scholarly journals Update and New Epidemiological Aspects about Grapevine Yellows in Chile

Pathogens ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (11) ◽  
pp. 933 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nicolás Quiroga ◽  
Camila Gamboa ◽  
Daniela Soto ◽  
Ana Maria Pino ◽  
Alan Zamorano ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
South America ◽  
Plant Species ◽  
Brassica Rapa ◽  
Host Plants ◽  
Alternative Host ◽  
Infection Rates ◽  
Grapevine Yellows ◽  
Rubus Ulmifolius ◽  
Pcr Rflp ◽  
Study Management

To date, phytoplasmas belonging to six ribosomal subgroups have been detected to infect grapevines in Chile in 36 percent of the sampled plants. A new survey on the presence of grapevine yellows was carried out from 2016 to 2020, and 330 grapevine plants from the most important wine regions of the country were sampled and analyzed by nested PCR/RFLP analyses. Phytoplasmas enclosed in subgroups 16SrIII-J and 16SrVII-A were identified with infection rates of 17% and 2%, respectively. The vineyards in which the phytoplasma-infected plants were detected were further inspected to identify alternative host plants and insects of potential epidemiological relevance. Five previously unreported plant species resulted positive for 16SrIII-J phytoplasma (Rosa spp., Brassica rapa, Erodium spp., Malva spp. and Rubus ulmifolius) and five insect species were fully or partially identified (Amplicephalus ornatus, A. pallidus, A. curtulus, Bergallia sp., Exitianus obscurinervis) as potential vectors of 16SrIII-J phytoplasmas. The 16SrVII-A phytoplasmas were not detected in non-grape plant species nor in insects. This work establishes updated guidelines for the study, management, and prevention of grapevine yellows in Chile, and in other grapevine growing regions of South America.

scholarly journals Two Sibling Species of the Botrytis cinerea Complex, transposa and vacuma, Are Found in Sympatry on Numerous Host Plants

1999 ◽  
Vol 89 (10) ◽  
pp. 967-973 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. Giraud ◽  
D. Fortini ◽  
C. Levis ◽  
C. Lamarque ◽  
P. Leroux ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Botrytis Cinerea ◽  
Plant Species ◽  
Sibling Species ◽  
Host Plants ◽  
Sympatric Species ◽  
Rflp Markers ◽  
Pcr Rflp ◽  
New Type ◽  
Botryotinia Fuckeliana ◽  
High Degree

Strains of Botrytis cinerea (the anamorph of Botryotinia fuckeliana) were collected from 21 different plant species around vineyards in the Champagne region (France). Strains were analyzed using three new polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) markers that were found by SWAPP (sequencing with arbitrary primer pairs), in addition to 15 other markers (PCR-RFLP, transposable elements, and resistance to fungicides). The markers revealed a high degree of genetic diversity and were used to investigate population structure. The two sympatric species transposa and vacuma, previously identified on grapes in these vineyards, were also detected on many of the plant species sampled. A new type of strain was also detected, having only the transposable element Boty. We did not detect any differentiation between strains from different organs or locations, but the prevalences of transposa and vacuma were significantly different on the different host plants. Fungicide resistance frequencies were significantly different in transposa and vacuma species. This study confirms that B. cinerea is a complex of sibling species and shows that the sibling species occur sympatrically on many host plants. However, the two species seemed to have different pathogenic behaviors. These findings contradict the traditional view of B. cinerea as a clonal population without specialization.

scholarly journals Survey of alternative host plants for Kellys citrus thrips (Pezothrips kellyanus) in citrus growing regions

2001 ◽  
Vol 54 ◽  
pp. 15-20 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. Froud ◽  
P. Stevens ◽  
D. Steven
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
Plant Species ◽  
Host Plants ◽  
Literature Survey ◽  
Alternative Host ◽  
Sampling Occasion ◽  
Secondary Sources ◽  
Citrus Production ◽  
Potential Alternative ◽  
Definition Of

Kellys citrus thrips (Pezothrips kellyanus) (KCT) has recently been identified as the most serious pest affecting citrus production in New Zealand A literature survey was undertaken to determine previous host records of KCT in New Zealand and Australia An orchard survey to investigate secondary sources or host plants of KCT within lemon orchards and adjacent shelter and roadsides was carried out Potential alternative hosts were sampled in November December and January Flowers from 37 potential host plant species were collected from lemon orchards in Kerikeri and Gisborne and examined for the presence of KCT adults and larvae Banana passionfruit in Kerikeri and catsear in Gisborne were the only plants with KCT adults present on more than one sampling occasion KCT adults were collected from 16 plant species in low numbers but KCT larvae were collected from only two plant species (creeping buttercup and curled dock) The definition of a true host for thrips is discussed

scholarly journals An Evaluation of the Flora Adjacent to Wine Grape Vineyards for the Presence of Alternative Host Plants of Grapevine red blotch-associated virus

Plant Disease ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 100 (8) ◽  
pp. 1571-1574 ◽  
Author(s):  
Brian W. Bahder ◽  
Frank G. Zalom ◽  
Mysore R. Sudarshana
Keyword(s):  
North America ◽  
Quantitative Pcr ◽  
Plant Species ◽  
Host Plants ◽  
Wine Grape ◽  
Alternative Host ◽  
Rubus Armeniacus ◽  
Commercial Vineyard ◽  
First Time ◽  
Precise Role

Grapevine red blotch-associated virus (GRBaV) is a recently discovered virus of concern to wine grape production in North America. While the vector of this virus is unknown, other elements of virus epidemiology are essential to develop guidelines for the management of the virus as well as to assist in the search for its vector. The objective of this study was to evaluate vegetation within and surrounding GRBaV-infected vineyards to identify potential virus reservoirs that may serve as sources of inoculum. In this study, 13 plant species were sampled throughout the year and were tested for the presence of GRBaV. Of the 13 species tested, two species, Rubus armeniacus and wild grapes (Vitis californica × V. vinifera), tested positive by quantitative PCR. Of these two species, only wild grapes were determined to be a true host. This study documents the first time GRBaV has been confirmed in an alternative host or in a species outside of a commercial vineyard and suggests that a mechanism exists by which GRBaV moves between plant species that is not human-mediated. The precise role that wild grapes play in the epidemiology of GRBaV remains unknown.

scholarly journals Richness of hymenopterous galls from South America

2012 ◽  
Vol 52 (35) ◽  
pp. 423-429 ◽  
Author(s):  
Valéria Cid Maia
Keyword(s):  
South America ◽  
Plant Species ◽  
Host Plants ◽  
Plant Organs ◽  
Insect Gall ◽  
Plant Families

An overview of hymenopterous galls from South America is presented here based on literature as well as on data from the insect gall collection of the Museu Nacional/UFRJ. Seventy-three galls have been recorded on 71 host plants. Myrtaceae and Fabaceae are the plant families with the greatest number of galled species and gall morphotypes. Gall richness per plant species varied from one to two. The stem and bud were the most galled plant organs. The gallers comprise eight hymenopteran families, the best-represented being Eulophidae, Eurytomidae, and Cynipidae. Geographic records are restricted to six countries, and the majority is from Brazil.

Ability of Tuta absoluta (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae) to develop on alternative host plant species

2015 ◽  
Vol 148 (4) ◽  
pp. 434-442 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas Bawin ◽  
David Dujeu ◽  
Lara De Backer ◽  
Frédéric Francis ◽  
François J. Verheggen
Keyword(s):  
Plant Species ◽  
Growth And Development ◽  
Host Plants ◽  
Tuta Absoluta ◽  
Cultivated Plants ◽  
Alternative Host ◽  
Suitable Host ◽  
Survival Sex ◽  
Solanaceae Species ◽  
Solanaceous Plants

AbstractThe tomato leafminer, Tuta absoluta Meyrick (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae), is a widespread devastating pest reported to develop on economically important solanaceous crops. The characterisation of its host range could help to understand and prevent the dispersion behaviour of the insect in the environment. In this study, the ability of T. absoluta to develop on 12 cultivated or non-cultivated plants including Solanaceae, Amaranthaceae, Convolvulaceae, Fabaceae, and Malvaceae species under laboratory conditions was assessed. For each plant species, we monitored the development times of immature stages, survival, sex ratios, and adult fecundity rates. All the six tested non-solanaceous plants, including Chenopodium Linnaeus (Amaranthaceae), Convolvulus Linnaeus (Convolvulaceae), and Malva Linnaeus (Malvaceae) species, were not able to sustain (i.e., allow growth and development) T. absoluta larvae. Solanum Linnaeus (Solanaceae) species were the most suitable host plants for the pest, but others could be opportunistically colonised with fewer incidences. Tuta absoluta appears to be strongly related to solanaceous plants that would predominantly support self-sustaining field populations. Preventing crop infestation by removing potential host plants in the immediate field vicinity and culture rotations with non-solanaceous crops is of primary importance.

scholarly journals Molecular Detection and Phylogeny of Anaplasmaphagocytophilum and Related Variants in Small Ruminants from Turkey

Animals ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 814
Author(s):  
Münir Aktaş ◽  
Sezayi Özübek ◽  
Mehmet Can Uluçeşme
Keyword(s):  
16S Rrna ◽  
Small Ruminants ◽  
Rrna Gene ◽  
Infection Rates ◽  
Sheep And Goats ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Pcr Rflp ◽  
First Time ◽  
Japan And China ◽  
Apparently Healthy

Anaplasma phagocytophilum causes tick-borne fever in small ruminants. Recently, novel Anaplasma variants related to A. phagocytophilum have been reported in ruminants from Tunisia, Italy, South Korea, Japan, and China. Based on 16S rRNA and groEL genes and sequencing, we screened the frequency of A. phagocytophilum and related variants in 433 apparently healthy small ruminants in Turkey. Anaplasma spp. overall infection rates were 27.9% (121/433 analyzed samples). The frequency of A. phagocytophilum and A. phagocytophilum-like 1 infections was 1.4% and 26.5%, respectively. No A. phagocytophilum-like 2 was detected in the tested animals. The prevalence of Anaplasma spp. was comparable in species, and no significant difference was detected between sheep and goats, whereas the prevalence significantly increased with tick infestation. Sequencing confirmed PCR-RFLP data and showed the presence of A. phagocytophilum and A. phagocytophilum-like-1 variant in the sampled animals. Phylogeny-based on 16S rRNA gene revealed the A. phagocytophilum-like 1 in a separate clade together with the previous isolates detected in small ruminants and ticks. In this work, A. phagocytophilum-like 1 has been detected for the first time in sheep and goats from Turkey. This finding revealed that the variant should be considered in the diagnosis of caprine and ovine anaplasmosis.

scholarly journals Effect of host plant on the life history of the carnation tortrix moth Cacoecimorpha pronubana (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae)

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-7
Author(s):  
Marcin W. Zielonka ◽  
Tom W. Pope ◽  
Simon R. Leather
Keyword(s):  
Life History ◽  
Host Plant ◽  
Plant Species ◽  
Host Plants ◽  
Crop Protection ◽  
Plant Production ◽  
Pupal Weight ◽  
Production Environment ◽  
Host Plant Species ◽  
The Uk

Abstract The carnation tortrix moth, Cacoecimorpha pronubana (Hübner, [1799]) (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae), is one of the most economically important insect species affecting the horticultural industry in the UK. The larvae consume foliage, flowers or fruits, and/or rolls leaves together with silken threads, negatively affecting the growth and/or aesthetics of the crop. In order to understand the polyphagous behaviour of this species within an ornamental crop habitat, we hypothesized that different host plant species affect its life history traits differently. This study investigated the effects of the host plant species on larval and pupal durations and sizes, and fecundity (the number of eggs and the number and size of egg clutches). At 20°C, 60% RH and a 16L:8D photoperiod larvae developed 10, 14, 20 and 36 days faster when reared on Christmas berry, Photinia (Rosaceae), than on cherry laurel, Prunus laurocerasus (Rosaceae), New Zealand broadleaf, Griselinia littoralis (Griseliniaceae), Mexican orange, Choisya ternata (Rutaceae), and firethorn, Pyracantha angustifolia (Rosaceae), respectively. Female pupae were 23.8 mg heavier than male pupae, and pupal weight was significantly correlated with the duration of larval development. The lowest and the highest mean numbers of eggs were produced by females reared on Pyracantha (41) and Photinia (202), respectively. Clutch size differed significantly among moths reared on different host plants, although the total number of eggs did not differ. This study showed that different ornamental host plants affect the development of C. pronubana differently. Improved understanding of the influence of host plant on the moth's life history parameters measured here will help in determining the economic impact that this species may have within the ornamental plant production environment, and may be used in developing more accurate crop protection methodologies within integrated pest management of this insect.

scholarly journals Assortments of Digestive Enzymes Induced in First Instar Larvae of Busseola fusca Feeding on Different Plants

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 ◽  
pp. 117954331984352 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gérald Juma ◽  
Bruno Le Ru ◽  
Paul-André Calatayud
Keyword(s):  
Plant Species ◽  
Digestive Enzymes ◽  
Host Plants ◽  
Feeding Habits ◽  
Busseola Fusca ◽  
Stem Borer ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
Host Acceptance ◽  
First Instar ◽  
Sub Saharan

The stem borer Busseola fusca (Fuller) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) is an important pest of maize and sorghum in sub-Saharan Africa. This insect has oligophagous feeding habits, feeding mostly on maize and sorghum with a narrow range of wild Poaceous plant species. We hypothesised that first instar B. fusca larvae, the critical stage for successful establishment on a host plant, can establish and then grow on a particular plant as a result of induction of a complement of digestive enzymes that mediates host acceptance at first instars. A fast semi-quantitative analysis of potentially digestive enzymatic activities present in the first larvae previously fed for 4 days on leaves of host and non-host plants was performed using the API-ZYM kit system able to detect a multiplex of enzyme activities. Regardless of the plant species, the larvae exhibited higher activities of the carbohydrate metabolising enzymes than of aminopeptidases and proteases. In addition, highest activities of carbohydrates degrading enzymes were exhibited by larvae that consumed leaves of the most preferred plant species of B. fusca. Conversely, esterases were only detected in neonate larvae that consumed leaves of the less preferred and non-host plants. No alkaline phosphatase and lipase activities were detected. The significance of these results was discussed in terms of food requirements of first instar larvae when settling on a plant.

Species composition and host range of fruit-infesting flies (Diptera: Tephritidae) in northern Ghana

2015 ◽  
Vol 35 (03) ◽  
pp. 137-151 ◽  
Author(s):  
K.B. Badii ◽  
M.K. Billah ◽  
K. Afreh-Nuamah ◽  
D. Obeng-Ofori
Keyword(s):  
Host Range ◽  
Plant Species ◽  
Host Plants ◽  
Management Strategies ◽  
Fruit Fly ◽  
Fruit Flies ◽  
Northern Ghana ◽  
Accurate Information ◽  
Wild Host ◽  
Fruit Samples

An important aspect of fruit fly management is accurate information on the species and their host spectrum. Studies were conducted between October 2011 and September 2013 to determine the host range and species diversity of pest fruit flies in the northern savannah ecology of Ghana. Fruit samples from 80 potential host plants (wild and cultivated) were collected and incubated for fly emergence; 65 (81.5%) of the plant species were positive to fruit flies. From records in Africa, 11 plant species were reported to be new hosts to the African invader fly,Bactrocera invadens(Drew, Tsuruta and White, 2005). This study documented the first records ofDacus ciliatus(Loew) andTrirhithrum nigerrimum(Bezzi) in northern Ghana although both species have been previously reported in other parts of the country. Infestation byB. invadenswas higher in the cultivated fruits;Ceratitis cosyradominated in most wild fruits. Cucurbitaceae were mainly infested by three species ofDacusandBactroceracucurbitae, a specialized cucurbit feeder. Among the commercial fruit species, the highest infestations were observed in mango, tomato, sweet pepper and watermelon, whereas marula plum, soursop, tropical almond, sycamore fig, African peach, shea nut, persimmon, icacina and albarillo dominated the wild host flora. The widespread availability of host plants and the incidence of diverse fly species in the ecology call for particular attention to their impact on commercial fruits and the development of sustainable management strategies against these economically important pests in Ghana.

African cassava mosaic virus (African cassava mosaic).

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Olufemi Joseph Alabi ◽  
Rabson M. Mulenga
Keyword(s):  
Feeding Behaviour ◽  
Host Plants ◽  
Yield Loss ◽  
Infection Type ◽  
African Cassava Mosaic Virus ◽  
Alternative Host ◽  
Cotton Species ◽  
New Localities ◽  
Whitefly Vector ◽  
Cassava Mosaic Virus

Abstract Cassava is vegetatively propagated therefore ACMV and other CMGs are primarily transmitted via movement of contaminated cuttings. Consequently, introductions of specific CMGs into new localities mirror patterns of cassava cuttings exchange among farmers. Once infected cuttings are planted, the virus establishes easily and can be transmitted within and between fields through the feeding behaviour of the whitefly vector, Bemisia tabaci. ACMV is particularly invasive in that it is the most widespread of all known CMGs, occurring across all cassava-producing countries of Africa in cassava and several alternative host plants (Thottappilly et al., 2003; Alabi et al. 2015). ACMV has also been reported infecting non-cultivated exotic cotton species in Pakistan (Nawaz-Ul-Rehman et al., 2012) further underscoring its invasive nature. Yield loss due to CMD can range from 12 to 82%, depending on the cassava variety and infection type (Owor et al., 2004). ACMV is not on the IUCN or ISSG alert list.

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