Dietary Effects of Anthocyanins in Human Health: A Comprehensive Review

In recent years, the consumption of natural-based foods, including beans, fruits, legumes, nuts, oils, vegetables, spices, and whole grains, has been encouraged. This fact is essentially due to their content in bioactive phytochemicals, with the phenolic compounds standing out. Among them, anthocyanins have been a target of many studies due to the presence of catechol, pyrogallol, and methoxy groups in their chemical structure, which confer notable scavenging, anti-apoptotic, and anti-inflammatory activities, being already recommended as supplementation to mitigate or even attenuate certain disorders, such as diabetes, cancer, and cardiovascular and neurological pathologies. The most well-known anthocyanins are cyanidin 3-O-glucoside and cyanidin 3-O-rutinoside. They are widespread in nature, being present in considerable amounts in red fruits and red vegetables. Overall, the present review intends to discuss the most recent findings on the potential health benefits from the daily intake of anthocyanin-rich foods, as well as their possible pharmacological mechanisms of action. However, before that, some emphasis regarding their chemical structure, dietary sources, and bioavailability was done.

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RetractedHuman Health Risk of Chromium Intake From Consumption of Poultry Meat and Eggs in Dhaka, Bangladesh

Journal of Health and Pollution ◽

10.5696/2156-9614-7.14.30 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 7 (14) ◽

pp. 30-36 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Md. Shakhaoat Hossain ◽

Prantik Roy ◽

Monira Islam ◽

Md. Alamgir Zaman Chowdhury ◽

Zeenath Fardous ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Heavy Metals ◽

Health Risk ◽

Human Health ◽

Health Risks ◽

Daily Intake ◽

Poultry Meat ◽

Poultry Feed ◽

Potential Health ◽

Meat And Eggs ◽

Target Hazard Quotients

Background. Heavy metals contamination of food is a serious threat. Long term exposure may lead to human health risks. Poultry and eggs are a major source of protein, but if contaminated by heavy metals, have the potential to lead to detrimental effects on human health. Objectives. The objective of this study is to determine chromium concentrations in poultry meat (flesh and liver) and eggs collected from poultry farms in Dhaka, Bangladesh, to calculate the daily intake of chromium from the consumption of poultry meat and eggs for adults, and to evaluate their potential health risk by calculating the target hazard quotients (THQ). Methods. All samples of poultry feed, meat (flesh and liver) and eggs were analyzed by a graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometer (AAS) (GFA- EX- 7i Shimadju, Japan). Results. Chromium concentrations were recorded in the range of not detected (ND) to 1.3926±0.0010 mg kg−1 and 0.0678±0.0001 mg kg−1 to 1.3764±0.0009 mg kg−1 in the liver of broiler and layer chickens, respectively. Chromium concentrations were determined in the range of 0.069±1.0004 mgkg−1 to 2.0746±0.0021 mg kg−1 and 0.0362±0.0002 mg kg−1 to 1.2752±0.0014 mg kg−1 in the flesh of broiler and layer chicken, respectively. The mean concentration of chromium in eggs was 0.2174−1.08 mg kg.−1 The highest concentration of chromium 2.4196±0.0019 mg kg−1 was found in egg yolk. Target hazard quotients values in all poultry flesh, liver and eggs samples were less than one, indicating no potential health risks to consumers. Conclusions. The estimated daily intake values of chromium were below the threshold limit. Thus, our results indicate that no adverse health effects are expected as a resultof ingestion of chicken fed with tannery waste. Competing Interests. The authors declare no competing financial interests. Ethics Approval: This study was approved by the Biosafety, Biosecurity & Ethical Committee of Jahangirnagar University.

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The role of menaquinones (vitamin K2) in human health

British Journal Of Nutrition ◽

10.1017/s0007114513001013 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 110 (8) ◽

pp. 1357-1368 ◽

Cited By ~ 117

Author(s):

Joline W. J. Beulens ◽

Sarah L. Booth ◽

Ellen G. H. M. van den Heuvel ◽

Elisabeth Stoecklin ◽

Athanasia Baka ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Dietary Intake ◽

Human Health ◽

Vitamin K ◽

Chemical Structure ◽

Current Knowledge ◽

Coagulation Factors ◽

Biological Functions ◽

Potential Health ◽

Dietary Reference Values

Recent reports have attributed the potential health benefits of vitamin K beyond its function to activate hepatic coagulation factors. Moreover, several studies have suggested that menaquinones, also known as vitamin K2, may be more effective in activating extra-hepatic vitamin K-dependent proteins than phylloquinone, also known as vitamin K1. Nevertheless, present dietary reference values (DRV) for vitamin K are exclusively based on phylloquinone, and its function in coagulation. The present review describes the current knowledge on menaquinones based on the following criteria for setting DRV: optimal dietary intake; nutrient amount required to prevent deficiency, maintain optimal body stores and/or prevent chronic disease; factors influencing requirements such as absorption, metabolism, age and sex. Dietary intake of menaquinones accounts for up to 25 % of total vitamin K intake and contributes to the biological functions of vitamin K. However, menaquinones are different from phylloquinone with respect to their chemical structure and pharmacokinetics, which affects bioavailability, metabolism and perhaps impact on health outcomes. There are significant gaps in the current knowledge on menaquinones based on the criteria for setting DRV. Therefore, we conclude that further investigations are needed to establish how differences among the vitamin K forms may influence tissue specificities and their role in human health. However, there is merit for considering both menaquinones and phylloquinone when developing future recommendations for vitamin K intake.

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Dietary Content and Potential Health Risks of Metals in Commercial Black Tea in Kampala (Uganda)

Journal of Food Research ◽

10.5539/jfr.v6n6p1 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 6 (6) ◽

pp. 1 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Michael Bamuwamye ◽

Patrick Ogwok ◽

Vivian Tumuhairwe ◽

Richard Eragu ◽

Henriettah Nakisozi ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Cancer Risk ◽

Human Health ◽

Health Risks ◽

Hazard Quotient ◽

Daily Intake ◽

Black Tea ◽

Alcoholic Beverages ◽

Daily Consumption ◽

Potential Health ◽

Acceptable Range

Tea (Camellia sinensis (L.) Kuntze) is among the most widely consumed non-alcoholic beverages. It is a rich source of essential dietary elements mainly potassium and manganese. Tea may also contain toxic metals such as cadmium and lead which pose a threat to human health because of their toxicity. Twenty samples of commercial black tea in Kampala city were randomly obtained and analysed for potassium, sodium, aluminium, arsenic, cadmium, chromium, copper, iron, mercury, manganese, nickel, lead and zinc using Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry. Human health risks due to exposure to toxic elements from daily consumption of tea were determined using incremental lifetime cancer risk and non-cancer hazard quotient. Metal contents of black tea sold in Kampala were below international regulatory limits. The estimated daily intake of the elements in two grams of black tea was below the recommended values. Hazard quotient and hazard index were within acceptable range. Total cancer risk levels for all the teas were also within United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) acceptable range. Daily consumption of one cup containing two grams of black tea over a lifetime will promote consumer overall health and wellbeing.

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Phenols, Flavors, and the Mediterranean Diet

Journal of AOAC International ◽

10.1093/jaocint/qsz018 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 103 (4) ◽

pp. 915-924

Author(s):

Manel Issaoui ◽

Amélia Martins Delgado ◽

Giorgia Caruso ◽

Maria Micali ◽

Marcella Barbera ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Phenolic Compounds ◽

Mediterranean Diet ◽

Fruits And Vegetables ◽

Daily Intake ◽

Plant Secondary Metabolites ◽

Hydroxyl Groups ◽

Potential Health ◽

The World ◽

Culinary Herbs ◽

The Mediterranean

Abstract Phenols or phenolics are a class of compounds that have one or more hydroxyl groups attached to a 6-carbon aromatic ring, they occur as plant secondary metabolites, having in common the antioxidant activity. Their average daily intake varies widely around the world. Many researchers consider coffee, tea, wine, cocoa products, fruits and vegetables as the main sources of polyphenols in different diets. However, spices and culinary herbs have been referred to as the foods richest in polyphenols. Despite spices and culinary herbs are used in small amounts as seasonings, their contribution to the dietary supply of phytonutrients should not be disregarded. A diet rich in a variety of polyphenols (and other phytonutrients) has potential health benefits, namely in the prevention of chronic diseases and cancer. In addition, flavor and color are the most important factors for the selection of food by consumers. A multitude of endogenous food compounds, including phenolics, are involved in food flavor. The presence of phenolic compounds in the food matrix has been mainly associated with the perception of bitter taste and tactile sensation of astringency. However, these compounds can also impact the color and aroma notes of fruits and vegetables. Thus, understanding the sensory impact of these substances and relationships with consumers’ approaches towards phenolic-rich fruits and vegetables may help find strategies to increase the consumption of such foods. A well-known example of a tasty, healthy and sustainable dietary model is the Mediterranean Diet. In this study, we summarize the dietary intake of some polyphenols from different dietary patterns around the world and the contribution of natural phenolic compounds to the flavor of food and beverages, in particularly those associated to the Mediterranean Diet.

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Main bioactive phenolic compounds in marine algae and their mechanisms of action supporting potential health benefits

Food Chemistry ◽

10.1016/j.foodchem.2020.128262 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 341 ◽

pp. 128262

Author(s):

C. Jimenez-Lopez ◽

A.G. Pereira ◽

C. Lourenço-Lopes ◽

P. Garcia-Oliveira ◽

L. Cassani ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Phenolic Compounds ◽

Marine Algae ◽

Health Benefits ◽

Mechanisms Of Action ◽

Potential Health

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Bioaccumulation of heavy metals and assessment of the human health risk of consumption of Clarias gariepinus and Parachanna obscura from the Owan River, Edo State, Nigeria

Biologija ◽

10.6001/biologija.v65i3.4088 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 65 (3) ◽

Author(s):

Ijeoma Patience Oboh ◽

Benjamin Chima Okpara

Keyword(s):

Heavy Metals ◽

Health Risk ◽

Human Health ◽

Clarias Gariepinus ◽

Human Health Risk ◽

Daily Intake ◽

Hazard Index ◽

Target Hazard Quotient ◽

Potential Health ◽

Fish Samples

Consumption of fish is a primary route of exposure to heavy metals that could be detrimental to human health due to the tendency of bioaccumulation and biomagnification along the food chain. The aim of this study was to evaluate the accumulation of heavy metals (Ni, Zn, Pb, Fe, and Cr) in two commercially available fishes, Clarias gariepinus and Parachanna obscura, and to estimate the health risks they pose to humans through consumption. Twenty-four (24) fish samples (triplicates for each month for the two species) were collected between July and October 2017. Heavy metals were identified using the atomic absorption spectrophotometer and the health risk to consumers was evaluated using Estimated Daily Intake (EDI), the Target Hazard Quotient (THQ), and the Hazard Index (HI). The THQ for the individual metals in C. gariepinus and P. obscura occurred in the decreasing order of Cr > Pb > Ni and Cr > Pb > Ni > Fe with risk values of 0.015, 0.004, and 0.001, and 0.014, 0.010, 0.002, and 0.001, respectively. The hazard index for C. gariepinus and P. obscura were 0.021 and 0.027, respectively. The values of the hazard index values of the two fish species were below the threshold value of 1, an indication of no potential health risk to consumers of the fishes. However, with the occurrence of bioaccumulation of metals in the studied fishes, regular monitoring of the river is recommended.

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Human health risk from hexachlorocyclohexane and dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane pesticides, through consumption of vegetables: estimation of daily intake and hazard quotients

Journal of Xenobiotics ◽

10.4081/xeno.2013.e6 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 3 (1) ◽

pp. 6 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Bhupander Kumar ◽

Virendra Kumar Verma ◽

Ashis Kumar Naskar ◽

Paromita Chakraborty ◽

Sanjay Kumar ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Health Risk ◽

Human Health ◽

Vegetable Consumption ◽

Human Health Risk ◽

Daily Intake ◽

Health Concern ◽

Local Market ◽

Human Beings ◽

Potential Health ◽

Fresh Vegetables

People are encouraged to consume more fresh vegetables due to the high nutritional value and fibre contents in vegetables. At the same time, due to pesticidal residue in vegetables, vegetable consumption is considered as an important route of pesticides uptake by human beings. Pesticides, particularly organochlorines such as Aldrin, heptachlor and isomers of dichlorodiphe - nyltrichloroethane (DDT) and hexachlorocyclohexane (HCH) are a major concern because of their persistence, bioaccumulation, toxicity, and long-range environmental transport ability. Hence information on such toxic contaminants in vegetables is very essential, due to human health concern. In order to assess the potential health risks associated with vegetable consumption due to pesticidal residues of DDT and HCH, sixty four samples of commonly available vegetables were collected from a local market in West Bengal, India and analysed for DDT and HCH. In this study, estimated average daily intake of HCHs and DDTs through vegetables was ranged between 5.0x10–8–9.1x10–6 mg kg–1 day–1 with an average value of 2.0x10–6 mg kg–1 day–1. Human health risk was assessed in terms of incremental lifetime cancer risk and health hazard index was between 1.7x10–8–8.8x10–6 and 1.5x10–7– 1.7x10–2, respectively. Generated results were compared with maximum residual levels and reference values, were within acceptable limits and suggested no health risk to the human populations. Therefore, an extensive study on vegetables with the inclusion of other persistent organic pollutants and toxic metals should be carried out to know the overall scenario of contamination of vegetables.

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Occurrence and risk assessment of phenolic endocrine disrupting chemicals in shallow groundwater resource from selected Nigerian rural settlements

Ovidius University Annals of Chemistry ◽

10.2478/auoc-2019-0018 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 30 (2) ◽

pp. 101-107

Author(s):

Onyekachi Onyekwere ◽

Chioma Joy Okonkwo ◽

Azubuike Bright Okoroafor ◽

Chinedu Joseph Okonkwo

Keyword(s):

Phenolic Compounds ◽

Water Samples ◽

Groundwater Resources ◽

Endocrine Disrupting Chemicals ◽

Daily Intake ◽

Endocrine Disrupting Compounds ◽

Limited Information ◽

Rural Settlements ◽

Potential Health ◽

Endocrine Disrupting

Abstract To date, limited information exists on the distribution of endocrine disrupting compounds in groundwater resources from African rural settlements. In view of this knowledge gap, the present study investigated the concentrations and potential health risks of phenolic endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs) in underground water samples obtained from eight rural settlements in Nigeria, West Africa. The water samples were obtained from domestic drinkable communal wells at Anambra (Mgbaukwu and Umudioka), Lagos (Bariga, Itire and Mushin), and Delta (Agbarho, Ikweghwu and Orhokpokpor) states representing the South-East, South-West and South-South Nigeria respectively. Samples were analyzed for 10 selected chlorinated, nitrogen-containing and alkyl phenolic compounds using gas chromatography coupled with flame ionization detector technique. At all understudied sites, selected phenolic compounds with the exception of 2-chlorophenol which was below detectable limits at 4 sites (Agbarho, Mgbaukwu, Umudioka site 1 and Mushin) were detected. The concentrations of the phenolic compounds in the samples from the different sites ranged between below detectable limits to 0.0904 ppm. Nonylphenol, 2,4-dinitrophenol and 2,4,6-trichlorophenol were predominant at EDCs in most sites when compared with the other phenolic contaminants. The calculated chronic daily intake (CDI) results for the exposed populations at the communities implies that the level of occurrence and daily intake of 2-nitrophenol, 2,4-dimethylphenol, 4-nitrophenol, 2-chlorophenol and bisphenol A were still below their respective oral reference doses. Nonylphenol and 2,4,6-trichlorophenol (risk quotient, RQ > 1) were identified as the major EDC contributors to potential health risk for exposed populations at the communities.

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Dexamethasone-Chemical Structure and Mechanisms of Action in Prophylaxis of Postoperative Side Effects

Revista de Chimie ◽

10.37358/rc.19.3.7017 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 70 (3) ◽

pp. 843-847 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Oana Roxana Ciobotaru ◽

Mary-Nicoleta Lupu ◽

Laura Rebegea ◽

Octavian Catalin Ciobotaru ◽

Oana Monica Duca ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Wound Healing ◽

Side Effects ◽

Length Of Stay ◽

Hospital Admission ◽

Postoperative Period ◽

Analgesic Effect ◽

Chemical Structure ◽

Mechanisms Of Action ◽

Good Recovery ◽

Synthetic Glucocorticoid

Dexamethasone is a synthetic glucocorticoid used for its anti-inflammatory and analgesic effect. In addition to these therapeutic indications, it is also recommended for nausea and vomiting treatment which may occur during the postoperative period, with impact on postoperative evolution, regarding the evolution of wound healing and length of stay (LOS), with a reflection on the costs of hospital admission. Therefore, their prevention is very important for both patients� comfort and a good recovery.

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Cardiovascular Modulating Effects of Magnolol and Honokiol, Two Polyphenolic Compounds from Traditional Chinese Medicine-Magnolia Officinalis

Current Drug Targets ◽

10.2174/1389450120666191024175727 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 21 (6) ◽

pp. 559-572 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Yuan Yuan ◽

Xiaocui Zhou ◽

Yuanyuan Wang ◽

Yan Wang ◽

Xiangyan Teng ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Phenolic Compounds ◽

Chinese Medicine ◽

Traditional Chinese Medicine ◽

Cardiac Hypertrophy ◽

Therapeutic Potential ◽

Current Data ◽

Polyphenolic Compounds ◽

Comprehensive Review ◽

Magnolia Officinalis

Honokiol and its isomer magnolol are poly-phenolic compounds isolated from the Magnolia officinalis that exert cardiovascular modulating effects via a variety of mechanisms. They are used as blood-quickening and stasis-dispelling agents in Traditional Chinese Medicine and confirmed to have therapeutic potential in atherosclerosis, thrombosis, hypertension, and cardiac hypertrophy. This comprehensive review summarizes the current data regarding the cardioprotective mechanisms of those compounds and identifies areas for further research.

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