. HMB or saline was infused using osmotic pumps to PH or sham-operated rats for 7 days. We found lower body weight and protein content in EDL of PH rats treated with saline than in sham-operated animals. These effects were insignificant in HMB treated animals. In blood plasma of PH rats treated with HMB we found lower concentrations of creatinine and higher concentrations of urea and branched-chain amino acids (BCAA; valine, leucine, and isoleucine) than in PH animals treated with saline. HMB increased BCAA concentrations in SOL and EDL of PH animals and decreased proteolysis in EDL of both sham-operated and PH animals. In the livers of PH rats treated with HMB we found higher DNA content, DNA fragmentation, and BCAA concentrations than in saline-treated animals. The results indicate that HMB affects metabolism of BCAA and has positive influence on protein balance in muscles. Further studies are needed to clarify the effect of HMB on liver regeneration.

A Review of the Effects of Leucine Metabolite (β-Hydroxy-β-methylbutyrate) Supplementation and Resistance Training on Inflammatory Markers: A New Approach to Oxidative Stress and Cardiovascular Risk Factors

β-hydroxy β-methylbutyrate (HMB) is a bioactive metabolite formed from the breakdown of the branched-chain amino acid, leucine. Given the popularity of HMB supplements among different athletes, specifically, those who participate in regular resistance training, this review was performed to summarize current literature on some aspects of HMB supplementation that have received less attention. Because of the small number of published studies, it has not been possible to conclude the exact effects of HMB on cardiovascular parameters, oxidative stress, and inflammatory markers. Thus, the interpretation of outcomes should be taken cautiously. However, the data presented here suggest that acute HMB supplementation may attenuate the pro-inflammatory response following an intense bout of resistance exercise in athletes. Also, the available findings collectively indicate that chronic HMB consumption with resistance training does not improve cardiovascular risk factors and oxidative stress markers greater than resistance training alone. Taken together, there is clearly a need for further well-designed, long-term studies to support these findings and determine whether HMB supplementation affects the adaptations induced by resistance training associated with the body’s inflammatory condition, antioxidative defense system, and cardiovascular risk factors in humans.