scholarly journals The Impact of Dietary Glycemic Index and Glycemic Load on Postprandial Lipid Kinetics, Dyslipidemia and Cardiovascular Risk

Nutrients ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (8) ◽  
pp. 2204 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vaia Lambadiari ◽  
Emmanouil Korakas ◽  
Vasilios Tsimihodimos
Keyword(s):  
Cardiovascular Disease ◽  
Glycemic Index ◽  
De Novo ◽  
Glycemic Load ◽  
Insulin Response ◽  
De Novo Lipogenesis ◽  
Atherogenic Dyslipidemia ◽  
Postprandial Lipid Metabolism ◽  
Postprandial Lipid ◽  
The Impact

Many recent studies have acknowledged postprandial hypetriglyceridemia as a distinct risk factor for cardiovascular disease. This dysmetabolic state is the result of the hepatic overproduction of very low-density lipoproteins (VLDLs) and intestinal secretion of chylomicrons (CMs), which leads to highly atherogenic particles and endothelial inflammation. Postprandial lipid metabolism does not only depend on consumed fat but also on the other classes of nutrients that a meal contains. Various mechanisms through which carbohydrates exacerbate lipidemia have been identified, especially for fructose, which stimulates de novo lipogenesis. Glycemic index and glycemic load, despite their intrinsic limitations, have been used as markers of the postprandial glucose and insulin response, and their association with metabolic health and cardiovascular events has been extensively studied with contradictory results. This review aims to discuss the importance and pathogenesis of postprandial hypertriglyceridemia and its association with cardiovascular disease. Then, we describe the mechanisms through which carbohydrates influence lipidemia and, through a brief presentation of the available clinical studies on glycemic index/glycemic load, we discuss the association of these indices with atherogenic dyslipidemia and address possible concerns and implications for everyday practice.

scholarly journals The impact of the glycemic index and glycemic load of food products on human health

2014 ◽  
Vol 83 (2) ◽  
pp. 161-166
Author(s):  
Ewa Bator ◽  
Monika Bronkowska ◽  
Maciej Bienkiewicz ◽  
Jadwiga Biernat
Keyword(s):  
Cardiovascular Disease ◽  
Human Health ◽  
Chronic Diseases ◽  
Food Consumption ◽  
Glycemic Index ◽  
Glycemic Load ◽  
Food Products ◽  
Overweight And Obesity ◽  
The Impact

The supply of carbohydrates, contained in food products and meals, to the organism causes an increase of glucose in blood, which is referred as “glycemic effect”. The concentration of glucose in blood increases after eating each meal and usually reaches its maximum after 20–30 min after food consumption, and then is gradually reduced. It returns to the level of fasting within 1–2 hours. However this pattern shows some individual variation.The increase of interest of the glycemic index and glycemic load of food products came through the interconnection of these indicators of noncommunicable chronic diseases like diabetes, cardiovascular disease, cancer, overweight and obesity.

New Insight into Diabetes Management: From Glycemic Index to Dietary Insulin Index

2020 ◽  
Vol 16 (4) ◽  
pp. 293-300 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zahra Yari ◽  
Vahideh Behrouz ◽  
Hamid Zand ◽  
Katayoun Pourvali
Keyword(s):  
Glycemic Index ◽  
Diabetes Management ◽  
Glycemic Load ◽  
Insulin Response ◽  
Diet Therapy ◽  
Current Data ◽  
Diabetic Patients ◽  
Carbohydrate Counting ◽  
Insulin Requirements ◽  
Insight Into

Background: Despite efforts to control hyperglycemia, diabetes management is still challenging. This may be due to focusing on reducing hyperglycemia and neglecting the importance of hyperinsulinemia; while insulin resistance and resultant hyperinsulinemia preceded diabetes onset and may contribute to disease pathogenesis. Objective: The present narrative review attempts to provide a new insight into the management of diabetes by exploring different aspects of glycemic index and dietary insulin index. Results: The current data available on this topic is limited and heterogeneous. Conventional diet therapy for diabetes management is based on reducing postprandial glycemia through carbohydrate counting, choosing foods with low-glycemic index and low-glycemic load. Since these indicators are only reliant on the carbohydrate content of foods and do not consider the effects of protein and fat on the stimulation of insulin secretion, they cannot provide a comprehensive approach to determine the insulin requirements. Conclusion: Selecting foods based on carbohydrate counting, glycemic index or glycemic load are common guides to control glycemia in diabetic patients, but neglect the insulin response, thus leading to failure in diabetes management. Therefore, paying attention to insulinemic response along with glycemic response seems to be more effective in managing diabetes.

scholarly journals Relevance of the Glycemic Index and Glycemic Load for Body Weight, Diabetes, and Cardiovascular Disease

Nutrients ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (10) ◽  
pp. 1361 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sonia Vega-López ◽  
Bernard Venn ◽  
Joanne Slavin
Keyword(s):  
Cardiovascular Disease ◽  
Body Weight ◽  
Health Outcomes ◽  
Glycemic Index ◽  
Observational Studies ◽  
Intervention Studies ◽  
Disease Risk ◽  
Glycemic Load ◽  
Dietary Quality ◽  
The Relationship

Despite initial enthusiasm, the relationship between glycemic index (GI) and glycemic response (GR) and disease prevention remains unclear. This review examines evidence from randomized, controlled trials and observational studies in humans for short-term (e.g., satiety) and long-term (e.g., weight, cardiovascular disease, and type 2 diabetes) health effects associated with different types of GI diets. A systematic PubMed search was conducted of studies published between 2006 and 2018 with key words glycemic index, glycemic load, diabetes, cardiovascular disease, body weight, satiety, and obesity. Criteria for inclusion for observational studies and randomized intervention studies were set. The search yielded 445 articles, of which 73 met inclusion criteria. Results suggest an equivocal relationship between GI/GR and disease outcome. The strongest intervention studies typically find little relationship among GI/GR and physiological measures of disease risk. Even for observational studies, the relationship between GI/GR and disease outcomes is limited. Thus, it is unlikely that the GI of a food or diet is linked to disease risk or health outcomes. Other measures of dietary quality, such as fiber or whole grains may be more likely to predict health outcomes. Interest in food patterns as predictors of health benefits may be more fruitful for research to inform dietary guidance.

scholarly journals Rapeseed Lecithin Increases Lymphatic Lipid Output and α-Linolenic Acid Bioavailability in Rats

2020 ◽  
Vol 150 (11) ◽  
pp. 2900-2911
Author(s):  
Chloé Robert ◽  
Leslie Couëdelo ◽  
Carole Knibbe ◽  
Laurence Fonseca ◽  
Charline Buisson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Lipid Metabolism ◽  
Linolenic Acid ◽  
Soybean Lecithin ◽  
Microsomal Triglyceride Transfer Protein ◽  
Metabolic Effects ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Postprandial Lipid Metabolism ◽  
Postprandial Lipid ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Rapeseed Lecithin

ABSTRACT Background Soybean lecithin, a plant-based emulsifier widely used in food, is capable of modulating postprandial lipid metabolism. With arising concerns of sustainability, alternative sources of vegetal lecithin are urgently needed, and their metabolic effects must be characterized. Objectives We evaluated the impact of increasing doses of rapeseed lecithin (RL), rich in essential α-linolenic acid (ALA), on postprandial lipid metabolism and ALA bioavailability in lymph-cannulated rats. Methods Male Wistar rats (8 weeks old) undergoing a mesenteric lymph duct cannulation were intragastrically administered 1 g of an oil mixture containing 4% ALA and 0, 1, 3, 10, or 30% RL (5 groups). Lymph fractions were collected for 6 h. Lymph lipids and chylomicrons (CMs) were characterized. The expression of genes implicated in intestinal lipid metabolism was determined in the duodenum at 6 h. Data was analyzed using either sigmoidal or linear mixed-effects models, or one-way ANOVA, where appropriate. Results RL dose-dependently increased the lymphatic recovery (AUC) of total lipids (1100 μg/mL·h per additional RL%; P = 0.010) and ALA (50 μg/mL·h per additional RL%; P = 0.0076). RL induced a faster appearance of ALA in lymph, as evidenced by the exponential decrease of the rate of appearance of ALA with RL (R2 = 0.26; P = 0.0064). Although the number of CMs was unaffected by RL, CM diameter was increased in the 30%-RL group, compared to the control group (0% RL), by 86% at 3–4 h (P = 0.065) and by 81% at 4–6 h (P = 0.0002) following administration. This increase was positively correlated with the duodenal mRNA expression of microsomal triglyceride transfer protein (Mttp; ρ= 0.63; P = 0.0052). The expression of Mttp and secretion-associated, ras-related GTPase 1 gene homolog B (Sar1b, CM secretion), carnitine palmitoyltransferase IA (Cpt1a) and acyl-coenzyme A oxidase 1 (Acox1, beta-oxidation), and fatty acid desaturase 2 (Fads2, bioconversion of ALA into long-chain n–3 PUFAs) were, respectively, 49%, 29%, 74%, 48%, and 55% higher in the 30%-RL group vs. the control group (P < 0.05). Conclusions In rats, RL enhanced lymphatic lipid output, as well as the rate of appearance of ALA, which may promote its subsequent bioavailability and metabolic fate.

scholarly journals Ketone body metabolism and cardiovascular disease

2013 ◽  
Vol 304 (8) ◽  
pp. H1060-H1076 ◽  
Author(s):  
David G. Cotter ◽  
Rebecca C. Schugar ◽  
Peter A. Crawford
Keyword(s):  
Cardiovascular Disease ◽  
Ketone Body ◽  
De Novo ◽  
Ketone Bodies ◽  
Tricarboxylic Acid Cycle ◽  
De Novo Lipogenesis ◽  
Short Supply ◽  
Nutritional Interventions ◽  
Diagnostic Strategies ◽  
Ketone Body Metabolism

Ketone bodies are metabolized through evolutionarily conserved pathways that support bioenergetic homeostasis, particularly in brain, heart, and skeletal muscle when carbohydrates are in short supply. The metabolism of ketone bodies interfaces with the tricarboxylic acid cycle, β-oxidation of fatty acids, de novo lipogenesis, sterol biosynthesis, glucose metabolism, the mitochondrial electron transport chain, hormonal signaling, intracellular signal transduction pathways, and the microbiome. Here we review the mechanisms through which ketone bodies are metabolized and how their signals are transmitted. We focus on the roles this metabolic pathway may play in cardiovascular disease states, the bioenergetic benefits of myocardial ketone body oxidation, and prospective interactions among ketone body metabolism, obesity, metabolic syndrome, and atherosclerosis. Ketone body metabolism is noninvasively quantifiable in humans and is responsive to nutritional interventions. Therefore, further investigation of this pathway in disease models and in humans may ultimately yield tailored diagnostic strategies and therapies for specific pathological states.

Abstract T P159: Dietary Carbohydrates, Glycemic Index, Glycemic Load, and Risk of Stroke in Chinese Women: a Large Population-based, Prospective Cohort Study

Stroke ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 46 (suppl_1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Danxia Yu ◽  
Xiao-Ou Shu ◽  
Honglan Li ◽  
Gong Yang ◽  
Ding Ding ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cardiovascular Disease ◽  
Glycemic Index ◽  
Hemorrhagic Stroke ◽  
Chinese Women ◽  
Glycemic Load ◽  
Dietary Carbohydrates ◽  
Middle Aged ◽  
High Carbohydrate ◽  
Older Chinese

Introduction: Diets with a high carbohydrate content, especially the refined carbohydrates, and diets with a high glycemic index (GI) or glycemic load (GL) have been shown to have adverse metabolic effects and may increase the risk of cardiovascular disease. We tested the hypothesis that dietary carbohydrates, GI, and GL may be associated with increased risk of stroke among a cohort of middle-aged and older Chinese women, who typically consume a high-carbohydrate diet. Methods: This study included 64,328 women (40-70 years of age) who are participants of the Shanghai Women’s Health Study and were free of cardiovascular disease, cancer, and diabetes at enrollment (1997-2000). Habitual dietary intakes were assessed by a validated food-frequency questionnaire. Incident cases of stroke were identified through follow-up interviews and confirmed by medical records. Multivariate Cox regression was used to estimate hazard ratio (HR) of stroke with 95% confidence interval (CI). Results: During a mean follow-up of 10 years, we ascertained 3,075 incident stroke cases, including 2,815 ischemic stroke and 260 hemorrhagic stroke. Compared with those in the lowest quintile, women in the highest quintile of GI had a HR of 1.16 for stroke (95% CI: 1.01-1.33) and women in the highest quintile of GL had a HR of 1.30 (95% CI: 1.04-1.62), P for trend <0.05 for both. High dietary GI and GL were associated with increased risks of both ischemic and hemorrhagic stroke, with stronger associations observed for GL and for hemorrhagic stroke. However, no significant associations were found for total carbohydrate intake after adjustment for potential confounders. Conclusions: High dietary GI and GL may be associated with elevated risk of stroke in middle-aged and older Chinese women.

scholarly journals Predicting Glycemic Index and Glycemic Load from Macronutrients to Accelerate Development of Foods and Beverages with Lower Glucose Responses

Nutrients ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (5) ◽  
pp. 1172 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andreas Rytz ◽  
Dorothée Adeline ◽  
Kim-Anne Lê ◽  
Denise Tan ◽  
Lisa Lamothe ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Glycemic Index ◽  
Glycemic Load ◽  
Lower Glucose ◽  
Accelerate Development ◽  
In Vivo Testing ◽  
Using Data ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Low Glycemic Index

Low glycemic index (GI) and/or low glycemic load (GL) are associated with decreased risks of type-2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease. It is therefore relevant to consider GI and GL in the early phases of the development of packaged foods and beverages. This paper proposes a model that predicts GI and GL from macronutrient composition, by quantifying both the impact of glycemic carbohydrates and the GI-lowering effects of nutrients such as proteins, fats and fibers. The precision of the model is illustrated using data on 42 breakfast cereals. The predictions of GI (r = 0.90, median residual = 2.0) and GL (r = 0.96, median residual = 0.40 g) compete well with the precision of the underlying in-vivo data (Standard Error SE = 3.5 for GI). This model can guide product development towards lowering GI and GL, before final confirmation by in vivo testing.

scholarly journals Circadian lipid synthesis in brown fat maintains murine body temperature during chronic cold

2019 ◽  
Vol 116 (37) ◽  
pp. 18691-18699 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marine Adlanmerini ◽  
Bryce J. Carpenter ◽  
Jarrett R. Remsberg ◽  
Yann Aubert ◽  
Lindsey C. Peed ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Lipid Metabolism ◽  
Body Temperature ◽  
Cold Exposure ◽  
De Novo ◽  
Lipid Synthesis ◽  
Acid Synthesis ◽  
High Amplitude ◽  
De Novo Lipogenesis ◽  
Brown Adipose ◽  
The Impact

Ambient temperature influences the molecular clock and lipid metabolism, but the impact of chronic cold exposure on circadian lipid metabolism in thermogenic brown adipose tissue (BAT) has not been studied. Here we show that during chronic cold exposure (1 wk at 4 °C), genes controlling de novo lipogenesis (DNL) includingSrebp1, the master transcriptional regulator of DNL, acquired high-amplitude circadian rhythms in thermogenic BAT. These conditions activated mechanistic target of rapamycin 1 (mTORC1), an inducer ofSrebp1expression, and engaged circadian transcriptional repressors REV-ERBα and β as rhythmic regulators ofSrebp1in BAT. SREBP was required in BAT for the thermogenic response to norepinephrine, and depletion of SREBP prevented maintenance of body temperature both during circadian cycles as well as during fasting of chronically cold mice. By contrast, deletion of REV-ERBα and β in BAT allowed mice to maintain their body temperature in chronic cold. Thus, the environmental challenge of prolonged noncircadian exposure to cold temperature induces circadian induction of SREBP1 that drives fuel synthesis in BAT and is necessary to maintain circadian body temperature during chronic cold exposure. The requirement for BAT fatty acid synthesis has broad implications for adaptation to cold.

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