scholarly journals Accommodating Probability to Durability as Facing the Onset of Biological Phenomena from Within

Philosophies ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 5 (4) ◽  
pp. 47
Author(s):  
Koichiro Matsuno
Keyword(s):  
Linear Chain ◽  
Local Environment ◽  
Sharp Contrast ◽  
Bayesian Probability ◽  
Reaction Cycle ◽  
Local Phenomenon ◽  
Biological Phenomena ◽  
Spatial Cohesion ◽  
To Come

Life distinguishes itself from non-life in taking advantage of the cohesion of temporal origin which non-life cannot afford. The temporal cohesion letting the local participants adhere to each other in a contemporaneous manner refers to an instance of the precedent product being pulled into the subsequent production. Setting the precedent is equivalent to preparing the conditions for the subsequent to follow. A concrete implementation of the cohesion of temporal origin, compared with the spatial cohesion common in physics, is found in the natural construction of a reaction cycle with use of the temporal affinity exerted from the immediate local environment. That construction is a temporally local phenomenon in the experiential domain, rather than in the theoretical. The cohesion originating in the local environment is due to the local act of measurement by the environment. A major component of the local environment to each reactant in the reaction cycle is the cycle itself. The cohesion specific to the reaction cycle rests upon the fact that every reaction product from the upstream production in the cycle comes to be fed upon by the immediate downstream production. Every production constituting the reaction cycle is temporally adjacent to and contemporaneous with the similar others residing in the whole cycle, in sharp contrast to the case of the open-ended linear chain of reaction. One externalist scheme of appreciating the internalist enterprise of constructing a durable reaction cycle in a contemporaneous manner may become possible as referring to the Bayesian probability. The durable reaction cycle may be made actual with probability unity under the condition that the products from the preceding production come with the protocol for the similar production to come subsequently.

Closing remarks

1975 ◽  
Vol 345 (1643) ◽  
pp. 601-605
Keyword(s):  
General Public ◽  
Public Information ◽  
Local Environment ◽  
Success Story ◽  
Small Areas ◽  
Broadcast Communication ◽  
The Arts ◽  
Educational Programmes ◽  
To Come ◽  
The One

I said in my opening remarks that we wanted to discuss during these two days the relation between, on the one hand, the world’s problems regarding the educational needs of its majorities and, on the other hand, the enormous developments in what I call the arts and the technologies of broadcast communication. There has been a danger of neglecting what I put first, the great developments in the arts of broadcast communication (as well as of the technologies), and I want to come back to that point. Starting with the technologies, I think that this exchange of information has been useful because there is still a lack of general public information about what has been achieved in the technologies of broadcast communication by satellite. As Dr Smith said, ‘the technology has worked’, and in that respect there has been a success story in at least the strictly technological sense. On the one hand we have the very good reliabilities and availabilities of the Intelsat system, as mentioned by Mr Jowett. At the same time, however, the educational satellites have their own frequency allocations, as Sir Michael reminded us. The ATS-F satellite, as we have been told by Mr Norwood, is the most powerful communication satellite yet developed and it has been well adapted to the particular problems concerned. I believe that the general public is not aware of this remarkable development of an attitude-controlled geostationary satellite transmitting on a 1° beam. Much is said about the need to match educational programmes to local or to regional needs and about the fact that the local environment is the environment in which the teaching must take place, but with this narrow-beam satellite, of course, this need has to some extent been met. A very good example is the fact that quite small areas of India can be served with separate programmes through the medium of this satellite.

scholarly journals Family History: Fact Versus Fiction

Genealogy ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 44
Author(s):  
Luanna Meyer
Keyword(s):  
Family History ◽  
Historical Context ◽  
Sharp Contrast ◽  
Family Tree ◽  
Current Interest ◽  
Archival Research ◽  
To Come

Current interest in genealogy and family history has soared, but the research journey may be fraught. Original intentions may be inhibited and inevitably altered as the actual historical details are revealed and documented through recorded evidence. While liberties may be taken with memoir and even autobiography, critical family history requires scrutiny of the lived events uncovered—some of which may be in sharp contrast to family myths passed down through generations. I traveled to three states and conducted archival research in local libraries, court houses, historical county archives, and museums in my search for original sources of authentic information about the names listed on a family tree over centuries. This article reports on how and why research on the genealogy of two families joined by marriage shifted from a straightforward recording of chronological facts to the development of a novel. The case can be made that fiction provides an effective and engaging tool for the elaboration of interconnected lives through the addition of historical context, enriching personal details, and imagined dialogue. Key accuracies needed for a critical family history can be preserved but in a genre that enables characters and their stories to come to life.

An integrated approach to the study of local production and exchange in the lower Pontine plain

2016 ◽  
Vol 29 ◽  
pp. 349-370 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gijs Tol ◽  
Barbara Borgers
Keyword(s):  
Central Italy ◽  
Local Environment ◽  
Integrated Approach ◽  
Ceramic Production ◽  
Long Distance ◽  
Roman Economy ◽  
Kiln Site ◽  
Production And Distribution ◽  
To Come ◽  
Geological Units

Prevailing models of the Roman economy tend to focus on long-distance exchange and are biased towards urban centres; thereby, much emphasis is placed on imported pottery, seen as an indicator for a strongly globalized and economically integrated market. Yet Roman economic networks must have been much more complex, with most communities strongly embedded in their local environment and depending chiefly on short- and medium-distance trade for their everyday goods. The evidence for such relationships has to come from a comprehensive investigation of local and regional systems of ceramic production and exchange. While this topic has received attention especially in areas with extensive evidence for kiln sites or in areas made up of relatively distinct geological units, the available evidence for central Italy, being still rather incomplete and of varied quality, displays a number of biases. For example, the evidence for ceramic production is often provided by the detailed investigation of just one kiln site, and such cases are seldom considered within their broader spatial, social and economic contexts in a way that would allow inferences to be drawn on the mechanisms of production and distribution on a local scale.

scholarly journals Helping ourselves - the role of self-help groups in poverty alleviation through aquaculture.

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Graham Haylor
Keyword(s):  
International Development ◽  
Local Environment ◽  
Asia Pacific ◽  
Support Programme ◽  
Self Help ◽  
Development Context ◽  
To Come ◽  
Set Up ◽  
Rural Aquaculture ◽  
Self Help Groups

Abstract Self-help groups (SHGs) are ways for farmers and fishers, especially those who are poor, to come together and work together. They can be a useful entry point for outsiders, promote a supportive local environment, strengthen voices in decision-making and in negotiations with more powerful forces, increase the effectiveness of local actions, and provide easier access to micro-credit and other resources and services. This case study describes a rural aquaculture development context, in India, the development of SHGs and the concept of a 'one-stop aqua shop', set up and run by a federation of self-help groups in Kaipara village, West Bengal (a pilot state along with Jharkhand and Orissa). It outlines testing new ways to share information, as part of a series of revised procedures and institutional arrangements for service delivery recommended by farmers and fishers and prioritized by government, with support from the Department for International Development (DFID) Natural Resources Support Programme (NRSP) and the Network of Aquaculture Centres in Asia-Pacific (NACA) to the Support to Regional Aquatic Resources Management (STREAM) Initiative.

scholarly journals The Distributed Engram

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ran Feldesh
Keyword(s):  
Neural Network ◽  
Neural Networks ◽  
Artificial Neural Networks ◽  
Recurrent Neural Network ◽  
Learning Phase ◽  
Sharp Contrast ◽  
Biochemical System ◽  
Biochemical Processes ◽  
Biological Phenomena ◽  
Memory Engram

AbstractNeural connectionism is a common theoretical abstraction of biological neural networks (1–3) and a basis for common artificial neural networks (4). Yet, it is clear that connectionism abstracts out much of the biological phenomena significant and necessary for many cognitive-driven behaviors, in particular intra-neuronal and inter-neuronal biochemical processes (5–8). This paper presents a model which adds an abstraction of these processes to a standard connectionism-based model. Specifically, a sub-system determines the synaptic weights. The resulting network has plastic synapses during non-learning-related behavior, in sharp contrast with most common models in which synapses are fixed outside of a learning-phase. Some synapses introduce plasticity that is causally related with behavior, while in others the plasticity randomly fluctuates, in correspondence with recent data (9,10). In this model the memory engram is distributed over the biochemical system, in addition to the synapses. The model yields better performance in memory-related tasks compared to a standard recurrent neural network trained with backpropagation.

scholarly journals Multiscale mechanical model for cell division orientation in developing biological systems

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. Leggio ◽  
J. Laussu ◽  
E. Faure ◽  
P. Lemaire ◽  
C. Godin
Keyword(s):  
Cell Division ◽  
Mechanical Energy ◽  
Local Environment ◽  
Energetic Cost ◽  
New Paradigm ◽  
General Behaviour ◽  
Biological Phenomena ◽  
A Cell ◽  
Living Tissues

Developing biological structures are highly complex systems, within which shape dynamics at different places is tightly coordinated. One key process at play during development is the regulation of cell division orientation. In this work, through a reformulation of cell division in terms of its energetic cost, we propose that oriented cell division is one mechanism by which cells can read and react to mechanical forces propagating in a tissue even in the absence of interphase cellular elongation in the direction of these forces. This view reproduces standard geometric division long-axis rules as a special case of a more general behaviour, in which systematic deviations from these rules can emerge. We show that states of anisotropic tension in multicellular systems can be the cause of these deviations, as often experimentally found in living tissues. Our results provide a unifying view on the different intracellular mechanisms at play in orienting cell division: they are processes which minimize energy loss, reflecting a trade-off between local and long-range mechanical signals. The consequences of this competition are explored in simulated tissues and confirmed in vivo during both the development of the pupal epithelium of dorsal thorax in D. melanogaster and the epidermal morphogenesis of ascidian embryos.Author summaryIn this work we reformulate the process of cell division orientation in development as a mechanical-energy optimization. We show that classical rules for division orientation naturally emerge when a cell minimizes the work performed against its local environment. Moreover, when multicellular stress profiles are taken into account, observed systematic violations of these rules are explained in correlation with states of anisotropic tension within the tissue. We confirm our findings experimentally on developing systems imaged with cellular resolution. Our results provide a new paradigm to understand cell division in multicellular contexts and contribute to building a physical view of biological phenomena.

scholarly journals Give one species the task to come up with a theory that spans them all: what good can come out of that?

2017 ◽  
Vol 284 (1867) ◽  
pp. 20171652 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hanna Kokko
Keyword(s):  
Correct Answer ◽  
Life Histories ◽  
Emotional Reactions ◽  
Life Cycles ◽  
Levels Of Selection ◽  
Societal Norms ◽  
Biological Phenomena ◽  
Default Case ◽  
Human Tendency ◽  
To Come

Does the progress in understanding evolutionary theory depend on the species that is doing the investigation? This question is difficult to answer scientifically, as we are dealing with an n = 1 scenario: every individual who has ever written about evolution is a human being. I will discuss, first, whether we get the correct answer to questions if we begin with ourselves and expand outwards, and second, whether we might fail to ask all the interesting questions unless we combat our tendencies to favour taxa that are close to us. As a whole, the human tendency to understand general biological phenomena via ‘putting oneself in another organism's shoes’ has upsides and downsides. As an upside, our intuitive ability to rethink strategies if the situation changes can lead to ready generation of adaptive hypotheses. Downsides occur if we trust this intuition too much, and particular danger zones exist for traits where humans are an unusual species. I argue that the levels of selection debate might have proceeded differently if human cooperation patterns were not so unique, as this brings about unique challenges in biology teaching; and that theoretical insights regarding inbreeding avoidance versus tolerance could have spread faster if we were not extrapolating our emotional reactions to incest disproportionately depending on whether we study animals or plants. I also discuss patterns such as taxonomic chauvinism, i.e. less attention being paid to species that differ more from human-like life histories. Textbooks on evolution reinforce such biases insofar as they present, as a default case, systems that resemble ours in terms of life cycles and other features (e.g. gonochorism). Additionally, societal norms may have led to incorrect null hypotheses such as females not mating multiply.

Investor-State Dispute Settlement under NAFTA Chapter 11: The Shape of Things to Come?

1998 ◽  
Vol 35 ◽  
pp. 263-290
Author(s):  
J. Anthony VanDuzer
Keyword(s):  
Free Trade Agreement ◽  
Dispute Settlement ◽  
Trade Agreement ◽  
Minimum Standards ◽  
The North ◽  
State Behaviour ◽  
Nafta Chapter 11 ◽  
To Come ◽  
The Right

SummaryRecently, there has been a proliferation of international agreements imposing minimum standards on states in respect of their treatment of foreign investors and allowing investors to initiate dispute settlement proceedings where a state violates these standards. Of greatest significance to Canada is Chapter 11 of the North American Free Trade Agreement, which provides both standards for state behaviour and the right to initiate binding arbitration. Since 1996, four cases have been brought under Chapter 11. This note describes the Chapter 11 process and suggests some of the issues that may arise as it is increasingly resorted to by investors.

Scanning Electron Microscopy-cuticular Lesions on the Roundworm Ascaris Suum

1970 ◽  
Vol 28 ◽  
pp. 114-115
Author(s):  
P. A. Madden ◽  
W. R. Anderson
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Scanning Electron Microscopy ◽  
Freeze Drying ◽  
Room Temperature ◽  
Secondary Electron ◽  
Distilled Water ◽  
Freeze Dried ◽  
Silver Paint ◽  
To Come ◽  
Scanning Electron

The intestinal roundworm of swine is pinkish in color and about the diameter of a lead pencil. Adult worms, taken from parasitized swine, frequently were observed with macroscopic lesions on their cuticule. Those possessing such lesions were rinsed in distilled water, and cylindrical segments of the affected areas were removed. Some of the segments were fixed in buffered formalin before freeze-drying; others were freeze-dried immediately. Initially, specimens were quenched in liquid freon followed by immersion in liquid nitrogen. They were then placed in ampuoles in a freezer at −45C and sublimated by vacuum until dry. After the specimens appeared dry, the freezer was allowed to come to room temperature slowly while the vacuum was maintained. The dried specimens were attached to metal pegs with conductive silver paint and placed in a vacuum evaporator on a rotating tilting stage. They were then coated by evaporating an alloy of 20% palladium and 80% gold to a thickness of approximately 300 A°. The specimens were examined by secondary electron emmission in a scanning electron microscope.

Residual Gas Reaction in the Electron Microscope: II The Design of a Gas-Control Chamber for Quantitative Observations

1969 ◽  
Vol 27 ◽  
pp. 82-83
Author(s):  
Chester J. Calbick ◽  
Richard E. Hartman
Keyword(s):  
Electron Beam ◽  
Electron Microscope ◽  
Local Environment ◽  
Chamber Pressure ◽  
Objective Lens ◽  
Ion Pump ◽  
Quantitative Studies ◽  
Precise Knowledge ◽  
Differential Pumping ◽  
And Control

Quantitative studies of the phenomenon associated with reactions induced by the electron beam between specimens and gases present in the electron microscope require precise knowledge and control of the local environment experienced by the portion of the specimen in the electron beam. Because of outgassing phenomena, the environment at the irradiated portion of the specimen is very different from that in any place where gas pressures and compositions can be measured. We have found that differential pumping of the specimen chamber by a 4" Orb-Ion pump, following roughing by a zeolite sorption pump, can produce a specimen-chamber pressure 100- to 1000-fold less than that in the region below the objective lens.

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