scholarly journals Excess Zinc Alters Cell Wall Class III Peroxidase Activity and Flavonoid Content in the Maize Scutellum

Plants ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 197
Author(s):  
David Manuel Díaz-Pontones ◽  
José Isaac Corona-Carrillo ◽  
Carlos Herrera-Miranda ◽  
Sandra González
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Activity Index ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Class Iii ◽  
Crop Species ◽  
Industrial Use ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Excess Zinc ◽  
Class Iii Peroxidase

Maize is one of the most important cereal crop species due to its uses for human and cattle nourishment, as well as its industrial use as a raw material. The yield and grain quality of maize depend on plant establishment, which starts with germination. Germination is dependent on embryo vigor and the stored reserves in the scutellum and endosperm. During germination, the scutellum epidermis changes and secretes enzymes and hormones into the endosperm. As a result, the hydrolysis products of the reserves and the different soluble nutrients are translocated to the scutellum through epithelial cells. Then, the reserves are directed to the embryo axis to sustain its growth. Therefore, the microenvironment surrounding the scutellum modulates its function. Zinc (Zn) is a micronutrient stored in the maize scutellum and endosperm; during imbibition, Zn from the endosperm is solubilized and mobilized towards the scutellum. During this process, Zn first becomes concentrated and interacts with cell wall charges, after which excess Zn is internalized in the vacuole. Currently, the effect of high Zn concentrations on the scutellum function and germinative processes are not known. In this paper, we show that, as a function of the concentration and time of exposure, Zn causes decreases in the radicle and plumule lengths and promotes the accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and flavonoids as well as changes in the activity of the cell wall Class III peroxidase (POD), which was quantified with guaiacol or catechin in the presence of H2O2. The relationship between the activity index or proportion of POD activity in the scutellum and the changes in the flavonoid concentration is proposed as a marker of stress and the state of vigor of the embryo.

The (re-)establishment of order: Disorder in the priestly understanding and in the teaching and acts of Jesus

2017 ◽  
Vol 114 (2) ◽  
pp. 166-175
Author(s):  
Mark E. Biddle
Keyword(s):  
Skin Diseases ◽  
Christian Theology ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Objective Quality ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Concrete Reality ◽  
Legal Sense

While a biblical doctrine of sin requires the honest and careful assessment of the complexity and plurality of the biblical witness,2 especially with regard to the relationship of the two Testaments, scholarship often draws lines of demarcation between the two Testaments too sharply. Ancient Israel’s priests devoted significant attention to the “objective” quality of wrong done as a pastoral problem, for example. Leviticus establishes that “unintentional sin” covers the whole gamut of behaviors short of willful sin that can result in terrible injury and harm. Indeed, the priests so consistently held the notion that wrong inheres in a situation, regardless of the intention of the actor, that they could use the language of sin to discuss skin diseases (Lev 14:1–32) and mold in houses (Lev 14:33–53). Israel’s priests did not speculate as to the precise point along the spectrum of willfulness and inadvertence at which one becomes morally culpable in the legal sense. Instead, their approach was much more pastoral: whatever the psychological and ethical dynamics preceding and underlying a wrong, the priests saw their role primarily in terms of healing, restoration, and restitution. Jesus and James expanded the priestly notion of sin as an objective reality to include intention as a category in the discussion of sin, but did not make it definitive of sin. Although the Gospels preserve no other discourse of Jesus even impinging on the subject of the concrete reality of sin, Jesus’ behaviors, especially instances when he healed without assigning blame or seeking repentance first, manifest his priestly concern for correcting inherent wrongness, for restoring rightness. Following Jesus, the priests’ view that any disorder threatens the harmony of the cultic community can supply useful and pertinent raw material for Christian theology and ethics today.

scholarly journals The Relationship of Nutritive Value of Condensed Fish Solubles to Quality of Raw Material

1949 ◽  
Vol 28 (1) ◽  
pp. 134-140 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Lassen ◽  
E.K. Bacon ◽  
H.J. Dunn
Keyword(s):  
Nutritive Value ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship

A Quantitative Evaluation of the Quality of Recycled Steel in Uganda

2012 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. Senfuka ◽  
J. B. Kirabira ◽  
J. K. Byaruhanga
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Emission Spectrometry ◽  
Test Results ◽  
Geometrical Properties ◽  
Direct Reduced Iron ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Recycled Steel ◽  
Made In

All steel made in Uganda is currently manufactured from scrap. Such steel has often been characterized by unpredictable performance in consonance with its inconsistent raw material inputs. This study evaluates and relates the mechanical, metallurgical and geometrical properties of these bars in order to identify the factors underlying the performance of the products from this steel and examine the relationship with their scrap content. In order to study the steels, tensile, torsion and micrographic tests have been carried out together with spark emission spectrometry on samples collected from different plants. The test results generally indicate impressive steel resilience, strength and metallographic properties in spite of relatively high and irregular carbon content. Limited weldability, uniaxiality of properties, uneven scatter of microelements and substantial non-uniformity of longitudinal mechanical properties have been observed. Rolling and post rolling defects have been noted. The geometric reliability of the bars has also been found generally low. Improvement of secondary refinement, use of direct reduced iron (DRI) diluent and more diligent sorting have suggested as solutions.

scholarly journals Pengaruh Beban Penggilingan terhadap Kuat Tarik Kertas Seni dari Tandan Kosong Nipah dan Pelepah Pisang

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (02) ◽  
pp. 65
Author(s):  
Agung Eko Sucahyono
Keyword(s):  
Tensile Strength ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Independent Variables ◽  
Musa Sapientum ◽  
Nypa Fruticans ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Load Weight ◽  
Paper Quality

Penggunaan bahan non-kayu sebagai alternatif dalam pembuatan kertas seni sangat dibutuhkan. Namun, kualitas kertas yang dihasilkan seringkali cukup rendah dari sisi kekuatan tariknya. Salah satu alat yang digunakan untuk meningkatkan kualitas kertas seni adalah beater machine. Penelitian ini menggunakan tandan kosong nipah (Nypa fruticans) dan batang pisang (Musa sapientum) sebagai bahan baku. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui hubungan antara penambahan beban pada mesin beater terhadap kuat tarik kertas seni. Metode yang digunakan adalah rancangan acak lengkap dengan variabel bebas yaitu variasi campuran dan berat pembebanan pada mesin beater. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa besar pembebanan pada mesin beater berpengaruh terhadap peningkatan kualitas kertas seni, sedangkan komposisi bahan tidak terlalu berpengaruh terhadap kualitas kertas. Kualitas kertas yang optimal diperoleh pada proporsi bahan baku pelepah nipah dengan campuran pelepah batang pisang 60%:40% dan berat pembebanan 3,9 kg, dengan nilai ketahanan tarik 4,24 kN/m atau 4.240 N/m.Kata kunci: kertas seni, mesin beater, nipah Effect of Refining Load on The Tensile Strength of Nypa and Banana Trunk Art PaperAbstractThe use of non-wood materials as an alternative in making of art paper is needed. However, the quality of the resulting paper is often quite low in terms of its tensile strength. One of the tools used to improve the quality of art paper is a beater machine. This research used nypha and banana trunk as raw material. This study aims to determine the relationship between the addition of load on the beater machine to the tensile strength of art paper. The method used is a randomized complete design with independent variables of variations in mixture and weight of loading on the beater machine. The results showed that the loading of the beater machine had an effect on improving the quality of art paper, while the composition of the material did not significantly affect the quality of the paper. Optimal paper quality was obtained from the proportion of nypa and banana trunk of 60%:40% and load weight of 3,9 kg, where the tensile strength was 4.24 kN/m or 4,240 N/m.Keywords: art paper, beater machine, nypa 

Construction of a plastomer for the analysis of polypropylene fluidity under different temperatures and use of additives

2020 ◽  
Vol 2 (7) ◽  
pp. 1-7
Author(s):  
Juliano Frizzo
Keyword(s):  
Free Volume ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Daily Lives ◽  
Melt Index ◽  
Aerospace Applications ◽  
Plastic Materials ◽  
Different Temperatures ◽  
Industrial Use

A low-cost plastomer was built and analyzed the main factors that can improve its fluidity, such as the use of different specifications and additives. Thermoplastics are materials currently used everywhere, from simple applications such as making toys to aerospace applications. Among the usual thermoplastics in our daily lives we have polypropylene, widely used as raw material for the manufacture of various plastic materials. One of the factors that most interferes with the quality of PP in industrial use is its fluidityindex, measured by the use of plastomer, an extremely expensive equipment. From the analysis of various temperatures and percentages of additives it was possible to identify factors that improve its fluidity, improving industrial applicability. It is concluded that there is a direct relationship between the increase in the melt index (fluidity index) of the melt and the increase in temperature and additives by up to 1%, emphasizing that with 2% worse results can be obtained from the IF. This increase in the bottom IF can be explained by the theory of free volume, where the higher the temperature, the greater the free volume between the molecules and the lower their viscosity, that is, the easier their flow will be. 

scholarly journals STRATEGI PENGEMBANGAN USAHA KULINER

2018 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
pp. 183 ◽  
Author(s):  
Irvina Safitri ◽  
Darmawan Salman ◽  
Rahmadani Rahmadani
Keyword(s):  
Development Strategy ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Business Continuity ◽  
Traditional Food ◽  
Black And White ◽  
South Sulawesi ◽  
Qualitative Descriptive ◽  
Cold Food ◽  
The Relationship

Lemang is one of traditional food made from raw material of sticky rice (black and white) wrapped with banana leaf and put into bamboo container from Bangkala Subdistrict, Jeneponto Regency. This study aims to: (1) Describe the strategy in maintaining relationships with providers Lemang Dg Awing in District Bangkala (2) Describe the strategy in maintaining the relationship with the business of Lemang Dg Awing. (3) Describe the strategy in maintaining the quality of lemang in the business of Lemang Dg Awing. (4) Analyzing the business continuity hole in the case of Lemang Dg Awing business. This study used qualitative descriptive, participatory analysis tools and in-depth interviews, with research locations in Bangkala District, Jeneponto Regency, South Sulawesi. The results concluded that: 1. Strategy built by Dg. Awing with suppliers With suppliers for suppliers Invites suppliers to make events, Presents lemang to suppliers. Provide additional bonus through channeling for purchases of lemang 2. Dg Awing always maintains relationships  with  its  employees  such  as:  Always  work  in  the morning,  Invites employees at the time of the event, Provides support during times of big days, Provides money support, Prepares cold food and drinks on the part burning, especially during the day, Inviting vacation together. 3. Dg Awing Always pay attention to 6 basic components to maintain the quality of lemang remain stored, such as aroma, shape, size, taste, texture and color lemang 4. Dg. Awing continues to control 3 aspects for business continuity related to raw material suppliers, Maintain and maintain good relationships to its workers. Keep maintaining the quality of the lemang itself to continue to increase sales volume and increase consumer loyality in buying lemang.Keywords: lemang; traditional food; development strategy.

scholarly journals Impaired Cuticle Functionality and Robust Resistance to Botrytis cinerea in Arabidopsis thaliana Plants With Altered Homogalacturonan Integrity Are Dependent on the Class III Peroxidase AtPRX71

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Riccardo Lorrai ◽  
Fedra Francocci ◽  
Kay Gully ◽  
Helle J. Martens ◽  
Giulia De Lorenzo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Arabidopsis Thaliana ◽  
Cell Wall ◽  
Botrytis Cinerea ◽  
Primary Cell Wall ◽  
Loss Of Function ◽  
Class Iii ◽  
Ros Accumulation ◽  
Receptor Like Kinase ◽  
Cuticle Ultrastructure ◽  
Class Iii Peroxidase

Pectin is a major cell wall component that plays important roles in plant development and response to environmental stresses. Arabidopsis thaliana plants expressing a fungal polygalacturonase (PG plants) that degrades homogalacturonan (HG), a major pectin component, as well as loss-of-function mutants for QUASIMODO2 (QUA2), encoding a putative pectin methyltransferase important for HG biosynthesis, show accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), reduced growth and almost complete resistance to the fungal pathogen Botrytis cinerea. Both PG and qua2 plants show increased expression of the class III peroxidase AtPRX71 that contributes to their elevated ROS levels and reduced growth. In this work, we show that leaves of PG and qua2 plants display greatly increased cuticle permeability. Both increased cuticle permeability and resistance to B. cinerea in qua2 are suppressed by loss of AtPRX71. Increased cuticle permeability in qua2, rather than on defects in cuticle ultrastructure or cutin composition, appears to be dependent on reduced epidermal cell adhesion, which is exacerbated by AtPRX71, and is suppressed by the esmeralda1 mutation, which also reverts the adhesion defect and the resistant phenotype. Increased cuticle permeability, accumulation of ROS, and resistance to B. cinerea are also observed in mutants lacking a functional FERONIA, a receptor-like kinase thought to monitor pectin integrity. In contrast, mutants with defects in other structural components of primary cell wall do not have a defective cuticle and are normally susceptible to the fungus. Our results suggest that disrupted cuticle integrity, mediated by peroxidase-dependent ROS accumulation, plays a major role in the robust resistance to B. cinerea of plants with altered HG integrity.

scholarly journals The Relationship Between the Moisture Content of Sweetcorn Raw Material and the Quality of the Deep-Frozen End Product

2003 ◽  
pp. 135-139
Author(s):  
Éva Kállai
Keyword(s):  
Moisture Content ◽  
Sweet Corn ◽  
Eating Habits ◽  
Great Part ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Harvest Time ◽  
Foreign Matter ◽  
Physical Quality ◽  
The Relationship

One of the remarkable effects of the economical and social development is the changing of the eating habits, first of all increasing consumption of deep-frozen products. The spreading of the sweet corn under these vegetables is characteristic.The parameters exerting influence on the quality of the deepfrozen sweetcorn is classed in 3 categories:• Physical quality: foreign matter, clumps, blemished corn, broken kernel, miscut, pulled kernel.• Organoleptical features: taste, colour, texture, and sweetness.• Microbiological features: TVC, mould, yeast.The moisture content of the raw material influences the organoleptical features to the highest degree.We take continuously samples from the raw material arriving in to the factory to determinate moisture content, and from the product to specify the organoleptical features.Based on the data of 2002 we can make the following findings:The colour of the deepfrozen sweetcorn is less influenced by the moisture content. The taste is between 69% and 72% the most optimal, but over 72% get worse, more „milky”, water-tasted because of the underdevelopment of sweetcorn. The texture continuously becomes better with the increasing of moisture content. Under 67% of water the class „C” is typical, which means a taste with weak charasteric, a bit scathing or bitter, and texture with rubbery inner part and hard pericarpia. The decadence of taste is caused by converting a great part of sugar into starch.The correlation between moisture and quality is varying by varieties; different varieties have their best quality by different moisture content. By our investigations the best harvest time is at the 69-72% moisture content. At this point are the organoleptical features the most optimal, and the grower has not the loss of yield caused by early harvesting.

scholarly journals PENGARUH TINGKAT KERUSAKAN JALAN PERKEBUNAN DAN POSISI TANDAN BUAH SEGAR DI BAK TRUK TERHADAP KINERJA ANGKUTAN KELAPA SAWIT (Effect of Estate Road Damage and Fresh Fruit Bunch Position in Truck Bin on Oil Palm Transportation Performance)

2016 ◽  
Vol 36 (02) ◽  
pp. 219 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andreas Wahyu Krisdiarto ◽  
Lilik Sutiarso
Keyword(s):  
Palm Oil ◽  
Oil Palm ◽  
Performance Indicator ◽  
Fresh Fruit ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Fresh Fruit Bunch ◽  
Damage Level ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Method Analysis

Oil Palm fresh fruit bunch (FFB) transportation is a vital step in post harvest process. Transportation condition mayaffects the quantity and quality of FFB as a palm oil factory raw material. Due to many estate roads are not at idealcondition, this research was addressed to explore the relationship between road damage level and position of FFBin truck bin to transportation performance. Transportation performance indicator were leftover fruit, level of releasedfruitlets, fruits bruise index, and free fatty acid (FFA) content. The research divided into two stage. The first wason transportation performance in collection road. The second was FFB transportation from fruit collection point tofactory, which was treated on good, moderate, and bad road. Observation was done to the FFB at bottom, middleand upper layer of truck bin. The transportation performace indicators were analized by Anova, and continued byTukey method analysis if there were differentces among treatments. Result showed that level of road damage wassignificantly affect transportation performace indicator i.e level of leftover fruits, but it was not significantly affectlevel of released fruitlets, fruits bruise index, and FFA content. Meanwhile, FFB position in truck bin influenced levelof fruitlets releasing, and significantly influenced fruits bruise index.Keywords: Palm oil transportation, leftover fruits, released fruitlets, bruise index, oil Pal FFB ABSTRAKPengangkutan tandan buah segar (TBS) kelapa sawit merupakan satu tahap penting dalam proses pascapanen. Kondisipengangkutan menentukan kuantitas dan kualitas TBS sebagai bahan baku pabrik kelapa sawit. Mengingat masihbanyak jalan perkebunan yang belum ideal, penelitian ini bertujuan mempelajari hubungan tingkat kerusakan jalan danpenempatan TBS di bak truk terhadap kinerja pengangkutan. Indikator kinerja pengangkutan yang digunakan adalahbuah restan (tertinggal di kebun), kadar asam lemak bebas (ALB), tingkat pelepasan buah (membrondol), dan tingkatmemar (indeks memar). Penelitian dibagi menjadi dua tahap, yaitu: 1) kinerja pengangkutan dari piringan pohon ketempat pengumpulan hasil (TPH). 2) kinerja pengangkutan dari TPH ke pabrik. Perlakuan dalam penelitian tahap duaadalah kualitas jalan pengumpulan, yaitu jalan baik, sedang, dan buruk, dan posisi TBS di bak truk, yaitu di lapisandasar, tengah, dan atas. Hubungan panjang jalan rusak dengan tingkat restan buah dianalisis dengan analisis regresi,sedang indikator kinerja pengangkutan dianalisis dengan analisis varians (Anova), dan kemudian dilanjutkan dengananalisis satu arah pembedaan antar perlakuan dengan metode Tukey. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa kondisi atautingkat kerusakan jalan memberikan pengaruh terhadap indikator kinerja pengangkutan tingkat buah restan, namuntidak secara nyata berpengaruh terhadap tingkat pelepasan buah sawit dari tandan (pembrondolan), tingkat kerusakanbuah (indeks memar) dan kadar ALB pada saat pengangkutan menggunakan truk bak kayu. Sedang posisi TBS didalam bak truk berpengaruh cukup nyata terhadap tingkat pelepasan buah dari tandan, dan berpengaruh nyata terhadapindeks memar buah selama pengangkutan.Kata kunci: Pengangkutan, restan, pembrondolan, indeks memar, TBS kelapa sawit

scholarly journals Justification of the Relationship of Production Capacity and the Parameters of the Blocks at Surface Mining of Existing Kuzbass Quarry Fields

2019 ◽  
Vol 105 ◽  
pp. 01047
Author(s):  
Alexei Selyukov ◽  
Andrey Gerasimov ◽  
Kirill Byrdin
Keyword(s):  
Production Capacity ◽  
Surface Mining ◽  
Open Pit ◽  
Open Pit Mining ◽  
Open Pit Mines ◽  
Precise Analysis ◽  
Industrial Use ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship

Today, up to two-thirds of the world’s minerals are mined in an open, more economical way. However, at the same time, billions of tons of overburden are extracted, which are piled in the dumps, where they are polluted, lose their value and, in addition, reduce the quality of the environment. The possibility of industrial use of various rocks of from quarry field characterizes the complexity of minerals extracted by surface mining. Currently, there are no clear criteria for determining the size of blocks when designing enterprises for open pit mining. In most cases, when designing open pit mines, a quarry field is conventionally divided into several blocks, which does not always ensure the optimal production capacity of the mining enterprise due to the uneven distribution of reserves in the block contours. Because of that, during the transition from one block to another, a decrease in the production capacity of the enterprise can be noted. To avoid productivity decreasing, the precise analysis of the block parameters must be performed.

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