scholarly journals Emergence of Besnoitia besnoiti in Belgium

Pathogens ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (12) ◽  
pp. 1529
Author(s):  
Laurent Delooz ◽  
Julien Evrard ◽  
Serge Eugene Mpouam ◽  
Claude Saegerman
Keyword(s):  
Disease Transmission ◽  
Control Policy ◽  
Protozoan Parasite ◽  
Besnoitia Besnoiti ◽  
Cattle Industry ◽  
The North ◽  
Cattle Disease ◽  
Bovine Besnoitiosis ◽  
Set Up ◽  
And Control

Bovine besnoitiosis is a cattle disease caused by a protozoan parasite called Besnoitia besnoiti. It is of serious economic concern to the cattle industry and also compromises animal welfare. For several years, it has been considered an emerging disease in some countries and regions located in the north of Europe far away from the known endemic areas in the south. This study describes the situation in the southern part of Belgium, where the parasite was recently introduced through imports of animals coming from departments of France where the disease was present. It details the detection of clinical cases as well as disease transmission features related to contacts during grazing and sales of infected cattle. A tracking and monitoring system was quickly set up and detected twelve outbreaks. Several cattle were controlled, but the lack of appropriate regulations weakens disease-management efforts. Hopefully, this predictable and silent introduction triggers the awareness of decision-makers about the need for an appropriate prevention and control policy, law enforcement, and the implementation of necessary measures to avoid bovine besnoitiosis becoming endemic in Belgium or other non-endemic countries. In addition, more proactive surveillance is required from authorities through threat analysis in the context of the risk of emergence or re-emergence of infectious animal diseases.

scholarly journals Besnoitia besnoiti bradyzoite stages induce suicidal- and rapid vital-NETosis

Parasitology ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 147 (4) ◽  
pp. 401-409 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ershun Zhou ◽  
Liliana M. R. Silva ◽  
Iván Conejeros ◽  
Zahady D. Velásquez ◽  
Manuela Hirz ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Protozoan Parasite ◽  
Polymorphonuclear Neutrophils ◽  
Extracellular Dna ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Besnoitia Besnoiti ◽  
Cattle Industry ◽  
Histone 3 ◽  
Bovine Besnoitiosis ◽  
Skin Biopsies ◽  
First Time

AbstractBesnoitia besnoiti is an obligate intracellular apicomplexan protozoan parasite, which causes bovine besnoitiosis. Recently increased emergence within Europe was responsible for significant economic losses in the cattle industry due to the significant reduction of productivity. However, still limited knowledge exists on interactions between B. besnoiti and host innate immune system. Here, B. besnoiti bradyzoites were successfully isolated from tissue cysts located in skin biopsies of a naturally infected animal, and we aimed to investigate for the first time reactions of polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMN) exposed to these vital bradyzoites. Freshly isolated bovine PMN were confronted to B. besnoiti bradyzoites. Scanning electron microscopy (s.e.m.)- and immunofluorescence microscopy-analyses demonstrated fine extracellular networks released by exposed bovine PMN resembling suicidal NETosis. Classical NETosis components were confirmed via co-localization of extracellular DNA decorated with histone 3 (H3) and neutrophil elastase (NE). Live cell imaging by 3D holotomographic microscopy (Nanolive®) unveiled rapid vital NETosis against this parasite. A significant increase of autophagosomes visualized by specific-LC3B antibodies and confocal microscopy was observed in B. besnoiti-stimulated bovine PMN when compared to non-stimulated group. As such, a significant positive correlation (r = 0.37; P = 0.042) was found between B. besnoiti-triggered suicidal NETosis and autophagy. These findings suggest that vital- as well as suicidal-NETosis might play a role in early innate host defence mechanisms against released B. besnoiti bradyzoites from tissue cysts, and possibly hampering further parasitic replication. Our data generate first hints on autophagy being associated with B. besnoiti bradyzoite-induced suicidal NETosis and highlighting for first time occurrence of parasite-mediated vital NETosis.

scholarly journals First confirmed case of bovine besnoitiosis in an imported bull in Belgium

2015 ◽  
Vol 84 (4) ◽  
pp. 205-211 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Vanhoudt ◽  
B. Pardon ◽  
P. De Schutter ◽  
L. Bosseler ◽  
C. Sarre ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Protozoan Parasite ◽  
Mediterranean Area ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
The South ◽  
Besnoitia Besnoiti ◽  
Cattle Industry ◽  
First Case ◽  
Bovine Besnoitiosis ◽  
The Mediterranean

Besnoitia besnoiti is a protozoan parasite known to cause important economic losses in the cattle industry in Africa, Asia and the Mediterranean area. In the last years, (re-) emergence of the parasite has been reported in France, Germany, Hungary and Italy with in some cases, establishment of an endemic infection. In this article, the first case of besnoitiosis in Belgium in a Blonde d’Aquitaine bull imported from the south of France is described. Additionally, a brief overview of the epidemiology of the disease is provided.

scholarly journals The impact of surveillance and control on highly pathogenic avian inuenza outbreaks in poultry in Dhaka division, Bangladesh

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Edward M. Hill ◽  
Thomas House ◽  
Madhur S. Dhingra ◽  
Wantanee Kalpravidh ◽  
Subhash Morzaria ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Disease Transmission ◽  
Control Measure ◽  
Control Policy ◽  
Transmission Model ◽  
Model Framework ◽  
Highly Pathogenic ◽  
Management Actions ◽  
H5n1 Influenza ◽  
And Control ◽  
The Impact

AbstractIn Bangladesh, the poultry industry is an economically and socially important sector, but it is persistently threatened by the effects of H5N1 highly pathogenic avian influenza. Thus, identifying the optimal control policy in response to an emerging disease outbreak is a key challenge for policy-makers. To inform this aim, a common approach is to carry out simulation studies comparing plausible strategies, while accounting for known capacity restrictions. In this study we perform simulations of a previously developed H5N1 influenza transmission model framework, fitted to two separate historical outbreaks, to assess specific control objectives related to the burden or duration of H5N1 outbreaks among poultry farms in the Dhaka division of Bangladesh. In particular, we explore the optimal implementation of ring culling, ring vaccination and active surveillance measures when presuming disease transmission predominately occurs from premises-to-premises, versus a setting requiring the inclusion of external factors. Additionally, we determine the sensitivity of the management actions under consideration to differing levels of capacity constraints and outbreaks with disparate transmission dynamics. While we find that reactive culling and vaccination policies should pay close attention to these factors to ensure intervention targeting is optimised, across multiple settings the top performing control action amongst those under consideration were targeted proactive surveillance schemes. Our findings may advise the type of control measure, plus its intensity, that could potentially be applied in the event of a developing outbreak of H5N1 amongst originally H5N1 virus-free commercially-reared poultry in the Dhaka division of Bangladesh.

‘CLEAN’ AND ‘DIRTY’: CATTLE DISEASE AND CONTROL POLICY IN COLONIAL KENYA, 1900–40

2004 ◽  
Vol 45 (1) ◽  
pp. 45-80 ◽  
Author(s):  
RICHARD WALLER
Keyword(s):  
East Coast ◽  
Control Policy ◽  
East Coast Fever ◽  
Continuous Argument ◽  
Cattle Disease ◽  
And Control ◽  
Pastoral Economy ◽  
Colonial Office ◽  
Economy Policy

This article traces and contextualizes the development of veterinary policy in Kenya from 1900 to 1940, with particular reference to three diseases: East Coast Fever, bovine pleuro-pneumonia and rinderpest. Disease affected almost every aspect of society and economy in Kenya, but the threat that it posed was constructed and confronted differently by the various constituencies – official, settler and African – that made up the divided pastoral economy. Policy emerged and changed from containment to eradication as the result of continuous argument, in which the Colonial Office played a key role, about both the nature of disease and the most effective way of combating it.

scholarly journals Prioritization of Economically Important Cattle Diseases Using Participatory Epidemiology Tools in Lalibela, Sekota, and Ziquala Districts of Amhara Region, Northern Ethiopia

2020 ◽  
Vol 2020 ◽  
pp. 1-4
Author(s):  
Adane Bahiru ◽  
Ayalew Assefa
Keyword(s):  
Control Strategies ◽  
Animal Health ◽  
Control Policy ◽  
Farming System ◽  
Northern Ethiopia ◽  
Group Discussions ◽  
Participatory Epidemiology ◽  
Cattle Disease ◽  
Cattle Diseases ◽  
And Control

Ethiopia’s livestock resource is one of the largest globally. It is estimated at around 59.5 million cattle, about 30.5 million sheep, and 30.2 million goats. The sector is irreplaceable in the means of livelihood of the population as a source of meat, milk, drought power, and income. Yet, the country is unable to exploit the sector entirely because of highly prevalent infectious diseases and lack of appropriate disease control policy. These constraints are worse in districts of Lalibela, Sekota, and Ziquala, where this specific study was carried out. Despite the availability of scanty animal health services in these areas, information on animal health, especially cattle, was never a significant focus of research. This study was conducted with the objectives of identifying and prioritizing primary cattle disease with the aid of participatory epidemiology tools. Focus group discussions (FGD) and questionnaires were used in prioritizing the top economically important cattle diseases of the selected areas. Accordingly, the result of FGD indicated that ectoparasites, CBPP, FMD, blackleg, bloody diarrhea, and pasteurellosis were the major diseases affecting cattle production in the area. These areas can be representative of most of the countries where a mixed farming system is practiced. Therefore, this result can be used as a basis for broader planning of prevention and control strategies for these kinds of diseases. However, a laboratory-supported extensive investigation of these diseases is highly recommended to validate findings of such types of prioritization of diseases.

scholarly journals Social Citizenship and Plural Values of Land: Land Acquisition Cases from India

2019 ◽  
Vol 19 (2) ◽  
pp. 331-342 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sattwick Dey Biswas
Keyword(s):  
Property Rights ◽  
Market Price ◽  
Land Acquisition ◽  
Land Values ◽  
Social Citizenship ◽  
The North ◽  
Rights Discourse ◽  
National Boundaries ◽  
Set Up ◽  
And Control

In the globalised economy, the value chains of production have crossed national boundaries. As a result, the demand has intensified for land acquisition in order to set up production facilities and infrastructure. This industrialisation proceeded rapidly, and, therefore, a vast area of land had to be acquired, both in the Global South and in the North. This development has led to many conflicts. These conflicts are the result of the inability to understand the plural values of land in the realisation of property rights in social citizenship. This article has considered two land expropriation case study areas in India, Salbani and Singur in West Bengal, as a source of empirical data. The empirical evidence suggests that the straitjacket of monorational property rights discourse, which heavily relies on the absolute ownership and control (via exclusion of others) ignores the different ways in which plural land values shape ideas of social citizenship. There is a need to rediscover the ‘social’ in citizenship to ensure the subordination of market price to the ideals of social justice.

Pittenweem Priory and the conventuality question

2017 ◽  
Vol 68 (1) ◽  
pp. 19-37 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anthony Lodge
Keyword(s):  
Fifteenth Century ◽  
Traditional View ◽  
Archaeological Evidence ◽  
Significant Development ◽  
New Mother ◽  
Set Up ◽  
And Control

Pittenweem Priory began life as the caput manor of a daughter-house established on May Island by Cluniac monks from Reading (c. 1140). After its sale to St Andrews (c. 1280), the priory transferred ashore. While retaining its traditional name, the ‘Priory of May (alias Pittenweem)’ was subsumed within the Augustinian priory of St Andrews. Its prior was elected from among the canons of the new mother house, but it was many decades before a resident community of canons was set up in Pittenweem. The traditional view, based principally on the ‘non-conventual’ status of the priory reiterated in fifteenth-century documents, is that there was ‘no resident community’ before the priorship of Andrew Forman (1495–1515). Archaeological evidence in Pittenweem, however, indicates that James Kennedy had embarked on significant development of the priory fifty years earlier. This suggests that, when the term ‘non-conventual’ is used in documents emanating from Kennedy's successors (Graham and Scheves), we should interpret it more as an assertion of superiority and control than as a description of realities in the priory.

THE 2019 NOVEL PANDEMIC OF CORONAVIRUS DISEASE (COVID-19): A STUDY OF EXISTING EVIDENCE IN THE INDIAN POPULATION

2020 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 199-204
Author(s):  
Shrikant Verma ◽  
Mohammad Abbas ◽  
Sushma Verma ◽  
Syed Tasleem Raza ◽  
Farzana Mahdi
Keyword(s):  
Disease Transmission ◽  
Indian Population ◽  
Respiratory Infections ◽  
Clinical Signs ◽  
Case Fatality ◽  
Public Health Emergency ◽  
The World ◽  
And Control ◽  
General Wellbeing ◽  
Different Parts

A novel spillover coronavirus (nCoV), with its epicenter in Wuhan, China's People's Republic, has emerged as an international public health emergency. This began as an outbreak in December 2019, and till November eighth, 2020, there have been 8.5 million affirmed instances of novel Covid disease2019 (COVID-19) in India, with 1,26,611 deaths, resulting in an overall case fatality rate of 1.48 percent. Coronavirus clinical signs are fundamentally the same as those of other respiratory infections. In different parts of the world, the quantity of research center affirmed cases and related passings are rising consistently. The COVID- 19 is an arising pandemic-responsible viral infection. Coronavirus has influenced huge parts of the total populace, which has prompted a global general wellbeing crisis, setting all health associations on high attentive. This review sums up the overall landmass, virology, pathogenesis, the study of disease transmission, clinical introduction, determination, treatment, and control of COVID-19 with the reference to India.

Efficacy of anthelmintic Eprimek against gastrointestinal nematodes in sheep

2020 ◽  
Vol 14 (4) ◽  
pp. 99-103
Author(s):  
V. I. Kolesnikov
Keyword(s):  
Live Weight ◽  
Gastrointestinal Nematodes ◽  
Production Environment ◽  
Control Groups ◽  
The North ◽  
Helminth Eggs ◽  
Nematode Eggs ◽  
Flotation Technique ◽  
And Control ◽  
Experimental Group

The purpose of the research is studying the efficacy of Eprimek (Eprinomectin) against gastrointestinal nematodes in sheep.Materials and methods. A commercial experiment to study the antiparasitic efficacy of Eprimek was carried out in June 2020 on 300 lambs of the North Caucasian breed in a private flock of Filimonovskaya Village, Izobilnensky District, the Stavropol Territory, which were divided into two groups. The experimental group of lambs (290 animals) was injected Eprimek subcutaneously at the earset at a dose of 1 ml/50 kg of live weight (10 mg of Eprinomectin in 1 ml), and 10 lambs were not treated; they were used as control. We collected feces from the lambs of the experimental and control groups before administration of the drugs and after 15 and 30 days. Fecal samples were examined by the flotation technique with a saturated solution of ammonium nitrate with counting nematode eggs in 1 g of feces. The results were processed statistically.Results and discussion. Eprimek showed a decrease in the number of excreted helminth eggs from 225.1±28.2 to 4.1±2.3 in production environment at a dose of 1 ml/50 kg of live weight, according to coprological studies on the 15th day after treatment in the experimental group of lambs. The efficacy was 98.2%, and 70% of the animals were free from the infection. The intensity of infection of the control lambs by gastrointestinal nematodes was 131–151 eggs per 1 g of feces at 100% prevalence.

The Rotterdam Initiative in Reducing Waste Discharges at Source

1991 ◽  
Vol 24 (10) ◽  
pp. 171-177
Author(s):  
T. Vellinga ◽  
J. P. J. Nijssen
Keyword(s):  
Public Relations ◽  
Action Plan ◽  
Detailed Balance ◽  
River Rhine ◽  
The North ◽  
Complementary Role ◽  
Action Programme ◽  
The North Sea ◽  
Set Up

Much of the material dredged from the port of Rotterdam is contaminated to such a degree that it must be placed in specially constructed sites. The aim of Rotterdam is to ensure that the dredged material will once again be clean. This will entail the thorough cleansing of the sources of the contamination of the sediment in the harbours and in the River Rhine. The Rotterdam Rhine Research Project (RRP) is one of the means to achieve this based on: technical research, legal research, public relations and dialogues with dischargers. The programme for five selected heavy metals is almost complete. For many heavy metal discharge points between Rotterdam and Rheinfelden, a specially devised independent load assessment has been carried out four times. Balance studies were used to determine the relative contributions of the point discharges to the total. Currently the results are being used in an attempt to negotiate agreements with a selected number of the major dischargers. At present, more detailed balance studies are being set up and exploratory measurements carried out for organic micropollutants. It may be concluded that the research is progressing successfully and methods and techniques developed seem satisfactory and broadly applicable. The Rhine Action Programme encompasses an international effort to improve the quality of the Rhine water. Although the RRP plays a modest complementary role to the Rhine Action Plan, there is no doubt of the value of this Rotterdam initiative. The mode of work followed in the RRP contains elements that can be of use in combatting the contamination of the North Sea by rivers other than the Rhine.

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