scholarly journals Mean ± Standard Deviation Intake Values for 1–<10-Year-Old South African Children for Application in the Assessment of the Inflammatory Potential of Their Diets Using the DII® Method: Developmental Research

Nutrients ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 11
Author(s):  
Sonia Malczyk ◽  
Nelia P. Steyn ◽  
Johanna H. Nel ◽  
Gabriel Eksteen ◽  
Linda Drummond ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Standard Deviation ◽  
South African ◽  
Total Sample ◽  
Food Composition ◽  
Data Sets ◽  
Dietary Inflammatory Index ◽  
Inflammatory Index ◽  
Age Appropriate ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Age Range

This study aimed to develop a set of mean ± standard deviation (SD) intake values for South African (SA) children for 36 of the 45 food parameters included in the original Dietary Inflammatory Index (DII®) tool. The SA food composition database contains 30 of the 45 food parameters included in the original DII®, and a supplementary database was developed for six of the food parameters not included in the SA database. The SA child mean ± SD intake of macronutrients, micronutrients and select flavonoids was calculated by age in years, using eight data sets from dietary surveys conducted in SA in the last three decades. A total sample of 5412 children was included in the calculation of the mean ± SD. The current study sample was determined to be representative of 1–<10-year-old children in SA, and the plausibility of the mean intake values was confirmed by being in line with age-appropriate recommendations. Furthermore, an increase in energy, macronutrient, and most micronutrient intakes with increase in age was evident. The generated mean ± SD values for SA children can be used for calculation of the inflammatory potential of the dietary intake of SA children in the age range of 1–<10-year-old children.

scholarly journals Internal consistency of the Regional Brewer Calibration Centre for Europe triad during the period 2005–2016

2018 ◽  
Vol 11 (7) ◽  
pp. 4059-4072 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sergio Fabián León-Luis ◽  
Alberto Redondas ◽  
Virgilio Carreño ◽  
Javier López-Solano ◽  
Alberto Berjón ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Standard Deviation ◽  
Relative Standard Deviation ◽  
Data Sets ◽  
Individual Values ◽  
Relative Standard ◽  
The World ◽  
The Mean ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Ozone Column

Abstract. Total ozone column measurements can be made using Brewer spectrophotometers, which are calibrated periodically in intercomparison campaigns with respect to a reference instrument. In 2003, the Regional Brewer Calibration Centre for Europe (RBCC-E) was established at the Izaña Atmospheric Research Center (Canary Islands, Spain), and since 2011 the RBCC-E has transferred its calibration based on the Langley method using travelling standard(s) that are wholly and independently calibrated at Izaña. This work is focused on reporting the consistency of the measurements of the RBCC-E triad (Brewer instruments #157, #183 and #185) made at the Izaña Atmospheric Observatory during the period 2005–2016. In order to study the long-term precision of the RBCC-E triad, it must be taken into account that each Brewer takes a large number of measurements every day and, hence, it becomes necessary to calculate a representative value of all of them. This value was calculated from two different methods previously used to study the long-term behaviour of the world reference triad (Toronto triad) and Arosa triad. Applying their procedures to the data from the RBCC-E triad allows the comparison of the three instruments. In daily averages, applying the procedure used for the world reference triad, the RBCC-E triad presents a relative standard deviation equal to σ = 0.41 %, which is calculated as the mean of the individual values for each Brewer (σ157 = 0.362 %, σ183 = 0.453 % and σ185 = 0.428 %). Alternatively, using the procedure used to analyse the Arosa triad, the RBCC-E presents a relative standard deviation of about σ = 0.5 %. In monthly averages, the method used for the data from the world reference triad gives a relative standard deviation mean equal to σ = 0.3 % (σ157 = 0.33 %, σ183 = 0.34 % and σ185 = 0.23 %). However, the procedure of the Arosa triad gives monthly values of σ = 0.5 %. In this work, two ozone data sets are analysed: the first includes all the ozone measurements available, while the second only includes the simultaneous measurements of all three instruments. Furthermore, this paper also describes the Langley method used to determine the extraterrestrial constant (ETC) for the RBCC-E triad, the necessary first step toward accurate ozone calculation. Finally, the short-term or intraday consistency is also studied to identify the effect of the solar zenith angle on the precision of the RBCC-E triad.

scholarly journals Personality and Motivation: A Correlation study among Sports Person

2019 ◽  
Vol 6 (4) ◽  
pp. 5-13
Author(s):  
M Keerthika ◽  
S Punithavathi
Keyword(s):  
Standard Deviation ◽  
Gender Difference ◽  
Correlation Coefficient ◽  
Significant Relationship ◽  
Correlation Study ◽  
Motivation Factors ◽  
The Mean ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Age Range ◽  
The Relationship

In this competitive world, it is essential to grab the sportive nature of sports persons. For different personality type of the individual the motive to engage in sports also varies from person to person. The aim of the present study is to determine the relationship between personality and motivation among sports persons and to identify the gender difference of personality and motivation factors. The sample of this study was 120 sports persons out of which 60 were males and 60 were females belonging to the age range of 18 -30 years. The mean, standard deviation and Pearson’s correlation coefficient were used for analysing the data. Results indicate that there is no significant relationship between Personality and Motivation type of sports persons.

scholarly journals Evaluation of variation of D-dimer levels in COVID-19 patients to predict the disease outcome in a hospital based study

2020 ◽  
Vol 24 (5) ◽  
Author(s):  
Shahtaj Khan ◽  
Hamzullah Khan ◽  
Saba Khan ◽  
Mansoor Akhtar
Keyword(s):  
Relative Risk ◽  
Survival Rate ◽  
Standard Deviation ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Female Gender ◽  
P Value ◽  
The Mean ◽  
And Gender ◽  
Age Range ◽  
D Dimer

Objectives: To determine the variation of d-dimers in COVID-19. To determine the contribution of demographic factors (age and gender) toward an elevated d-dimers values. To determine the probability of surviving in different age groups in COVID-19, with d-dimer > 0.5 µg/ml. Methodology:  A total of 193 patients were enrolled from COVID-19 isolation units, Hayatabad medical complex Peshawar, whose d-dimer levels were performed as per instructions of the treating physician and were followed. Relevant information’s were recorded on a pre-designed performa prepared in accordance with the objectives of the study. Results: Out of total 193 patients 152(78.8%) were males and 41(21.2%) females. 94(48.7%) patients were in the age range 35-55 y while 76(39.4%) patients had age more than 55 y. Regarding d-dimer readings, 162(83.9%) had d-dimer levels more than 0.5 µg/ml. The mean with standard deviation of age of the patients was 52 ± 13 y. The mean with standard deviation of d-dimer values of the patients was 4.9 ± 13.3 µg/ml. It was observed that, the relative risk of deranged values of d-dimers was 1.18 (rr = 1.18) in patients with age > 55 y. Similarly in female gender the relative risk of higher values of d-dimers above normal was 1.26 (rr = 1.26) without reaching a statistically significant p-value (p = 0.48). The probability of worse outcome in term of death was 2.06 times more in patients with d dimers > 0.5 µg/ml (OR = 2.06). Furthermore the probability of surviving was 90-100% by age < 50 y, 80% in age range 51-60 y, 45% in age range 61-70 y and 30% at age  > 80 y. Conclusion: The deranged d-dimer levels were noted in 84% of the COVID-19 patients. Age > 55 y and female gender are at higher risk of deranged d-dimers and further consequences. Survival rate of patients with deranged d-dimers drops to 30% in patients with age > 80 y, 45% at age < 70 y. Key word: COVID-19, D-dimers, survival rate, prognostic values Anaesth. pain intensive care 2020;24(5): Received: 20 June 2020, Reviewed: 24, 28 June 2020, Accepted: 1 July 2020

scholarly journals Adiposity Mediates the Association between the Dietary Inflammatory Index and Markers of Type 2 Diabetes Risk in Middle-Aged Black South African Women

Nutrients ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (6) ◽  
pp. 1246 ◽  
Author(s):  
Asanda Mtintsilana ◽  
Lisa K. Micklesfield ◽  
Elin Chorell ◽  
Tommy Olsson ◽  
Nitin Shivappa ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Type 2 Diabetes ◽  
South African ◽  
Inflammatory Cytokines ◽  
Central Obesity ◽  
Fasting Glucose ◽  
African Women ◽  
Dietary Inflammatory Index ◽  
Inflammatory Index ◽  
South African Women

The dietary inflammatory index (DII®), a validated tool used to measure the inflammatory potential of the diet, has been associated with metabolic disorders in various settings, but not in African populations. The aim of this study was to investigate whether the DII is associated with markers of type 2 diabetes (T2D) risk, and if this association is mediated by adiposity and/or low-grade inflammation, in black South Africa women. Energy-adjusted-DII (E-DII) scores were calculated in 190 women (median age, 53 years) from the Birth-to-Twenty plus cohort using a validated food frequency questionnaire. Fasting glucose, insulin, HbA1c, and inflammatory cytokines were measured, and an oral glucose tolerance test performed. Basic anthropometry and dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry-derived body fat, including estimate of visceral adipose tissue (VAT) area, were measured. E-DII scores were associated with all markers of T2D risk, namely, fasting glucose and insulin, HbA1c, HOMA2-IR, two-hour glucose and Matsuda index (all p < 0.05). After adjusting for age, measures of adiposity, but not inflammatory cytokines, mediated the association between E-DII and markers of T2D risk (p < 0.05). Measures of central obesity had proportionally higher (range: 23.5–100%) mediation effects than total obesity (range: 10–60%). The E-DII is associated with T2D risk through obesity, in particular central obesity, among black middle-aged South African women.

Scores of Brazilian University Students on the Beck Depression and the State-Trait Anxiety Inventories

1995 ◽  
Vol 77 (2) ◽  
pp. 635-641 ◽  
Author(s):  
Clarice Gorenstein ◽  
Sabine Pompéia ◽  
Laura Andrade
Keyword(s):  
Standard Deviation ◽  
University Students ◽  
Trait Anxiety ◽  
Total Sample ◽  
Published Data ◽  
State Trait Anxiety Inventory ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Threshold Point ◽  
Trait Anxiety Score ◽  
Mean State

The profiles of the Beck Depression Inventory and State-Trait Anxiety Inventory scores were obtained for a sample of Brazilian university students and compared with those of other studies. Subjects were 270 students from various universities in São Paulo, age 23.8 yr. (SD = 6.7 yr.). The mean Beck score for the total sample was 8.5 (SD = 7.0); according to the cut-off score of 16, 86 9% were considered normal, 7.5% had scores compatible with dysphoria, and 56% had scores indicative of depression. The mean State-Trait Anxiety score for the total sample was 40.7 (SD = 8.6). Considering one standard deviation as the threshold point, 17.8% could be considered low and 15.2% high on trait anxiety. Comparing our means with published data indicated that the Portuguese versions of the questionnaires are equivalent to original versions.

Daily set up variation in patients receiving radiation with tomotherapy for lung tumors

2006 ◽  
Vol 24 (18_suppl) ◽  
pp. 17005-17005
Author(s):  
N. Mohammed ◽  
M. P. Mehta ◽  
S. M. Bentzen ◽  
D. Khuntia ◽  
W. A. Tome
Keyword(s):  
Lung Cancer ◽  
Standard Deviation ◽  
Rank Correlation ◽  
Data Sets ◽  
Karnofsky Performance Score ◽  
Error Minimization ◽  
Lung Cancer Patients ◽  
Spearman’S Rank Correlation ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Set Up

17005 Background: The on-board megavoltage (MV) computed tomography (CT) capabilities of a Tomotherapy unit were used to obtain the daily MVCT images of lung cancer patients. For daily patient alignment, differences between the MVCT scan and planning CT were resolved by calculating the necessary couch shifts in the X = mediolateral, Y = craniocaudal, and Z = anteriorposterior directions. Daily shifts were analyzed. Methods: 583 alignments from 36 patients with lung cancer were available for analysis. The systematic (Σ) and random (σ) errors were calculated and a covariate analysis was performed with tumor size, Karnofsky Performance Score (KPS), and presence of atelectasis. Two error minimization strategies were applied to the data - 1) shifts from fraction 1 were subtracted from subsequent shifts, and 2) the average of shifts 1–3 were subtracted from shifts 4 onward. Σ and σ were calculated for each of the 3 data sets and applied to van Herk’s margin recipe 2.5 Σ + 0.7σ. The mean, standard deviation, and standard error of the magnitude shifts for 13 patients who each received 23 fractions were analyzed by Spearman’s rank correlation test for the relationship between shift magnitude and fraction number. Results: The presence of atelectasis was significantly related to a smaller σ in millimeters, 2.8 ± 0.08 vs. 3.5 ± 0.09 (p = 1.1 × 10−8). The other covariates were not significantly related to set-up error. The 2nd error minimization strategy decreased Σ in the X, Y, and Z directions from 4.7 ± 0.6, 5.8 ± 0.9, 4.9 ± 0.6 to 2.1 ± 0.1, 4.2 ± 0.5, 3.4 ± 0.3 (p = 2.0 × 10−5, 0.13, 0.02) respectively. Calculated margins from van Herk’s equation for all data reported as (x, y, z) in mm were (13.8, 19.6, and 15.9). For strategies 1 and 2 respectively, calculated margins were reduced by (27.2%, 11.5%, 10.6%) and (46.7%, 21.5%, 23.2%). The mean magnitude of isocenter shift and the standard deviation were found to increase with fraction number (p = 1.0 × 10−6 and 5.0 × 10−5 respectively). Conclusion: The error correction strategies significantly reduced Σ but did not reduce the margins dramatically. Drift in accuracy during a long treatment course and an inability to identify subgroups of patients based on our covariates who may not need daily imaging suggests that daily image verification + correction will help reduce error and margins. No significant financial relationships to disclose.

scholarly journals Comparison of GOME tropospheric NO<sub>2</sub> columns with NO<sub>2</sub> profiles deduced from ground-based in situ measurements

2006 ◽  
Vol 6 (11) ◽  
pp. 3211-3229 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. Schaub ◽  
K. F. Boersma ◽  
J. W. Kaiser ◽  
A. K. Weiss ◽  
D. Folini ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Standard Deviation ◽  
A Priori ◽  
Relative Difference ◽  
In Situ Measurements ◽  
Data Sets ◽  
Clear Sky ◽  
Tropospheric No2 ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Sky Conditions

Abstract. Nitrogen dioxide (NO2) vertical tropospheric column densities (VTCs) retrieved from the Global Ozone Monitoring Experiment (GOME) are compared to coincident ground-based tropospheric NO2 columns. The ground-based columns are deduced from in situ measurements at different altitudes in the Alps for 1997 to June 2003, yielding a unique long-term comparison of GOME NO2 VTC data retrieved by a collaboration of KNMI (Royal Netherlands Meteorological Institute) and BIRA/IASB (Belgian Institute for Space Aeronomy) with independently derived tropospheric NO2 profiles. A first comparison relates the GOME retrieved tropospheric columns to the tropospheric columns obtained by integrating the ground-based NO2 measurements. For a second comparison, the tropospheric profiles constructed from the ground-based measurements are first multiplied with the averaging kernel (AK) of the GOME retrieval. The second approach makes the comparison independent from the a priori NO2 profile used in the GOME retrieval. This allows splitting the total difference between the column data sets into two contributions: one that is due to differences between the a priori and the ground-based NO2 profile shapes, and another that can be attributed to uncertainties in both the remaining retrieval parameters (such as, e.g., surface albedo or aerosol concentration) and the ground-based in situ NO2 profiles. For anticyclonic clear sky conditions the comparison indicates a good agreement between the columns (n=157, R=0.70/0.74 for the first/second comparison approach, respectively). The mean relative difference (with respect to the ground-based columns) is −7% with a standard deviation of 40% and GOME on average slightly underestimating the ground-based columns. Both data sets show a similar seasonal behaviour with a distinct maximum of spring NO2 VTCs. Further analysis indicates small GOME columns being systematically smaller than the ground-based ones. The influence of different shapes in the a priori and the ground-based NO2 profile is analysed by considering AK information. It is moderate and indicates similar shapes of the profiles for clear sky conditions. Only for large GOME columns, differences between the profile shapes explain the larger part of the relative difference. In contrast, the other error sources give rise to the larger relative differences found towards smaller columns. Further, for the clear sky cases, errors from different sources are found to compensate each other partially. The comparison for cloudy cases indicates a poorer agreement between the columns (n=60, R=0.61). The mean relative difference between the columns is 60% with a standard deviation of 118% and GOME on average overestimating the ground-based columns. The clear improvement after inclusion of AK information (n=60, R=0.87) suggests larger errors in the a priori NO2 profiles under cloudy conditions and demonstrates the importance of using accurate profile information for (partially) clouded scenes.

scholarly journals Comparison of GOME tropospheric NO<sub>2</sub> columns with NO<sub>2</sub> profiles deduced from ground-based in situ measurements

2006 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 2189-2239
Author(s):  
D. Schaub ◽  
K. F. Boersma ◽  
J. W. Kaiser ◽  
A. K. Weiss ◽  
D. Folini ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Standard Deviation ◽  
A Priori ◽  
Relative Difference ◽  
In Situ Measurements ◽  
Data Sets ◽  
Clear Sky ◽  
Tropospheric No2 ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Sky Conditions

Abstract. Nitrogen dioxide (NO2) vertical tropospheric column densities (VTCs) retrieved from the Global Ozone Monitoring Experiment (GOME) are compared to coincident ground-based tropospheric NO2 columns. The ground-based columns are deduced from in situ measurements at different altitudes in the Alps for 1997 to June 2003, yielding a unique long-term comparison of GOME NO2 VTC data retrieved by KNMI/BIRA with independently derived tropospheric NO2 profiles. A first comparison relates the GOME columns to the ground-based NO2 profiles that are directly integrated to tropospheric columns. A second comparison includes averaging kernel (AK) information, which makes the comparison independent from the a priori NO2 profile used in the GOME retrieval. This allows splitting the total difference between the column data sets into two contributions: one that is due to differences between the a priori and the ground-based NO2 profile shapes, and another that can be attributed to uncertainties in both the remaining retrieval parameters and the ground-based in situ NO2 profiles. For anticyclonic clear sky conditions the comparison indicates a good agreement between the columns (n=157, R=0.70/0.74 without/with AK included). Both data sets show a similar seasonal behaviour with a distinct maximum of spring NO2 VTCs. The mean relative difference (with respect to the ground-based columns) is −7% with a standard deviation of 40% and GOME on average slightly underestimating the ground-based columns. Further analysis indicates small GOME columns being systematically smaller than the ground-based ones. The influence of different shapes in the a priori and the ground-based NO2 profile is analysed by considering AK information. It is moderate and indicates similar shapes of the profiles for clear sky conditions. Only for large GOME columns, differences between the profile shapes explain the larger part of the relative difference. In contrast, the other error sources give rise to the larger relative differences found towards smaller columns. Further, for the clear sky cases, errors from different sources are found to compensate each other partially. The comparison for cloudy cases indicates a poorer agreement between the columns (n=60, R=0.61). The mean relative difference between the columns is 60% with a standard deviation of 118% and GOME on average overestimating the ground-based columns. The clear improvement after inclusion of AK information (n=60, R=0.87) suggests larger errors in the a priori NO2 profiles under cloudy conditions and demonstrates the importance of using the kernel information for (partially) clouded scenes.

scholarly journals How Smooth Should Curves Be for Calibrating Radiocarbon Ages?

Radiocarbon ◽  
1994 ◽  
Vol 36 (1) ◽  
pp. 11-26 ◽  
Author(s):  
Torbjörn E. Törnqvist ◽  
Marc F. P. Bierkens
Keyword(s):  
Standard Deviation ◽  
Measurement Errors ◽  
Inverse Method ◽  
Total Sample ◽  
Data Sets ◽  
Natural Sample ◽  
Medium Term ◽  
Sample Error ◽  
Organic Deposits ◽  
Ombrotrophic Peat

We show that smoothed versions of the high-resolution calibration curve should be used when 14C ages are calibrated with large (> ∼30 14C yr) measurement errors (represented by standard deviation δm) or are mixtures of elements of variable age (natural sample error with standard deviation δn). The degree of smoothing should agree with the standard deviation of total sample error, δt, the square root of the quadratic sum of δm and δn. However, in most cases, δt is not well known, especially due to difficulties in quantifying δn. We present an inverse method that gives a measure of mean δt, for different materials that are widely used in (conventional) 14C dating. Calculations with large (>100) data sets of wood, charcoal, ombrotrophic peat and minerotrophic peat/gyttja samples indicate that δt of such materials is generally much larger than previously assumed, mainly because of large values of δn. This means that particularly in organic deposits, strongly smoothed calibration curves should be used where medium-term 14C variations (wiggles) are completely straightened. This has especially major consequences for calibrating 14C histograms for natural 14C variations. We conclude that 14C histograms consisting of samples of organic deposits do not require correction for medium-term 14C variations and that uncalibrated 14C histograms need not be as suspect as is usually believed.

The angulation of the septal structures impacts ventricular imbalance in atrioventricular septal defects with a common atrioventricular junction

2015 ◽  
Vol 26 (2) ◽  
pp. 321-326 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zaheer Ahmad ◽  
Zek Lim ◽  
Kevin Roman ◽  
Marcus Haw ◽  
Robert H. Anderson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Standard Deviation ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Data Sets ◽  
Atrioventricular Septal Defects ◽  
Septal Defects ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Dimensional Echocardiography ◽  
Three Dimensional Echocardiography ◽  
Dimensional Assessment ◽  
Full Volume

AbstractObjectiveMultiplanar re-formatting of full-volume three-dimensional echocardiography data sets offers new insights into the morphology of atrioventricular septal defects. We hypothesised that distortion of the alignment between the atrial and ventricular septums results in imbalanced venous return to the ventricles, with consequent proportional ventricular hypoplasia.MethodsA single observer evaluated 31 patients, with a mean age of 52.09 months, standard deviation of 55, and with a range from 2 to 264 months, with atrioventricular septal defects, of whom 17 were boys. Ventricular imbalance, observed in nine patients, was determined by two-dimensional assessment, and confirmed at surgical inspection in selected cases when a univentricular strategy was undertaken. Offline analysis using multiplanar re-formatting was performed. A line was drawn though the length of the ventricular septum and a second line along the plane of the atrial septum, taking the angle between these two lines as the atrioventricular septal angle. We compared the angle between 22 patients with adequately sized ventricles, and those with ventricular imbalance undergoing univentricular repair.ResultsIn the 22 patients undergoing biventricular repair, the septal angle was 0 in 14 patients; the other eight patients having angles ranging from 1 to 36, with a mean angle of 7.4°, and standard deviation of 11.1°.The mean angle in the nine patients with ventricle imbalance was 28.6°, with a standard deviation of 3.04°, and with a range from 26 to 35°. Of those undergoing univentricular repair, two patients died, with angles of 26 and 30°, respectively.ConclusionsThe atrioventricular septal angle derived via multiplanar formatting gives important information regarding the degree of ventricular hypoplasia and imbalance. When this angle is above 25°, patients are likely to have ventricular imbalance requiring univentricular repair.

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