scholarly journals Investigation of the Freezing Phenomenon in Vials Using an Infrared Camera

Pharmaceutics ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (10) ◽  
pp. 1664
Author(s):  
Maitê Harguindeguy ◽  
Lorenzo Stratta ◽  
Davide Fissore ◽  
Roberto Pisano
Keyword(s):  
Infrared Camera ◽  
Ir Thermography ◽  
Three Solutions ◽  
Sem Images ◽  
Spontaneous Nucleation ◽  
Product Morphology ◽  
Promising Tool ◽  
Axial Temperature ◽  
Freeze Dried ◽  
Pore Size Distributions

The freezing phenomenon has a dramatic impact on the quality of freeze-dried products. Several freezing models applied to solutions in vials have been proposed to predict the resulting product morphology and describe heat transfer mechanisms. However, there is a lack of detailed experimental observations of the freezing phenomenon in vials in the literature. Thus, the present work offers new experimental observations of the freezing phenomenon in vials by infrared (IR) thermography. IR imaging allowed each vial’s whole axial temperature profile to be collected during freezing, providing significant insights into the process. Spontaneous nucleation and vacuum-induced surface freezing (VISF), as a controlled nucleation technique, are investigated. Batches having vials in direct contact with the shelf (exchanging heat mainly through conduction) as well as suspended (exchanging heat mainly through natural convection and radiation) were tested. The study used three solutions: sucrose 5%, mannitol 5%, and dextran 10%. SEM images coupled with an automated image segmentation technique were also performed to examine possible correlations between the freezing observations and the resulting pore size distributions. IR thermography was found to be a promising tool for experimentally predicting the resulting product morphology in-line.

scholarly journals Experimental investigation on pore size distribution and drying kinetics during lyophilization of sugar solutions

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Petra Foerst ◽  
M. Lechner ◽  
N. Vorhauer ◽  
H. Schuchmann ◽  
E. Tsotsas
Keyword(s):  
Pore Structure ◽  
Pore Size Distribution ◽  
Pore Size ◽  
Size Distribution ◽  
Freeze Drying ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Drying Kinetics ◽  
Process Efficiency ◽  
Freeze Dried ◽  
Pore Size Distributions

The pore structure is a decisive factor for the process efficiency and product quality of freeze dried products. In this work the two-dimensional ice crystal structure was investigated for maltodextrin solutions with different concentrations by a freeze drying microscope. The resulting drying kinetics was investigated for different pore structures. Additionally the three-dimensional pore structure of the freeze dried samples was measured by µ-computed tomography and the pore size distribution was quantified by image analysis techniques. The two- and three-dimensional pore size distributions were compared and linked to the drying kinetics.Keywords: pore size distribution; freeze drying; maltodextrin solution; freeze drying microscope   

scholarly journals Dislocations Gliding Study by IR Thermography in C-Mn Steels with Different Solute Atoms Content in the Gigacycle Fatigue Domain

2015 ◽  
Vol 664 ◽  
pp. 177-187 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhi Yong Huang ◽  
Nicolas Ranc ◽  
Danièle Wagner
Keyword(s):  
Temperature Increase ◽  
Aluminum Content ◽  
Infrared Camera ◽  
Fatigue Tests ◽  
Ir Thermography ◽  
Mechanical Spectroscopy ◽  
Carbon Manganese Steels ◽  
Solute Atoms ◽  
Manganese Steels ◽  
French Standard

Tests were performed on two Carbon-Manganese steels (A42 and A48 steels, French standard) in the gigacycle fatigue domain thanks to a piezoelectric fatigue machine working at 20000Hz. During the tests, temperature recordings were achieved by an infrared camera for various stress amplitudes. The main difference between the two steels compositions was the aluminum content (0.045% for the A42 steel and 0.004% for the A48 steel), and the carbon content (0.140% for the A 42 steel and 0.198% for the A48 steel). In the A48 steel, the few aluminum content induces a higher free content of solute nitrogen in the lattice. Mechanical spectroscopy tests were performed and gave qualitative results on the solute contents repartition in the lattice. The temperature increase recorded during the fatigue tests for the two steels are different at the beginning of the tests. The differences can be explained by the different repartition of the solute atoms which induces a different dislocation gliding between the two materials. At the end of the tests, the thermal recordings are similar and attributed to the evolution of the solute atoms repartition and the dislocation structure.

Automated Whale Blow Detection in Infrared Video

2015 ◽  
pp. 58-78
Author(s):  
Varun Santhaseelan ◽  
Vijayan K. Asari
Keyword(s):  
Neural Network ◽  
Neural Networks ◽  
Infrared Camera ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Multi Layer Perceptron ◽  
Three Solutions ◽  
The Third ◽  
Manual Intervention ◽  
Infrared Video ◽  
Spatio Temporal

In this chapter, solutions to the problem of whale blow detection in infrared video are presented. The solutions are considered to be assistive technology that could help whale researchers to sift through hours or days of video without manual intervention. Video is captured from an elevated position along the shoreline using an infrared camera. The presence of whales is inferred from the presence of blows detected in the video. In this chapter, three solutions are proposed for this problem. The first algorithm makes use of a neural network (multi-layer perceptron) for classification, the second uses fractal features and the third solution is using convolutional neural networks. The central idea of all the algorithms is to attempt and model the spatio-temporal characteristics of a whale blow accurately using appropriate mathematical models. We provide a detailed description and analysis of the proposed solutions, the challenges and some possible directions for future research.

Morphology and Mechanical Properties of a Novel Cellulose Nanofibers Based Nanocomposites

2012 ◽  
Vol 174-177 ◽  
pp. 936-942
Author(s):  
Ying Ying Xue ◽  
Da Gang Li ◽  
Qiao Yun Deng ◽  
Yu Mei Wang ◽  
Dong Liang Lin
Keyword(s):  
Light Emitting Diode ◽  
Cellulose Nanofibers ◽  
Acrylic Resin ◽  
Cellulose Fibers ◽  
Sem Images ◽  
Light Emitting ◽  
Organic Light Emitting Diode ◽  
Freeze Dried ◽  
Ft Ir ◽  
Ir Spectroscopic

The fibers were converted to nano-scale cellulose fibers by chemical and mechanical treatment in this paper. FT-IR spectroscopic analysis demonstrated that hemicelluloses and lignin were removed during the chemical process. After that, ultralsonication method was carried out to refine cellulose fibers to cellulose nanofibers (CNFs). The filtered CNFs film was freeze-dried. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images reflected a very high aspect ratio of single cellulose nanofiber was over 1000. The nanocomposites were fabricated to be transparent attributed to the good morphology of the nanocellulose. From the SEM images of fracture surface of nanocomposites, excellent distribution had been found in the nanocomposites. Elastic modulus of the nanocomposite film was determined through tensile test, which was typically higher than pure acrylic resin. Therefore, the obtained transparent nanocomposites with superior flexibility have the potential to be used as the base substrate for organic light-emitting diode display (OLED).

scholarly journals The use of IR thermography to show the mold and part temperature evolution in injection molding

2016 ◽  
Vol 36 (1) ◽  
pp. 40-43 ◽  
Author(s):  
Karol Bula ◽  
Leszek Różański ◽  
Lidia Marciniak-Podsadna ◽  
Dawid Wróbel
Keyword(s):  
Injection Molding ◽  
Isotactic Polypropylene ◽  
Infrared Camera ◽  
Mold Temperature ◽  
Temperature Evolution ◽  
Injection Mold ◽  
Ir Thermography ◽  
Molded Parts ◽  
Injection Molded

Abstract This study concerns the application of infrared camera for injection molding analysis by measuring temperatures of both injection molded parts and injection mold cavities in a function of injection cycles. The mold with two cavities, differing in thickness (1 and 3 mm), and a cold direct runner was used. Isotactic polypropylene homopolymer was utilized to produce parts. Mold temperature was set at 22°C and controlled by a water chiller. Five measuring points were determined: SP1, SP2 (placed in the 3 mm cavity), SP3, SP4 (located in the 1 mm cavity) and SP5 around an injection molding gate. Our investigations showed that the highest temperature is localized around SP2 point and the lowest at SP4. Also, it was proved that even after 62 injection molding cycles, temperatures of cavities were not stable, revealing their further increase with each cycle.

scholarly journals Infrared Thermography as an Operando Tool for the Analysis of Catalytic Processes: How to Use It?

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robin Mutschler ◽  
Emanuele Moioli
Keyword(s):  
Infrared Thermography ◽  
Surface Reactions ◽  
Infrared Camera ◽  
Chemical Reactor ◽  
High Heat ◽  
Ir Thermography ◽  
Special Equipment ◽  
Dynamic Surface ◽  
High Space ◽  
Transient And Steady State

Infrared (IR) thermography is a powerful tool to measure temperature with a high space and time resolution. A particular interesting application of this technology is in the field of catalysis, where new insights to highly dynamic surface reactions are possible. This paper presents guidelines for the development of a reactor cell that can aid in the efficient exploitation of infrared thermography for the investigation of catalytic and other surface reactions. Firstly, the necessary properties of the catalytic reactor are described. In fact, special equipment must be developed to ensure the realization of true operando conditions in the IR thermography experiments. Here, we provide the guidelines to assemble a chemical reactor with an IR transmitting window through which the reaction can be studied with the infrared camera. Secondly, we analyze the requirements towards the catalytic system to be directly observable by IR thermography. This includes the need for a catalyst that provides a sufficiently high heat production (or absorption) rate. We present selected examples of catalytic reactions that can be monitored by IR thermography and showing the potential of the technology in revealing transient and steady state chemical phenomena.

Automated Whale Blow Detection in Infrared Video

2020 ◽  
pp. 921-941
Author(s):  
Varun Santhaseelan ◽  
Vijayan K. Asari
Keyword(s):  
Neural Network ◽  
Neural Networks ◽  
Infrared Camera ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Multi Layer Perceptron ◽  
Three Solutions ◽  
The Third ◽  
Manual Intervention ◽  
Infrared Video ◽  
Spatio Temporal

In this chapter, solutions to the problem of whale blow detection in infrared video are presented. The solutions are considered to be assistive technology that could help whale researchers to sift through hours or days of video without manual intervention. Video is captured from an elevated position along the shoreline using an infrared camera. The presence of whales is inferred from the presence of blows detected in the video. In this chapter, three solutions are proposed for this problem. The first algorithm makes use of a neural network (multi-layer perceptron) for classification, the second uses fractal features and the third solution is using convolutional neural networks. The central idea of all the algorithms is to attempt and model the spatio-temporal characteristics of a whale blow accurately using appropriate mathematical models. We provide a detailed description and analysis of the proposed solutions, the challenges and some possible directions for future research.

NOM removal from different raw waters by membrane filtration

2004 ◽  
Vol 4 (4) ◽  
pp. 165-174 ◽  
Author(s):  
F.H. Frimmel ◽  
F. Saravia ◽  
A. Gorenflo
Keyword(s):  
Natural Organic Matter ◽  
Membrane Filtration ◽  
Cross Flow ◽  
Ion Concentration ◽  
Size Exclusion ◽  
Raw Water ◽  
Sem Images ◽  
Membrane Surfaces ◽  
Freeze Dried ◽  
Exclusion Chromatography

In this study natural organic matter (NOM) removal by ultra- and nanofiltration from four different raw waters was investigated. The experiments were carried out with a flat channel cross flow unit and with a pilot unit equipped with two parallel spiral wound modules. NOM rejection was characterized using 13CMAS-NMR spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and size exclusion chromatography with online DOC detection (LC-OCD). Additionally measurements, such as DOC, UVA (254nm and 436nm), AOX- and THM-precursors, ion concentration, turbidity, etc. were made on raw waters, permeates and concentrates. The results indicate that NOM removal by nanofiltration for all water sources is almost complete (>90%), while NOM removal by ultrafiltration depends on raw water chemistry, especially ionic strength. Solid state 13C-NMR spectra of freeze-dried NOM deposits on membrane surfaces suggest the presence of structural polysaccharides (such as chitin and cellulose). SEM images confirm the NMR-results: after filtration, inorganic deposits and algae like structures were found on membrane surfaces.

Study for Quantitative Analysis of Loess Microstructure Influence

2012 ◽  
Vol 594-597 ◽  
pp. 522-526
Author(s):  
Peng Ran Song ◽  
Chang Ming Wang
Keyword(s):  
Image Processing ◽  
Pore Size ◽  
Influence Factors ◽  
Fractal Dimensions ◽  
Engineering Properties ◽  
Size Distributions ◽  
Sem Images ◽  
Soil Microstructure ◽  
Computer Image Processing ◽  
Pore Size Distributions

Microstructure is a important index of soil physical, mechanical and engineering properties, SEM images and computer image processing technology make the soil microstructure research developing rapidly in recent years, but the researches on the influence factors and important degree are rare. Process the images form scanning electron microscopy test with the image processing toolbox of MATLAB. Fractal dimensions, porosities and pore size distributions are calculated in different analyzing windows, thresholds and magnifications. The results show that:1) As the results of the experiment influenced greatly by the smaller analyzing windows, in order to get the real calculation value, the medium section was processed; 2) Fractal dimension values are less influenced than porosities and pore size distributions by different thresholds; 3) Too big magnification can cause inaccurate fractal dimensions. Porosities and pore size distributions are inverse growing with increasing of magnification.

Frost-heaving rate predicted from pore-size distribution

1979 ◽  
Vol 16 (3) ◽  
pp. 463-472 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. A. Reed ◽  
C. W. Lovell ◽  
A. G. Altschaeffl ◽  
L. E. Wood
Keyword(s):  
Pore Size Distribution ◽  
Pore Size ◽  
Size Distribution ◽  
Energy Levels ◽  
Frost Heave ◽  
Compacted Soils ◽  
Freeze Dried ◽  
Pore Size Distributions ◽  
Silty Soils ◽  
Water Contents

The purpose of this study was to examine the relation of frost heave to pore-size distribution of compacted silty soils, and to propose that frost-susceptibility criteria based upon the distribution of porosity are more logical and versatile than those based upon texture and grain size.Rapid freezing laboratory tests were conducted to evaluate the heaving rate. The soils were compacted at different energy levels and water contents, and consisted of three different combinations of silt and kaolin.Mercury intrusion tests were performed to obtain the pore-size distributions of the compacted soils. Since this procedure requires the soil to be free of moisture, the soil samples were freeze-dried. This type of drying minimized the volume change and consequent structural modification expected from air or oven drying.The relation of frost heave to pore size was obtained using the method of linear regression. For a given soil, it is the quantity of interaggregate pores that controls the frost heave. These pores are, in turn, controlled by the compaction variables of water content and effort.

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