Protein Labelling Accuracy for UK Patients with PKU Following a Low Protein Diet

A phenylalanine (protein)-restricted diet is the primary treatment for phenylketonuria (PKU). Patients are dependent on food protein labelling to successfully manage their condition. We evaluated the accuracy of protein labelling on packaged manufactured foods from supermarket websites for foods that may be eaten as part of a phenylalanine-restricted diet. Protein labelling information was evaluated for 462 food items (“free from”, n = 159, regular, n = 303), divided into 16 food groups using supermarket website data. Data collection included protein content per portion/100 g when food was “as sold”, “cooked” or “prepared”; cooking methods, and preparation instructions. Labelling errors affecting protein content were observed in every food group, with overall protein labelling unclear in 55% (n = 255/462) of foods. There was misleading, omitted, or erroneous (MOE) information in 43% (n = 68/159) of “free from” foods compared with 62% (n = 187/303) of regular foods, with fewer inaccuracies in “free from” food labelling (p = 0.007). Protein analysis was available for uncooked weight only but not cooked weight for 58% (n = 85/146) of foods; 4% (n = 17/462) had misleading protein content. There was a high rate of incomplete, misleading, or inaccurate data affecting the interpretation of the protein content of food items on supermarket websites. This could adversely affect metabolic control of patients with PKU and warrants serious consideration.

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Pesticides, Selected Elements, and Other Chemicals in Adult Total Diet Samples, October 1978-September 1979

Journal of AOAC INTERNATIONAL ◽

10.1093/jaoac/68.5.862 ◽

1985 ◽

Vol 68 (5) ◽

pp. 862-875 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Marcia J Gartrell ◽

John C Craun ◽

David S Podrebarac ◽

Ellis L Gunderson

Keyword(s):

Daily Intake ◽

Food Group ◽

Average Concentration ◽

Food Groups ◽

Industrial Chemicals ◽

Food Items ◽

Total Diet ◽

The Individual ◽

Daily Intakes ◽

Calculated Average

Abstract The U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) conducts Total Diet Studies to determine the dietary intake of selected pesticides, industrial chemicals, and elements (including radionuclides). These studies involve the retail purchase and analysis of foods representative of the diets of infants, toddlers, and adults. The individual food items are separated into a number of food groups, each of which is analyzed as a composite. This report summarizes the results for adult Total Diet samples collected in 20 cities between October 1978 and September 1979. The average concentration, range of concentrations, and calculated average daily intake of each chemical found are presented by food group. The average daily intakes of the chemicals are similar to those found in the several preceding years and are within acceptable limits. The results for samples collected during the same period that represent the diets of infants and toddlers are reported separately.

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Association Study on Nutrition in the First Year of Life and Molar-Incisor Hypomineralization (MIH)—Results from the GINIplus and LISA Birth Cohort Studies

International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health ◽

10.3390/ijerph182111411 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 18 (21) ◽

pp. 11411

Author(s):

Yeganeh Khazaei ◽

Carla P. Harris ◽

Joachim Heinrich ◽

Marie Standl ◽

Jan Kühnisch

Keyword(s):

Cohort Studies ◽

Birth Cohort ◽

Food Group ◽

Permanent Dentition ◽

First Year ◽

Food Groups ◽

Time Points ◽

Food Items ◽

Molar Incisor Hypomineralization ◽

First Year Of Life

Molar-incisor hypomineralization (MIH) is a condition with specific clinical presentation whose etiology to date still remains unknown. This study prospectively investigated the association between nutrition during the 1st year of life and the presence of MIH in the permanent dentition. Data from 1070 10-year-old children from two prospective birth cohort studies were included. Information on exclusive breastfeeding (EBF) and introduction of 48 food items into the child’s diet was assessed at 4-, 6-, and 12-month time-points. Food diversity was defined according to the number of food items or food groups introduced into the child’s diet and then subsequent categorization into low-, middle- and high-diversity groups was performed. MIH was scored in the permanent dentition at age of 10 years. The statistical analysis included logistic and Poisson hurdle regression models adjusted for potential confounders. EBF, food item and food group diversity at 4-, 6-, 12-month time-points were found to be non-significant in most of the categories for the development of MIH. However, significantly higher odds for the presence of MIH were found for certain categories. Despite the limitation of this study, such as arbitrary cut-offs for categorization of food items, the results of this study suggest the lack of an association between early nutrition in the first year of life and MIH in the permanent dentition.

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Selection of food items for inclusion in a newly developed food-frequency questionnaire

Public Health Nutrition ◽

10.1079/phn2004599 ◽

2004 ◽

Vol 7 (6) ◽

pp. 745-749 ◽

Cited By ~ 36

Author(s):

Iris Shai ◽

Danit R Shahar ◽

Hillel Vardi ◽

Drora Fraser

Keyword(s):

Energy Intake ◽

Food Frequency Questionnaire ◽

Food Group ◽

Stepwise Multiple Regression ◽

Food Groups ◽

Food Frequency ◽

Food Items ◽

24 Hour Recall ◽

Β Carotene ◽

Selection Of

AbstractObjectives:To highlight the differences between the food list required in a food-frequency questionnaire (FFQ) to rank people by their intake and the food items that contribute to absolute intake, and to discuss possible applications.Methods:We conducted a nutritional survey among 1173 adults using an adapted 24-hour recall questionnaire.Statistical analysis:To develop an FFQ, we analysed the 24-hour recall survey data by performing a stepwise multiple regression after grouping conceptually similar food items into 175 food groups.Results:In total, 126 food groups were included in the developed FFQ in order to explain at least 80% of the variance in the consumption of each of 27 nutrients. The nutrients that were explained by a few food groups were vitamin A (one food group), alcohol (two), β-carotene (two), vitamin E (three) and cholesterol (five). Nutrients that were explained by a large number of food groups were energy (37 food groups), potassium (31), magnesium (31), dietary fibre (30), phosphorus (31) and sodium (29). Using energy intake as an example, soft drinks were the best between-person energy classifiers, while providing only 2.4% of the total energy intake. Wine, seeds and nuts, which contributed highly to the variance, were minor energy contributors. In contrast, milk, sugar, fried chicken/turkey breast or whole chicken/turkey, which explained little of the variation in the population, were major energy contributors.Conclusions:Developing an FFQ on the basis of common foods may not explain the between-person variation required for ranking individual intake in diet–disease studies. Producing lists of ‘discriminating items’ can be a useful application in developing mini-FFQs for selected nutrients.

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Comparison of relative validity of food group intakes estimated by comprehensive and brief-type self-administered diet history questionnaires against 16 d dietary records in Japanese adults

Public Health Nutrition ◽

10.1017/s1368980011000504 ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 14 (7) ◽

pp. 1200-1211 ◽

Cited By ~ 357

Author(s):

Satomi Kobayashi ◽

Kentaro Murakami ◽

Satoshi Sasaki ◽

Hitomi Okubo ◽

Naoko Hirota ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Correlation Coefficients ◽

Reference Method ◽

Food Group ◽

Food Groups ◽

Relative Validity ◽

Mean Values ◽

Food Items ◽

Dietary Records ◽

Diet History Questionnaire ◽

Diet History

AbstractObjectiveTo compare the relative validity of food group intakes derived from a comprehensive self-administered diet history questionnaire (DHQ) and a brief-type DHQ (BDHQ) developed for the assessment of Japanese diets during the previous month using semi-weighed dietary records (DR) as a reference method.DesignBetween November 2002 and September 2003, a 4 d DR (covering four non-consecutive days), a DHQ (150-item semi-quantitative questionnaire) and a BDHQ (fifty-eight-item fixed-portion-type questionnaire) were completed four times (once per season) at 3-month intervals.SettingThree areas in Japan: Osaka, Nagano and Tottori.SubjectsNinety-two Japanese women aged 31–69 years and ninety-two Japanese men aged 32–76 years.ResultsMedian food group intakes were estimated well for approximately half of the food groups. No statistically significant differences were noted between a 16 d DR and the first DHQ (DHQ1) or between the DR and the first BDHQ (BDHQ1) in fifteen (44 %) and fifteen (52 %) food items for women and in fourteen (41 %) and sixteen (55 %) food items for men, respectively, indicating that both questionnaires estimated median values reasonably well. Median Spearman's correlation coefficients with the DR were 0·43 (range: −0·09 to 0·77) for DHQ1 and 0·44 (range: 0·14 to 0·82) for BDHQ1 in women, with respective values of 0·44 (range: 0·08 to 0·87) and 0·48 (range: 0·22 to 0·83) in men, indicating reasonable ranking ability. Similar results were observed for mean values of the four DHQ and BDHQ.ConclusionsIn terms of food intake estimates, both the DHQ and the BDHQ showed reasonable validity.

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Sensory-Related Industrial Additives in the US Packaged Food Supply

Frontiers in Nutrition ◽

10.3389/fnut.2021.762814 ◽

2022 ◽

Vol 8 ◽

Author(s):

Marilyn Tseng ◽

Camille J. Grigsby ◽

Abigail Austin ◽

Samir Amin ◽

Aydin Nazmi

Keyword(s):

Food Group ◽

Processed Foods ◽

Food Groups ◽

Food Items ◽

Group Data ◽

The Us ◽

Increase Risk ◽

Sensory Qualities ◽

Packaged Foods ◽

Packaged Food

Background: Increasing evidence suggests that ultra-processed foods (UPFs) lead to elevated risk of obesity-related conditions, but UPF measurement has been criticized for its subjectivity and lack of clarity on biological mechanism. Sensory-related industrial additives (SRIAs) are a defining feature of UPFs and may encourage overconsumption by enhancing the sensory quality of foods. However, practical challenges have prevented systematic incorporation of SRIAs into UPF measurement.Objective: The objectives of this work were to describe a new, open-source ingredient list search method and to apply this method to describe the presence of SRIAs in US packaged foods.Methods: We developed computer coding to search for 64 common SRIAs related to sweetness, flavor, appearance, and texture in 241,688 foods in the US Branded Food Products Database (BFPD). The BFPD includes manufacturer-provided ingredient lists for ~300,000 branded and private label food items. We determined the total number of SRIAs (0–64) and the number of different types of SRIAs (sweetness, flavor, appearance, texture, 0–4) in each food, then calculated the percent of all foods with SRIAs. This was done for all foods, and by food group for 224,098 items with food group data.Results: Most (64.9%) foods in the BFPD contained at least one SRIA, and more than a third had at least three. Sweets (89.5%), beverages (84.9%), and ready-to-eat (RTE) foods (82.0%) were the most likely to contain SRIAs. With respect to SRIA types, 25.7% of all food items had at least three of the four types of SRIAs examined, with texture-related additives being the most common. Among sweets, 20% had all four types of SRIAs.Discussion: This work confirms the high prevalence of SRIAs in US packaged foods. They are ubiquitous in sweets, beverages, and RTE foods, but also present in substantial proportions of other food groups. Quantifying the presence of SRIAs in ingredient lists offers a novel way to identify UPFs for research; to distinguish more vs. less ultra-processed foods; and to test whether UPFs increase risk for obesity-related conditions through additives that enhance the product's sensory qualities.

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Maternal Employment and Children's Dietary Diversity Scores in Southwestern Guatemala (P10-039-19)

Current Developments in Nutrition ◽

10.1093/cdn/nzz034.p10-039-19 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 3 (Supplement_1) ◽

Author(s):

Caitlin Lowery ◽

Vanessa Oddo ◽

Kristen Hurley ◽

Jessica Jones-Smith ◽

Joel Gittelsohn ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Maternal Employment ◽

Qualitative Data ◽

Dietary Diversity ◽

Food Group ◽

Food Groups ◽

Daily Consumption ◽

Food Purchasing ◽

Logistic Regression Models ◽

Food Items ◽

Employed Women

Abstract Objectives To assess the relationship between maternal employment and children's dietary diversity in rural Guatemala. Methods A mixed-method design was used to compare quantitative findings on children's dietary diversity collected from Food Frequency Questionnaires (FFQs) (n = 802), with qualitative data from in-depth interviews (IDIs) with a sub-sample of participants (n = 20). Mothers reported the number of times per week their child consumed select food items from seven food groups (grains, legumes, vitamin A-rich fruits & vegetables, other fruits & vegetables, eggs, dairy and meat). The total for each food item was then divided by seven to find the number of times the child consumed each food per day. Then, the daily consumption of all food items within a category was totaled for each food group. If the total for the food group was at least one, the child was given one point for daily consumption, with a maximum dietary diversity score (DDS) of seven. Using multivariate linear regression, we compared the DDS of children of employed mothers to the DDS of children of unemployed mothers. We used separate multivariate logistic regression models to estimate the association between maternal employment and consumption of each food group. Models were adjusted for maternal (age, education, marital status, parity), child (age, sex), and household (size) characteristics. IDIs explored the mechanisms by which food purchasing and preparation, as well as child-feeding behavior differed for employed and unemployed women. Results Maternal employment (versus unemployment) was associated with higher dietary diversity scores for children (β = 0.3; 95% CI: 0.06,0.54). The odds of consuming each food group did not differ significantly between children of employed and unemployed women, except for dairy (OR: 1.9, 95% CI: 1.0, 2.6), but the general trend suggested children of employed women were more likely to consume six of the seven food groups. Qualitative data indicates that employed women purchase higher quality and greater quantities of food. Conclusions Maternal employment is associated with higher children's dietary diversity scores in rural Guatemala. Quantitative and qualitative data suggests that maternal employment is related to food purchasing behavior. Funding Sources Mathile Institute & Global Obesity Prevention Center at Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health.

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Pesticides, Selected Elements, and Other Chemicals in Adult Total Diet Samples, October 1980-March 1982

Journal of AOAC INTERNATIONAL ◽

10.1093/jaoac/69.1.146 ◽

1986 ◽

Vol 69 (1) ◽

pp. 146-161 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Marcia J Gartrell ◽

John C Craun ◽

David S Podrebarac ◽

Ellis L Gunderson

Keyword(s):

Daily Intake ◽

Food Group ◽

Food Groups ◽

Industrial Chemicals ◽

Food Items ◽

Total Diet ◽

The Individual ◽

Daily Intakes ◽

Calculated Average ◽

The U.S

Abstract The U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) conducts Total Diet Studies to determine the dietary intake of selected pesticides, industrial chemicals, and elements (including radionuclides). These studies involve the retail purchase and analysis of foods representative of the diets of infants, toddlers, and adults. The individual food items are separated into a number of food groups, each of which is analyzed as a composite. This report summarizes the results for adult Total Diet samples collected in 27 cities between October 1980 and March 1982. The average concentrations, range of concentrations, and calculated average daily intake of each chemical found are presented by food group. The average daily intakes of the chemicals are similar to those found in the several preceding years and are within acceptable limits. The results for samples collected during the same period that represent the diets of infants and toddlers are reported separately.

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Detection of Noroviruses in Foods: A Study on Virus Extraction Procedures in Foods Implicated in Outbreaks of Human Gastroenteritis

Journal of Food Protection ◽

10.4315/0362-028x-69.8.1949 ◽

2006 ◽

Vol 69 (8) ◽

pp. 1949-1956 ◽

Cited By ~ 71

Author(s):

SASKIA A. RUTJES ◽

FROUKJE LODDER-VERSCHOOR ◽

WIM H. M. van der POEL ◽

YVONNE T. H. P. van DUIJNHOVEN ◽

ANA MARIA de RODA HUSMAN

Keyword(s):

Rna Extraction ◽

Extraction Procedure ◽

Virus Detection ◽

Food Group ◽

Common Source ◽

Virus Concentration ◽

Food Groups ◽

Food Items ◽

Inhibitory Factors ◽

Whipped Cream

Disease outbreaks in which foods are epidemiologically implicated as the common source are frequently reported. Noroviruses and enteric hepatitis A viruses are among the most prevalent causative agents of foodborne diseases. However, the detection of these viruses in foods other than shellfish is often time-consuming and unsuccessful. In this study, three virus concentration methods were compared: polyethylene glycol (PEG) plus NaCl, ultracentrifugation, and ultrafiltration. Two RNA extraction methods, TRIzol and RNeasy Mini Kit (Qiagen), were compared for detection of viruses in whipped cream and lettuce (as representatives of the dairy and vegetable-fruit food groups, respectively). A seeding experiment with canine calicivirus was conducted to determine the efficiency of each virus extraction procedure. The PEG-NaCl-TRIzol method was most efficient for the detection of viruses in whipped cream and the ultracentrifugation–RNeasy–Mini Kit procedure was best for detection on lettuce. Based on the seeding experiments, food items implicated in norovirus-associated gastroenteritis outbreaks were subjected to the optimal procedure for a specific composition and matrix. No noroviruses were detected in the implicated food items, possibly because the concentration of virus on the food item was too low or because of the presence of inhibitory factors. For each food group, a specific procedure is optimal. Inhibitory factors should be controlled in these procedures because they influence virus detection in food.

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Abstract P226: HEalth Nutritional Index (HENI): A Health Burden Based Tool for Food and Diet Nutritional Evaluation

Circulation ◽

10.1161/circ.137.suppl_1.p226 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 137 (suppl_1) ◽

Author(s):

Katerina Stylianou ◽

Victor L Fulgoni ◽

Olivier Jolliet

Keyword(s):

Human Health ◽

Food Group ◽

Blood Cholesterol ◽

Processed Meat ◽

Food Groups ◽

Omega 3 ◽

Food Items ◽

Health Burden ◽

Nutritional Index ◽

Major Food

Introduction: The role of diets on human health is crucial and depends on the quality of the food we eat. A number of indexes help rank food items and evaluate diets based on their nutrient profiling and meeting dietary guidelines, respectively. Existing nutritional indexes fail to quantify the varying effects of major food groups and nutrients on human health. We introduce the HEalth Nutritional Index (HENI), a health burden-based scoring system in disability adjusted life years (DALYs) that uses epidemiological evidence from the Global Burden of Disease (GBD) to rank and evaluate food items and diets. Methods: HENI accounts for the health effects of 8 major food groups (nuts and seeds, whole grains, fruits, vegetables, milk, sugar-sweetened beverages, red meat, and processed meat) and 6 nutrients (omega-3, calcium, fiber, polyunsaturated fatty acids, trans fat, and sodium), identified by the GBD as dietary risk factors. The HENI factors are estimated by coupling age- and gender-adjusted outcome-specific incidence rates with risk ratios (RR) and severity factors, measuring positive or detrimental effects in avoided μDALY/g. We determine the food group and nutrient profile for each of the 5000+ consumed food items in the What We Eat in America 2009-2014 dataset, using multiple databases such as the Food Patterns Equivalents Database (FPED), the Food and Nutrient Database for Dietary Studies (FNDDS), and the USDA National Nutrient Database for Standard Reference (SR). We then derive the HENI scores for 100 kcal, 100 grams or 1 serving of each food item by multiplying the food group and nutrient composition by their respective HENI factors. Results: HENI factors for food group and nutrient range between -8 μDALY/g for sodium, up to 57 μDALY/g for omega-3 from fish and seafood. HENI score typically ranges from -30 avoided μDALY/100kcal for e.g. soft drinks, up to +50 avoided μDALY/100kcal, for beneficial food items such as fish, fruits, vegetables, and nuts. The majority of the health effect is associated with cardiovascular diseases, with some food items affecting certain cancers (e.g. health benefit for colorectal cancer with milk). Absolute HENI scores and ranking of food items vary substantially when using 100 kcal, 100 grams or 1 serving as a basis for comparison. In a sensitivity study, we consider the indirect effect of saturated fat via total blood cholesterol is considered which can play an important role for animal-based food items, requiring further investigation. The HENI factors are applicable under the assumption that the overall dietary intake of each GBD food group and nutrient is within the effective intake range, below the theoretical risk level limit. Conclusion: The proposed HENI index enables to quantify the human health impact of thousands of food items, bringing on the same scale different nutritional impacts, allowing for a comprehensive assessment of food items and diets.

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Dietary Contributors to Food Group Intake in Preschool Children Attending Family Childcare Homes: Differences between Latino and Non-Latino Providers

Nutrients ◽

10.3390/nu12123686 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 12 (12) ◽

pp. 3686

Author(s):

Andrea Ramirez ◽

Maya Vadiveloo ◽

Patricia M. Risica ◽

Kim M. Gans ◽

Mary L. Greaney ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Secondary Data ◽

Cluster Randomized Trial ◽

Food Group ◽

Lower Proportion ◽

Food Groups ◽

Low Fat ◽

Research Software ◽

Animal Fats ◽

Food Items ◽

Family Childcare

While there are several factors that contribute to the diet quality of children in childcare, one contributing factor in Family Childcare Homes (FCCHs) is the provider’s ethnicity. However, research examining the food items provided in this setting is limited; in particular, with regards to differences between FCCHs of Latino and non-Latino providers. The aim of this study was to identify and describe the food items that contribute to food group intake in preschool-aged children attending FCCHs, and to examine differences by provider ethnicity. This secondary data analysis used baseline data from Healthy Start/Comienzos Sanos: a cluster-randomized trial. Children’s dietary intake was collected using the Dietary Observation in Child Care method and entered into Nutrition Data System for Research software. Food groups were based on the Nutrition Coordinating Center classification. Contribution of food items to their respective food group was calculated as a proportion, using ratio of means and presented as a percentage. Ethnic differences were tested with ANCOVA (p < 0.05) with Bonferroni adjustments for multiple comparisons. All providers (n = 120) were female and 67.5% were Latino. Most fruit consumed by children was in the form of juice (85%), three-fourths of the grains consumed were refined (75%), and half of the sweets consumed were syrup/honey/jelly (50%). Most of the vegetables consumed were non-starchy (61%), nearly three-fourths of dairy consumed was low-fat (71%), and vegetable oils contributed the most to the fats group (89%). Food items differed by provider’s ethnicity, with children cared for by non-Latino providers consuming a higher proportion of fruit juice, animal fats and a lower proportion of legumes (p < 0.001 for all). Children with Latino providers consumed a lower proportion of non-starchy vegetables, low-fat dairy, and nuts/seeds (p < 0.001 for all). FCCH providers could offer more whole fruits and grains and a greater variety of vegetables. Differences by ethnicity suggest providers could benefit from culturally tailored recommendations.

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