First Isolation and Characterization of Chryseobacterium cucumeris SKNUCL01, Isolated from Diseased Pond loach (Misgurnus anguillicaudatus) in Korea

Loaches are widely distributed throughout the natural environment and are consumed for medicinal purposes in East Asia. Usually, loaches are cultured in ponds where the water conditions can easily cause bacterial infections. Infections due to bacterial pathogens such as Aeromonas have been well described in cultured loaches; however, there is no report regarding Chryseobacterium infection. This study focused on the elucidation of the pathogenic and antibiotic resistance characteristics of C. cucumeris, SKNUCL01, isolated from diseased loaches (Misgurnus anguillicaudatus). SKNUCL01 forms a biofilm, which is associated with its virulence. Koch’s postulates were satisfied with a lethal dose 50 (LD50) of 8.52 × 107 colony-forming units (CFU)/ml. Abrasion facilitates the mortality of the fish, which makes it a possible infection route for C. cucumeris. The strain showed resistance to nearly all tested antibiotics, such as trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole, levofloxacin, and ciprofloxacin, formerly considered effective treatments. Phenotypic analyses for antibiotic resistance—the combined disk test, double-disk synergy test, modified Hodge test, and efflux pump inhibition test—revealed that the resistance of SKNUCL01 originated from metallo-beta lactamases (MBLs) and efflux pumps. Our findings provide evidence that could result in a breakthrough against multidrug-resistant Chryseobacterium infection in the aquaculture industry; the antibiotic resistance-related genes can be elucidated through future study.

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Phenotypic Detection of Metallo-Beta-Lactamases in Carbapenem ResistantAcinetobacter baumanniiIsolated from Pediatric Patients in Pakistan

Journal of Pathogens ◽

10.1155/2016/8603964 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 2016 ◽

pp. 1-6 ◽

Cited By ~ 14

Author(s):

Muneeza Anwar ◽

Hassan Ejaz ◽

Aizza Zafar ◽

Hamdan Hamid

Keyword(s):

Antibiotic Resistance ◽

Multidrug Resistant ◽

Diffusion Method ◽

Clinical Samples ◽

Disk Diffusion Method ◽

Beta Lactamases ◽

Kappa Value ◽

Synergy Test ◽

Very High ◽

Disk Test

Multidrug resistantA. baumanniihas emerged as an important and problematic human pathogen as it is the causative agent of several types of infections especially in neonates and immunocompromised patients because they have least capacity to fight against infections. Carbapenems are used as last resort antibiotics for treating these infections but currently resistance against carbapenems due to MBL production is on the rise. The objective of this study was to determine the frequency of antibiotic resistance inA. baumanniiand also to compare the efficacy of combined disk test and double disk synergy test for detection of metallo-beta-lactamases. A total of 112A. baumanniiwere identified from various clinical samples and antibiotic susceptibility profile was determined by Kirby-Bauer Disk Diffusion method. Out of 112, 66 (58.9%) isolates were resistant to both imipenem and meropenem (OXOID). These resistant isolates were tested for carbapenemase production, and 55 (83.3%) were carbapenemase producers by Modified Hodge Test. These isolates were further tested for MBL production by combined disk test and double disk synergy test. Out of 66, 49 isolates were positive by both methods, CDT and DDST, and only one isolate was detected as negative (with kappa value = 0.038). All MBL producing strains showed remarkable resistance to cephalosporins, fluoroquinolones, aminoglycosides, and piperacillin/tazobactam (OXOID). The antibiotic resistance was very high inA. baumanniiwhich were isolated from children in Pakistan specially attending a nephrology unit.

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Cocktail of CuO, ZnO, or CuZn Nanoparticles and Antibiotics for Combating Multidrug-Resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa via Efflux Pump Inhibition

ACS Applied Nano Materials ◽

10.1021/acsanm.1c02208 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 4 (9) ◽

pp. 9799-9810

Author(s):

Ioanna Eleftheriadou ◽

Kleoniki Giannousi ◽

Efthymia Protonotariou ◽

Lemonia Skoura ◽

Minas Arsenakis ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Pseudomonas Aeruginosa ◽

Efflux Pump ◽

Multidrug Resistant ◽

Efflux Pump Inhibition

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Antibiotic Resistance of Uropathogens Isolated from Patients Hospitalized in District Hospital in Central Poland in 2020

Antibiotics ◽

10.3390/antibiotics10040447 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 10 (4) ◽

pp. 447

Author(s):

Barbara Kot ◽

Agata Grużewska ◽

Piotr Szweda ◽

Jolanta Wicha ◽

Urszula Parulska

Keyword(s):

Antibiotic Resistance ◽

Multidrug Resistant ◽

Diffusion Method ◽

Disk Diffusion Method ◽

Beta Lactamases ◽

E Coli ◽

Central Poland ◽

Resistance Patterns ◽

Extended Spectrum Beta Lactamases ◽

Tract Infections

The aim of this study was to determine antibiotic resistance patterns and the prevalence of uropathogenes causing urinary tract infections (UTIs) in patients hospitalized in January–June 2020 in central Poland. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing was performed using the disk-diffusion method. Escherichia coli (52.2%), Klebsiella pneumoniae (13.7%), Enterococcus faecalis (9.3%), E. faecium (6.2%), and Proteus mirabilis (4,3%) were most commonly isolated from urine samples. E. coli was significantly more frequent in women (58.6%) (p = 0.0089) and in the age group 0–18, while K. pneumoniae was more frequent in men (24.4%) (p = 0.0119) and in individuals aged 40–60 and >60. Gram-negative species showed resistance to ampicillin. K. pneumoniae were resistant to amoxicillin plus clavulanic acid (75.0%), piperacillin plus tazobactam (76.2%), cefotaxime (76.2%), cefuroxime (81.0%), ciprofloxacin (81.0%), and trimethoprim plus sulphamethoxazole (81.0%). Carbapenems were effective against all E. coli and P. mirabilis. Some K. pneumoniae (13.6%) produced metallo-β-lactamases (MBLs). E. coli (22.6%), K. pneumoniae (81.8%), and all E. faecium were multidrug-resistant (MDR). Some E. coli (26.2%), K. pneumoniae (63.6%), and P. mirabilis (14.3%) isolates produced extended-spectrum beta-lactamases (ESBL). Vancomycin-resistant E. faecium was also found. This study showed that the possibilities of UTIs therapy using available antibiotics become limited due to the increasing number of antibiotic-resistant uropathogens.

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Isolation and Characterization of Novel Phages Targeting Pathogenic Klebsiella pneumoniae

Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology ◽

10.3389/fcimb.2021.792305 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 ◽

Author(s):

Na Li ◽

Yigang Zeng ◽

Rong Bao ◽

Tongyu Zhu ◽

Demeng Tan ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Klebsiella Pneumoniae ◽

Bacterial Infections ◽

Antimicrobial Agents ◽

Multidrug Resistant ◽

S1 Nuclease ◽

Isolation And Characterization ◽

Comprehensive Knowledge ◽

Future Challenges ◽

Lactamase Gene

Klebsiella pneumoniae is a dominant cause of community-acquired and nosocomial infections, specifically among immunocompromised individuals. The increasing occurrence of multidrug-resistant (MDR) isolates has significantly impacted the effectiveness of antimicrobial agents. As antibiotic resistance is becoming increasingly prevalent worldwide, the use of bacteriophages to treat pathogenic bacterial infections has recently gained attention. Elucidating the details of phage-bacteria interactions will provide insights into phage biology and the better development of phage therapy. In this study, a total of 22 K. pneumoniae isolates were assessed for their genetic and phenotypic relatedness by multi-locus sequence typing (MLST), endonuclease S1 nuclease pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (S1-PFGE), and in vitro antibiotic susceptibility testing. In addition, the beta-lactamase gene (blaKPC) was characterized to determine the spread and outbreak of K. pneumoniae carbapenemase (KPC)-producing enterobacterial pathogens. Using these ST11 carbapenem-resistant K. pneumoniae isolates, three phages (NL_ZS_1, NL_ZS_2, and NL_ZS_3) from the family of Podoviridae were isolated and characterized to evaluate the application of lytic phages against the MDR K. pneumoniae isolates. In vitro inhibition assays with three phages and K. pneumoniae strain ZS15 demonstrated the strong lytic potential of the phages, however, followed by the rapid growth of phage-resistant and phage-sensitive mutants, suggesting several anti-phage mechanisms had developed in the host populations. Together, this data adds more comprehensive knowledge to known phage biology and further emphasizes their complexity and future challenges to overcome prior to using phages for controlling this important MDR bacterium.

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Association of Efflux Pump and OMPs with Antibiotic Susceptibility Among ESBL-Producing Klebsiella Pneumoniae Clinical Strains in Malaysia

10.21203/rs.3.rs-375267/v1 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Golnaz Mobasseri ◽

Thong Kwai Lin ◽

Cindy Shuan Ju Teh

Keyword(s):

Antibiotic Resistance ◽

Klebsiella Pneumoniae ◽

Antibiotic Susceptibility ◽

Efflux Pump ◽

Outer Membrane Proteins ◽

Multidrug Resistant ◽

Efflux Pump Inhibitor ◽

Pump System ◽

Extended Spectrum Beta Lactamases ◽

Amoxicillin Clavulanate

Abstract Multidrug-resistant (MDR) Klebsiella pneumoniae (K. pneumoniae) poses a serious public health threat. K. pneumoniae strains that produce extended-spectrum beta-lactamases (ESBL) are becoming increasingly reported in nosocomial and community-acquired infections. Besides resistance genes, integrons, and plasmids, altered membrane permeability caused by porin loss and energy-dependent efflux have also contributed to antibiotic resistance in K. pneumoniae. The objective of this study was to determine the correlation between the reduction of antibiotic susceptibility and overexpression of efflux pump as well as the lack of outer membrane proteins (OMPs) among clinical ESBLs resistant K. pneumoniae. The expression levels of ramA, acrA, ompK35 and ompK36 in 12 MDR K. pneumoniae strains with varying MICs levels were analyzed using quantitative real time-Polymerase Chain Reaction (qRT-PCR). The role of efflux pump on antibiotic resistance was also studied by using minimum inhibitory concentration (MICs) method with//without efflux pump inhibitor. The result indicated that the strains with highest resistance to cefotaxime showed the lowest level of ompK35 and ompK36 genes expression while the strains with lowest MIC level of resistance to cefotaxime showed the highest level of expression of acrA and ramA. Our finding also revealed the effect of efflux pump inhibitor phenyl-arginine-b-naphthylamide (PAβN) on the MIC levels of ceftazidime, amoxicillin-clavulanate and cefotaxime which were significantly reduced around 1–7 folds MIC levels. These results suggest that Efflux pump system and deficiently of OMPs contributing role in antibiotic susceptibility which should be taken seriously to prevent the treatment failure due to antimicrobial resistance.

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Efflux Pump Inhibition and Resistance Modulation in Mycobacterium smegmatis by Peucedanum ostruthium and Its Coumarins

Antibiotics ◽

10.3390/antibiotics10091075 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 10 (9) ◽

pp. 1075

Author(s):

Katarina Šimunović ◽

Julia Solnier ◽

Fabian Alperth ◽

Olaf Kunert ◽

Sonja Smole Smole Možina ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Antibiotic Resistance ◽

Mycobacterium Smegmatis ◽

Antibacterial Effect ◽

Efflux Pump ◽

Antimicrobial Effect ◽

Drug Resistant ◽

Health Crisis ◽

Efflux Pump Inhibition ◽

Resistance Modulation ◽

Distinct Role

Antibiotic resistance is a growing problem and may become the next major global health crisis if no timely actions are taken. Mycobacterial infections are widespread and, due to antibiotic resistance, also hard to treat and a major cause of mortality. Natural compounds have the potential to increase antibiotic effectiveness due to their resistance modulatory and antimicrobial effects. In this study, Peucedanum ostruthium extracts, fractions, and isolated compounds were investigated regarding their antimicrobial and resistance-modulatory effects as well as efflux pump inhibition in Mycobacterium smegmatis. P. ostruthium extracts were found to have anti-mycobacterial potential and resistance modulating effects on ethidium bromide activity. The major antibacterial effect was attributed to ostruthin, and we found that the more lipophilic the substrate, the greater the antimicrobial effect. Imperatorin caused potent modulatory effects by interfering with the action of the major LfrA efflux pump in M. smegmatis. The plant P. ostruthuim has a complex effect on M. smegmatis, including antibacterial, efflux pump inhibition, resistance modulation, and membrane permeabilization, and its major constituents, ostruthin and imperatorin, have a distinct role in these effects. This makes P. ostruthium and its coumarins promising therapeutics to consider in the fight against drug-resistant mycobacteria.

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Antibiotics in Food Chain: The Consequences for Antibiotic Resistance

Antibiotics ◽

10.3390/antibiotics9100688 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 9 (10) ◽

pp. 688

Author(s):

Shashi B. Kumar ◽

Shanvanth R. Arnipalli ◽

Ouliana Ziouzenkova

Keyword(s):

Public Health ◽

Antibiotic Resistance ◽

Food Chain ◽

Bacterial Infections ◽

Antibiotic Resistance Genes ◽

Multidrug Resistant ◽

Resistant Bacteria ◽

Alternative Strategies ◽

Antibiotic Resistant ◽

Continuous Use

Antibiotics have been used as essential therapeutics for nearly 100 years and, increasingly, as a preventive agent in the agricultural and animal industry. Continuous use and misuse of antibiotics have provoked the development of antibiotic resistant bacteria that progressively increased mortality from multidrug-resistant bacterial infections, thereby posing a tremendous threat to public health. The goal of our review is to advance the understanding of mechanisms of dissemination and the development of antibiotic resistance genes in the context of nutrition and related clinical, agricultural, veterinary, and environmental settings. We conclude with an overview of alternative strategies, including probiotics, essential oils, vaccines, and antibodies, as primary or adjunct preventive antimicrobial measures or therapies against multidrug-resistant bacterial infections. The solution for antibiotic resistance will require comprehensive and incessant efforts of policymakers in agriculture along with the development of alternative therapeutics by experts in diverse fields of microbiology, biochemistry, clinical research, genetic, and computational engineering.

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Bacterial infections in cirrhosis: a narrative review and key points for clinical practice

Italian Journal of Medicine ◽

10.4081/itjm.2020.1306 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 14 (3) ◽

pp. 126-135

Author(s):

Mario Mitra ◽

Andrea Mancuso ◽

Flavia Politi ◽

Alberto Maringhini

Keyword(s):

Antibiotic Resistance ◽

Bacterial Infections ◽

Empirical Therapy ◽

Multidrug Resistant ◽

High Rate ◽

First Episode ◽

Bacterial Peritonitis ◽

Prophylactic Measures ◽

Tract Infections ◽

Healthcare Associated

Bacterial infections are frequent complications of liver cirrhosis, accounting for severe clinical courses, and increased mortality. The reduction of the negative clinical impact of infections may be achieved by a combination of prophylactic measures to reduce the occurrence, early identification, and management. Spontaneous bacterial peritonitis (SBP), urinary tract infections, pneumonia, cellulitis, and spontaneous bacteremia are frequent in cirrhosis. The choice of initial empirical antimicrobial therapy should be based on both site, severity, and origin of infection (community-acquired, nosocomial, or healthcare-associated) and on antibiotic resistance patterns. 3rd generation cephalosporins are generally indicated as empirical therapy in most community-acquired cases. However, for nosocomial and healthcare-associated infections, due to a high rate of multidrug-resistant (MDR) pathogens, a broader spectrum treatment is appropriate. In order to prevent antibiotic resistance emergence, microbiological cultures should be collected, and a de-escalation applied when antimicrobial susceptibility tests are available. Standard measures to prevent infections and the identification of carriers of MDR bacteria are essential strategies to prevent infections in cirrhosis. Antibiotic prophylaxis should be applied only to gastrointestinal bleeding, SBP recurrence prevention, and cirrhotics at high risk of a first episode of SBP.

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Detection of Virulence Genes in Multidrug Resistant Enterococci Isolated from Feedlots Dairy and Beef Cattle: Implications for Human Health and Food Safety

BioMed Research International ◽

10.1155/2019/5921840 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 2019 ◽

pp. 1-13 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

Frank Eric Tatsing Foka ◽

Collins Njie Ateba

Keyword(s):

Public Health ◽

Antibiotic Resistance ◽

Virulence Genes ◽

Efflux Pump ◽

Health Sector ◽

Multidrug Resistant ◽

North West ◽

The North ◽

Vancomycin Resistant ◽

The Impact

The misuse/abuse of antibiotics in intensive animal rearing and communities led to the emergence of resistant isolates such as vancomycin-resistant enterococci (VREs) worldwide. This has become a major source of concern for the public health sector. The aim of this study was to report the antibiotic resistance profiles and to highlight the presence of virulence genes in VREs isolated from feedlots cattle of the North-West Province of South Africa. 384 faecal samples, 24 drinking troughs water, and 24 soil samples were collected aseptically from 6 registered feedlots. Biochemical and molecular methods were used to identify and categorise the enterococci isolates. Their antibiotic resistance profiles were assessed and genotypic methods were used to determine their antibiotic resistance and their virulence profiles. 527 presumptive isolates were recovered, out of which 289 isolates were confirmed asEnterococcussp. Specifically,E. faecalis(9%),E. faecium(10%),E. durans(69%),E. gallinarum(6%),E. casseliflavus(2%),E. mundtii(2%), andE. avium(2%) were screened after molecular assays.VanA(62%),vanB(17%), andvanC(21%) resistance genes were detected in 176Enterococcussp., respectively. Moreover,tetK(26),tetL(57),msrA/B(111), andmefA(9) efflux pump genes were detected in 138 VRE isolates.Multiple antibiotic resistances were confirmed in all the VRE isolates of this study; the most common antibiotic resistance phenotype wasTETR-AMPR-AMXR-VANR-PENR-LINR-ERYR.CylA,hyl,esp,gelE, andasa1virulence genes were detected in 86 VREs with the exception of vancomycin-resistantE. mundtiiisolates that did not display any virulence factor. Most VRE isolates had more than one virulence genes but the most encountered virulence profile wasgelE-hyl. Potentially pathogenic multidrug resistant VREs were detected in this study; this highlights the impact of extensive usage of antimicrobials in intensive animal rearing and its implications on public health cannot be undermined.

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