scholarly journals An Update on Antimicrobial Peptides (AMPs) and Their Delivery Strategies for Wound Infections

Pharmaceutics ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (9) ◽  
pp. 840 ◽  
Author(s):  
Viorica Patrulea ◽  
Gerrit Borchard ◽  
Olivier Jordan
Keyword(s):  
Antimicrobial Peptides ◽  
Bacterial Infections ◽  
Antimicrobial Agents ◽  
New Technologies ◽  
Multidrug Resistant ◽  
Inorganic Nanoparticles ◽  
Wound Dressings ◽  
Wound Infections ◽  
Clinical Phase ◽  
Delivery Strategies

Bacterial infections occur when wound healing fails to reach the final stage of healing, which is usually hindered by the presence of different pathogens. Different topical antimicrobial agents are used to inhibit bacterial growth due to antibiotic failure in reaching the infected site, which is accompanied very often by increased drug resistance and other side effects. In this review, we focus on antimicrobial peptides (AMPs), especially those with a high potential of efficacy against multidrug-resistant and biofilm-forming bacteria and fungi present in wound infections. Currently, different AMPs undergo preclinical and clinical phase to combat infection-related diseases. AMP dendrimers (AMPDs) have been mentioned as potent microbial agents. Various AMP delivery strategies that are used to combat infection and modulate the healing rate—such as polymers, scaffolds, films and wound dressings, and organic and inorganic nanoparticles—have been discussed as well. New technologies such as Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeat (CRISPR)-associated protein (CRISPR-Cas) are taken into consideration as potential future tools for AMP delivery in skin therapy.

scholarly journals An Update on Antimicrobial Peptides (AMPs) and Their Delivery Strategies for Wound Infections

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Viorica Patrulea ◽  
Gerrit Borchard ◽  
Olivier Jordan
Keyword(s):  
Antimicrobial Peptides ◽  
Bacterial Infections ◽  
Antimicrobial Agents ◽  
New Technologies ◽  
Multidrug Resistant ◽  
Inorganic Nanoparticles ◽  
Wound Dressings ◽  
Wound Infections ◽  
Clinical Phase ◽  
Delivery Strategies

Bacterial infections occur when wound healing fails to reach the final stage of healing, usually hindered by the presence of different pathogens. Different topical antimicrobial agents are used to inhibit bacterial growth due to antibiotic failure in reaching the infected site accompanied very often by an increased drug resistance and other side effects. In this review, we focus on antimicrobial peptides (AMPs), especially those with a high potential of efficacy against multidrug-resistant and biofilm-forming bacteria and fungi present in wound infections. Currently, different AMPs undergo preclinical and clinical phase to combat infection-related diseases. AMP dendrimers (AMPDs) have been mentioned as potent microbial agents. Various AMP delivery strategies, such as polymers, scaffolds, films and wound dressings, organic and inorganic nanoparticles, to combat infection and modulate the healing rate have been discussed as well. New technologies such as CRISPR-Cas are taken into consideration as potential future tools for AMP delivery in skin therapy.

scholarly journals Membrane interactions and antimicrobial effects of layered double hydroxide nanoparticles

2017 ◽  
Vol 19 (35) ◽  
pp. 23832-23842 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Malekkhaiat Häffner ◽  
L. Nyström ◽  
R. Nordström ◽  
Z. P. Xu ◽  
M. Davoudi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Antimicrobial Peptides ◽  
Layered Double Hydroxide ◽  
Antimicrobial Agents ◽  
Inorganic Nanoparticles ◽  
Membrane Interactions ◽  
Antimicrobial Effects ◽  
Double Hydroxide ◽  
Layered Double Hydroxide Nanoparticles

Membrane interactions are critical for the successful use of inorganic nanoparticles as antimicrobial agents and as carriers of, or co-actives with, antimicrobial peptides (AMPs).

scholarly journals Isolation and Characterization of Novel Phages Targeting Pathogenic Klebsiella pneumoniae

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Na Li ◽  
Yigang Zeng ◽  
Rong Bao ◽  
Tongyu Zhu ◽  
Demeng Tan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Klebsiella Pneumoniae ◽  
Bacterial Infections ◽  
Antimicrobial Agents ◽  
Multidrug Resistant ◽  
S1 Nuclease ◽  
Isolation And Characterization ◽  
Comprehensive Knowledge ◽  
Future Challenges ◽  
Lactamase Gene

Klebsiella pneumoniae is a dominant cause of community-acquired and nosocomial infections, specifically among immunocompromised individuals. The increasing occurrence of multidrug-resistant (MDR) isolates has significantly impacted the effectiveness of antimicrobial agents. As antibiotic resistance is becoming increasingly prevalent worldwide, the use of bacteriophages to treat pathogenic bacterial infections has recently gained attention. Elucidating the details of phage-bacteria interactions will provide insights into phage biology and the better development of phage therapy. In this study, a total of 22 K. pneumoniae isolates were assessed for their genetic and phenotypic relatedness by multi-locus sequence typing (MLST), endonuclease S1 nuclease pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (S1-PFGE), and in vitro antibiotic susceptibility testing. In addition, the beta-lactamase gene (blaKPC) was characterized to determine the spread and outbreak of K. pneumoniae carbapenemase (KPC)-producing enterobacterial pathogens. Using these ST11 carbapenem-resistant K. pneumoniae isolates, three phages (NL_ZS_1, NL_ZS_2, and NL_ZS_3) from the family of Podoviridae were isolated and characterized to evaluate the application of lytic phages against the MDR K. pneumoniae isolates. In vitro inhibition assays with three phages and K. pneumoniae strain ZS15 demonstrated the strong lytic potential of the phages, however, followed by the rapid growth of phage-resistant and phage-sensitive mutants, suggesting several anti-phage mechanisms had developed in the host populations. Together, this data adds more comprehensive knowledge to known phage biology and further emphasizes their complexity and future challenges to overcome prior to using phages for controlling this important MDR bacterium.

scholarly journals Emerging Treatment Options for Infections by Multidrug-Resistant Gram-Positive Microorganisms

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 191 ◽  
Author(s):  
Despoina Koulenti ◽  
Elena Xu ◽  
Andrew Song ◽  
Isaac Yin Sum Mok ◽  
Drosos E. Karageorgopoulos ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Safety Profile ◽  
Bacterial Infections ◽  
Antimicrobial Agents ◽  
Treatment Options ◽  
Multidrug Resistant ◽  
Current Treatment ◽  
Multi Drug Resistance ◽  
Gram Positive ◽  
Treatment Regimens ◽  
Gram Positive Bacteria

Antimicrobial agents are currently the mainstay of treatment for bacterial infections worldwide. However, due to the increased use of antimicrobials in both human and animal medicine, pathogens have now evolved to possess high levels of multi-drug resistance, leading to the persistence and spread of difficult-to-treat infections. Several current antibacterial agents active against Gram-positive bacteria will be rendered useless in the face of increasing resistance rates. There are several emerging antibiotics under development, some of which have been shown to be more effective with an improved safety profile than current treatment regimens against Gram-positive bacteria. We will extensively discuss these antibiotics under clinical development (phase I-III clinical trials) to combat Gram-positive bacteria, such as Staphylococcus aureus, Enterococcus faecium and Streptococcus pneumoniae. We will delve into the mechanism of actions, microbiological spectrum, and, where available, the pharmacokinetics, safety profile, and efficacy of these drugs, aiming to provide a comprehensive review to the involved stakeholders.

scholarly journals Antimicrobial and Antibiofilm Peptides

Biomolecules ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 652 ◽  
Author(s):  
Angela Di Somma ◽  
Antonio Moretta ◽  
Carolina Canè ◽  
Arianna Cirillo ◽  
Angela Duilio
Keyword(s):  
Antimicrobial Peptides ◽  
Biofilm Formation ◽  
Bacterial Resistance ◽  
Antimicrobial Agents ◽  
Multidrug Resistant ◽  
Resistant Bacteria ◽  
Antibiofilm Activity ◽  
Chronic Infections ◽  
Planktonic Bacteria ◽  
Hostile Environments

The increasing onset of multidrug-resistant bacteria has propelled microbiology research towards antimicrobial peptides as new possible antibiotics from natural sources. Antimicrobial peptides are short peptides endowed with a broad range of activity against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria and are less prone to trigger resistance. Besides their activity against planktonic bacteria, many antimicrobial peptides also show antibiofilm activity. Biofilms are ubiquitous in nature, having the ability to adhere to virtually any surface, either biotic or abiotic, including medical devices, causing chronic infections that are difficult to eradicate. The biofilm matrix protects bacteria from hostile environments, thus contributing to the bacterial resistance to antimicrobial agents. Biofilms are very difficult to treat, with options restricted to the use of large doses of antibiotics or the removal of the infected device. Antimicrobial peptides could represent good candidates to develop new antibiofilm drugs as they can act at different stages of biofilm formation, on disparate molecular targets and with various mechanisms of action. These include inhibition of biofilm formation and adhesion, downregulation of quorum sensing factors, and disruption of the pre-formed biofilm. This review focuses on the proprieties of antimicrobial and antibiofilm peptides, with a particular emphasis on their mechanism of action, reporting several examples of peptides that over time have been shown to have activity against biofilm.

scholarly journals Rational Design of Engineered Cationic Antimicrobial Peptides Consisting Exclusively of Arginine and Tryptophan, and Their Activity against Multidrug-Resistant Pathogens

2013 ◽  
Vol 57 (6) ◽  
pp. 2511-2521 ◽  
Author(s):  
Berthony Deslouches ◽  
Jonathan D. Steckbeck ◽  
Jodi K. Craigo ◽  
Yohei Doi ◽  
Timothy A. Mietzner ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Antimicrobial Peptides ◽  
Rational Design ◽  
Antimicrobial Agents ◽  
Divalent Cations ◽  
Multidrug Resistant ◽  
Resistance Mechanisms ◽  
Broth Culture ◽  
Cationic Antimicrobial Peptides ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Amphipathic Helices

ABSTRACTThe emergence of multidrug-resistant (MDR) pathogens underscores the need for new antimicrobial agents to overcome the resistance mechanisms of these organisms. Cationic antimicrobial peptides (CAPs) provide a potential source of new antimicrobial therapeutics. We previously characterized a lytic base unit (LBU) series of engineered CAPs (eCAPs) of 12 to 48 residues demonstrating maximum antibacterial selectivity at 24 residues. Further, Trp substitution in LBU sequences increased activity against bothP. aeruginosaandS. aureusunder challenging conditions (e.g., saline, divalent cations, and serum). Based on these findings, we hypothesized that the optimal length and, therefore, the cost for maximum eCAP activity under physiologically relevant conditions could be significantly reduced using only Arg and Trp arranged to form idealized amphipathic helices. Hence, we developed a novel peptide series, composed only of Arg and Trp, in a sequence predicted and verified by circular dichroism to fold into optimized amphipathic helices. The most effective antimicrobial activity was achieved at 12 residues in length (WR12) against a panel of both Gram-negative and Gram-positive clinical isolates, including extensively drug-resistant strains, in saline and broth culture and at various pH values. The results demonstrate that the rational design of CAPs can lead to a significant reduction in the length and the number of amino acids used in peptide design to achieve optimal potency and selectivity against specific pathogens.

scholarly journals Characterization and Rate of Killing of Conjugated Silver Nanoparticles Against Selected Clinical Bacterial Isolates

2022 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stephen Oloninefa ◽  
Abalaka Moses Enemaduku ◽  
Daniyan Safiya Yahaya ◽  
Mann Abdullahi
Keyword(s):  
Drug Delivery ◽  
Silver Nanoparticles ◽  
Bacterial Infections ◽  
Antimicrobial Agents ◽  
Silver Ions ◽  
Multidrug Resistant ◽  
Bacterial Isolates ◽  
Target Sites ◽  
Alternative Agent ◽  
The Fourier Transform

The menace of drug resistance, bioavailability and drug delivery to the target sites has motivated researchers to search for new antimicrobial agents from medicinal plants and subsequently use them for the biosynthesis of silver nanoparticles for effective killing of bacteria challenging to kill using crude extracts. The biosynthesis of silver nanoparticles was done using aqueous extract (AQE) of E<i>uphorbia heterophylla</i>, while characterization and the killing rate of conjugated silver nanoparticles (CA<sub>g</sub>NP<sub>s</sub>) were carried out using standard methods. The maximum wavelength obtained for CA<sub>g</sub>NP<sub>s</sub> was 410.33 nm, while the size distribution was 237.8 d.nm. The Fourier Transform Infra-Red result showed O-H (3308.94 cm<sup>-1</sup>), which is responsible for stabilising and reducing silver ions, while the Transmission Electron Microscopy revealed the presence of monodispersed spherical shapes CA<sub>g</sub>NP<sub>s</sub>. The Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy confirmed the presence of silver. There were reductions in the clinical bacterial isolates exposed to CA<sub>g</sub>NP<sub>s</sub> as the exposure time increased. <i>Escherichia coli</i> was killed between 6-7 h while<i> Salmonella typhimurium</i> was killed at the seven has the value of 0.00 log<sub>10</sub> CFU/ml was recorded respectively. However, there were increments in the populations of clinical bacterial isolates in control as the time of exposure increased. Therefore, the study suggests that the CA<sub>g</sub>NP<sub>s</sub> exhibit intense antimicrobial activity and the potential to be developed as an alternative agent to treat bacterial infections, curb multidrug-resistant bacterial infection, and promote speedy drug delivery to the target sites.

scholarly journals Electrospun antibacterial nanofibers for wound dressings and tissue medicinal fields: A Review

2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (05) ◽  
pp. 2030012 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhimei Wei ◽  
Liqun Wang ◽  
Shouyu Zhang ◽  
Tonghai Chen ◽  
Jie Yang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Wound Healing ◽  
Biomedical Applications ◽  
Bacterial Infections ◽  
Antibacterial Agents ◽  
Antimicrobial Agents ◽  
Electrospinning Process ◽  
Wound Dressings ◽  
Electrospun Fibers ◽  
Chronic Infections ◽  
Antibacterial Material

Bacterial infections are a major cause of chronic infections. Thus, antibacterial material is an urgent need in clinics. Antibacterial nanofibers, with expansive surface area, enable efficient incorporation of antibacterial agents. Meanwhile, structure similar to the extracellular matrix can accelerate cell growth. Electrospinning, the most widely used technique to fabricate nanofiber, is often used in many biomedical applications including drug delivery, regenerative medicine, wound healing and so on. Thus, this review provides an overview of all recently published studies on the development of electrospun antibacterial nanofibers in wound dressings and tissue medicinal fields. This reviewer begins with a brief introduction of electrospinning process and then discusses electrospun fibers by incorporating various types of antimicrobial agents used as in wound dressings and tissue. Finally, we finish with conclusions and further perspectives on electrospun antibacterial nanofibers as 2D biomedicine materials.

scholarly journals Design, Overproduction and Purification of the Chimeric Phage Lysin MLTphg Fighting against Staphylococcus aureus

Processes ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (12) ◽  
pp. 1587
Author(s):  
Feng Wang ◽  
Xiaohang Liu ◽  
Zhengyu Deng ◽  
Yao Zhang ◽  
Xinyu Ji ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Bacterial Infections ◽  
Antimicrobial Agents ◽  
Multidrug Resistant ◽  
Resistant Bacteria ◽  
Antibiotic Resistant ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Conventional Antibiotics ◽  
Phage Lysin ◽  
Shed Light

With the increasing spread of multidrug-resistant bacterial pathogens, it is of great importance to develop alternatives to conventional antibiotics. Here, we report the generation of a chimeric phage lysin, MLTphg, which was assembled by joining the lysins derived from Meiothermus bacteriophage MMP7 and Thermus bacteriophage TSP4 with a flexible linker via chimeolysin engineering. As a potential antimicrobial agent, MLTphg can be obtained by overproduction in Escherichia coli BL21(DE3) cells and the following Ni-affinity chromatography. Finally, we recovered about 40 ± 1.9 mg of MLTphg from 1 L of the host E. coli BL21(DE3) culture. The purified MLTphg showed peak activity against Staphylococcus aureus ATCC6538 between 35 and 40 °C, and maintained approximately 44.5 ± 2.1% activity at room temperature (25 °C). Moreover, as a produced chimera, it exhibited considerably improved bactericidal activity against Staphylococcus aureus (2.9 ± 0.1 log10 reduction was observed upon 40 nM MLTphg treatment at 37 °C for 30 min) and also a group of antibiotic-resistant bacteria compared to its parental lysins, TSPphg and MMPphg. In the current age of growing antibiotic resistance, our results provide an engineering basis for developing phage lysins as novel antimicrobial agents and shed light on bacteriophage-based strategies to tackle bacterial infections.

scholarly journals Bacteriocins, Antimicrobial Peptides from Bacterial Origin: Overview of Their Biology and Their Impact against Multidrug-Resistant Bacteria

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (5) ◽  
pp. 639 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alexis Simons ◽  
Kamel Alhanout ◽  
Raphaël E. Duval
Keyword(s):  
Antimicrobial Resistance ◽  
Bacterial Infections ◽  
Antimicrobial Agents ◽  
Multidrug Resistant ◽  
Resistant Bacteria ◽  
Gram Negative Bacteria ◽  
Multidrug Resistant Bacteria ◽  
Gram Negative ◽  
Gram Positive Bacteria ◽  
Further Development

Currently, the emergence and ongoing dissemination of antimicrobial resistance among bacteria are critical health and economic issue, leading to increased rates of morbidity and mortality related to bacterial infections. Research and development for new antimicrobial agents is currently needed to overcome this problem. Among the different approaches studied, bacteriocins seem to be a promising possibility. These molecules are peptides naturally synthesized by ribosomes, produced by both Gram-positive bacteria (GPB) and Gram-negative bacteria (GNB), which will allow these bacteriocin producers to survive in highly competitive polymicrobial environment. Bacteriocins exhibit antimicrobial activity with variable spectrum depending on the peptide, which may target several bacteria. Already used in some areas such as agro-food, bacteriocins may be considered as interesting candidates for further development as antimicrobial agents used in health contexts, particularly considering the issue of antimicrobial resistance. The aim of this review is to present an updated global report on the biology of bacteriocins produced by GPB and GNB, as well as their antibacterial activity against relevant bacterial pathogens, and especially against multidrug-resistant bacteria.

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