Construction of a plastomer for the analysis of polypropylene fluidity under different temperatures and use of additives

2020 ◽  
Vol 2 (7) ◽  
pp. 1-7
Author(s):  
Juliano Frizzo
Keyword(s):  
Free Volume ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Daily Lives ◽  
Melt Index ◽  
Aerospace Applications ◽  
Plastic Materials ◽  
Different Temperatures ◽  
Industrial Use

A low-cost plastomer was built and analyzed the main factors that can improve its fluidity, such as the use of different specifications and additives. Thermoplastics are materials currently used everywhere, from simple applications such as making toys to aerospace applications. Among the usual thermoplastics in our daily lives we have polypropylene, widely used as raw material for the manufacture of various plastic materials. One of the factors that most interferes with the quality of PP in industrial use is its fluidityindex, measured by the use of plastomer, an extremely expensive equipment. From the analysis of various temperatures and percentages of additives it was possible to identify factors that improve its fluidity, improving industrial applicability. It is concluded that there is a direct relationship between the increase in the melt index (fluidity index) of the melt and the increase in temperature and additives by up to 1%, emphasizing that with 2% worse results can be obtained from the IF. This increase in the bottom IF can be explained by the theory of free volume, where the higher the temperature, the greater the free volume between the molecules and the lower their viscosity, that is, the easier their flow will be. 

Feasibility of cereal straw for industrial utilization in Minnesota

2000 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
pp. 2-8 ◽  
Author(s):  
N.C. Wagner ◽  
S. Ramaswamy ◽  
U. Tschirner
Keyword(s):  
Animal Feed ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Economic Feasibility ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Cereal Straw ◽  
Industrial Utilization ◽  
Industrial Use ◽  
On Farm ◽  
And Storage

AbstractA pre-economic feasibility study was undertaken to determine the potential of cereal straw for industrial utilization in Minnesota. Specifically, utilizing straw for pulp and paper manufacture was of interest. The availability of cereal straw fiber supplies at various locations across the state of Minnesota, along with pre-processing issues such as transportation, harvesting, handling, and storage, are discussed and priced. The greatest economic advantage of straw for industrial use appears to be the low cost of the raw material compared to traditional raw materials. This also provides an excellent opportunity for additional income for farmers. The methodology and information provided here should be helpful in evaluating the feasibility of utilizing straw for other industrial purposes in other parts of the world. However, in some Third World countries, long-standing on-farm, traditional uses of cereal straws for fuel, fiber, and animal feed may limit their availability for industrial utilization.

scholarly journals The Role and Impact of Radio Listening Practices in Older Adults’ Everyday Lives

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Amanda E. Krause
Keyword(s):  
Older Adults ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Leisure Activity ◽  
Later Life ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Younger Adults ◽  
Daily Lives ◽  
Space Model ◽  
Qualitative Thematic Analysis

Previous research has indicated older adults value listening to music as a leisure activity. Yet, recent research into listening practices broadly has often focused on younger adults and the use of newer, digital listening technologies. Nonetheless, the radio, which is familiar to older people who grew up with it at the forefront of family life, is important to consider with regard to listening practices and the potential associated well-being benefits. This research investigated older adults’ everyday radio listening practices, in order to begin to understand how the radio fits into their daily lives and how it might influence their sense of well-being. Twenty-five Australian residents (aged 66–87; 56% female, 44% male) participated in semi-structured, one-to-one interviews. The results of a qualitative thematic analysis revealed themes concerning listening preferences, listening routines, access, and motivations/outcomes. While personal preferences (concerning content, stations, and presenters) were diverse, individuals clearly communicated these as well as their established listening routines and habits. Listener motivations varied: some people focused on the enjoyment that listening to the radio creates while some noted benefits to their well-being, such as relaxation, modifying their mood, and feelings of comfort and community. Radio listening practices can be defined in terms of differing engagement styles, as characterized using continua ranging from passive to active, or focused, listening as well as generalized or specific listening. Based on participants’ experiences, a proposed engagement space model links how people engage with the radio to the possible outcomes mentioned. Importantly, benefits to well-being can result from varied engagement styles. The findings presented provide an in-depth understanding of how the radio fits into older adults’ everyday life, with implications for considering how the radio might be used as a widely accessed, low-cost tool for maintaining and enhancing quality of later life.

Identification and Quantification by HPLCDAD of Furosemide as a Co-adulterant in Products of Natural Origin

2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (3) ◽  
pp. 166
Author(s):  
Flávia Bonfim Lima ◽  
Beatriz Da Costa Aguiar Alves ◽  
David Feder ◽  
Marina Cristina Peres ◽  
Glaucia Luciano da Veiga ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Drug Interaction ◽  
Side Effects ◽  
Mobile Phase ◽  
Inflammatory Diseases ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Easy Access ◽  
Original Formulation ◽  
Natural Origin

The low cost added to easy access and expectation of low or no side effects make these products increasingly attractive. When a product of natural origin contains synthetic substances that are not declared in its formulation, the synthetic substance is characterized as adulteration. In order to identify and quantify adulterants in natural products, analytical methods have been developed and used as fundamental tools in the control of these products. Thus, two products of natural origin indicated for treatment of rheumatic and inflammatory diseases were analyzed to verify the presence of the co-adulterant furosemide. Co-adulterant presence in the products was tested using an Agilent® brand 1100 HPLC system with a quaternary pump, an automatic injector and a DAD detector, with a mobile phase composed of methanol/formic acid 0.2% 60/40 (v/v). HPLC-DAD indicates the presence of the undeclared furosemide compound in the original formulation of both analyzed samples. In sample A, 24 mg of furosemide per gram was found, while in sample B, 47mg per gram of product was obtained. The consumption of adulterated products may lead to risks such as drug interaction and intoxication, since active ingredients of synthetic origin are added without taking in consideration adjustments and quality of the raw material.

scholarly journals QUALITY REQUIREMENTS IN THE FORESTS OF THE FUTURE

1965 ◽  
Vol 41 (1) ◽  
pp. 23-33 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. G. Reid ◽  
J. L. Ladell
Keyword(s):  
Low Cost ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Paper Properties ◽  
Economic Production ◽  
The Future ◽  
World Demand ◽  
Sawmill Industry ◽  
The Tropics ◽  
Cellulose Materials

World demand for paper is growing rapidly. Although Canada will continue to be the leading exporter of paper in the immediate future, there will be increasing competition from fast growing man-made forests of the tropics and subtropics. Competition from non-cellulose materials will also increase. To meet these challenges, the quality of Canadian pulp and paper products must be improved while keeping costs to a minimum.The conventional methods of pulping have been tuned up to a high pitch, and virtually any species can now be utilized. The paper maker, by manipulating his raw material and by the use of additives, can produce paper with widely different properties; but such operations add to costs, and the closer the raw material approaches to the paper maker's requirements, the lower these costs will be.Although the manner in which fibre characteristics influence paper properties has been studied for a number of years, little of this work can be directly related to Canadian species, about which we need to know a lot more.With increasing knowledge of the properties of our different species and the ability of the pulp and the and paper technologist to use each efficiently, it is suggested that the emphasis will shift to maximum economic production of wood substance in terms of weight, as opposed to production by volume of merchantable wood. This will likely bring changes not only to our concept of the 'ideal tree', but also in the management of forests and silvicultural treatment of stands. Utilization of tops and branches in certain cases must also be given serious consideration. In addition to low cost cellulose, Canada must continue to produce a proportion of top quality fibres such as those of the northern spruces.Much of the above can be applied to the sawmill industry where low costs and high quality are again the key requirements.In the future the forester will be called upon not only to plan and tend the forests; he must also take complete responsibility for delivery directly to the mill, sawmill or factory, according to a master plan, of material of a pre-determined character.

scholarly journals Effect of freeze drying and hot air drying methods on quality of cordycepin production

2018 ◽  
Vol 192 ◽  
pp. 03001
Author(s):  
Thitiphan Chimsook
Keyword(s):  
Freeze Drying ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Bioactive Compound ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Total Phenolic ◽  
Drying Methods ◽  
Hot Air Drying ◽  
Air Drying ◽  
Hot Air

This study determined the effect of drying methods including hot air drying and freeze drying on the quality of cordycepin production from Cordyceps militaris. The fruiting bodies and mycelium of C. militaris were used as the raw material. For hot air drying was performed at 55 °C for 24 hrs. Whereas the freeze drying was carried out under vacuum at 140 L min-1 for 48 hours. The bioactive compound extracted from dried powder of C. militaris from two drying methods was investigated. The results showed that both cordycepin and adenosine extracted from freezed drying sample had higher value than those of extracted from hot air dried sample. The bioactivities of C. militaris extract were investigated. The results revealed that the antioxidant activity and also total phenolic contents of C. militaris extract prepared from freeze drying had higher value than that of extracted from hot air drying. However, most of C. militaris production performed using hot air drying to dry sample because of its low cost technique.

From Earth Minerals to Nitrides

2007 ◽  
Vol 554 ◽  
pp. 151-156
Author(s):  
N. Karakus ◽  
A.O. Kurt ◽  
O. Toplan
Keyword(s):  
Low Cost ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Ceramic Powders ◽  
Yield And Quality ◽  
Carbothermal Synthesis ◽  
High Transformation ◽  
Transformation Potential ◽  
Experimental Works ◽  
Powdered Form

Structural ceramic parts such as those made from Si3N4 or SiAlONs are promising for considering them in replacing metals in the areas where harsh environmental conditions like abrasive corrosion under high stresses along with high temperature effects are dominant. A widespread use of these ceramics depends on the ease of finding them with low cost. This paper highlights some important points on the low cost production technique of Si3N4 or SiAlON ceramics in powdered form via carbothermal synthesis technique using minerals in the light of the current and previous works. The technique gives flexibility of controlling production parameters that affect on the yield and quality of powders produced. A special account is given to the effects of reactants on the production of such ceramic powders. After synthesising ceramics in powdered form, some comparisons were made on the characterisation of the products of homemade ones with that of commercially available ones. After successful experimental works, a raw material of orthoclase clay mineral exhibited a high transformation potential to a mixture of Si3N4 and SiAlON type ceramic powders.

scholarly journals Mechanically deboned meat

1990 ◽  
Vol 62 (5) ◽  
pp. 369-380
Author(s):  
L. Riihonen ◽  
J. Laine ◽  
P. Linko
Keyword(s):  
Raw Materials ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Meat Products ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Processed Meat ◽  
Meat Industry ◽  
High Protein Content ◽  
Technological Characteristics ◽  
And Storage

Mechanically deboned meat (MDM) and mechanically deboned tissue (MDT) are used in the meat industry to an ever-increasing degree. The quality of mechanically deboned meat, its high protein content, good technological characteristics and comparatively low cost make the product a profitable and useful raw material. Mechanically deboned meat is a wholesome, nutritious, highly palatable product with a bright future as food. Its properties permit its incorporation in the production of heat-processed meat products composed of comminuted raw materials. Regulations are given in the legislation of several countries concerning the chemical composition, use and storage of such meat.

Use of genetic markers in the investigation of starch content in maize

2009 ◽  
Vol 57 (4) ◽  
pp. 401-408
Author(s):  
E. Nagy ◽  
I. Timár ◽  
Z. Hegyi ◽  
T. Spitkó ◽  
L. Marton
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Markers ◽  
Agronomic Traits ◽  
Starch Content ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Yield Potential ◽  
Variety Identification ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Marker Studies ◽  
Industrial Use

The chemical composition of maize makes it suitable for a wide range of nonconventional uses, including utilisation as a new source of energy for the 21st century as a raw material for biofuel. The aim of the experiments was to amalgamate the application of genetic markers with conventional breeding methods to produce maize hybrids whose starch content and ecostability satisfied the demands of industrial use, while having yield potential and agronomic traits on a par with those of hybrids currently cultivated. The chemical quality of 220 lines was evaluated using the NIR spectrometric technique, and the five maize inbred lines with the lowest and highest starch contents were selected for genetic marker studies. The variety identification of the lines was carried out using the isoenzymes stipulated by UPOV. The following SSR (simple sequences repeat) markers were tested: phi 095, umc 1057, nc 004, phi 096, nc 007, umc 1564, phi 85, y1 SSR, umc 1178, nc 009, phi 070, umc 1066, umc 1741, umc 1069, phi 033, phi 061, wx, phi 032, phi 084 and phi 062. The analysis of the fragment patterns revealed three SSR markers that appeared to be correlated with the starch content of the maize lines. These were the primer pairs y1 SSR, umc 1069 and phi 062 . These results are only of a preliminary nature, however, as the incorporation of starch is probably regulated by several genes, and the studies suggest it is also influenced by several environmental factors. It also appears likely that the bioethanol yield is determined not only by the starch content, but also by other parameters. Further research should thus be expanded to include investigations into the structural and fermentability traits of starch molecules, including the characterisation of these traits using genetic markers.

scholarly journals Effect of Lignin and CNTs on the properties of melt-spun polymeric fibers

2018 ◽  
Vol 188 ◽  
pp. 01026
Author(s):  
Panagiotis Goulis ◽  
Ioannis A. Kartsonakis ◽  
Konstantinos Mpalias ◽  
Costas A. Charitidis
Keyword(s):  
Low Cost ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Chemical Behavior ◽  
Polymeric Fibers ◽  
One Dimensional ◽  
Melt Spun ◽  
Resin Solution ◽  
Multi Walled Carbon Nanotubes ◽  
Walled Carbon Nanotubes

The quality of high density polyethylene (HDPE) - lignin spun fibers depends on the spinning method and the chemical modification of the raw material. On the other hand, nylon-type polymers are widely known for their simple experimental synthesis and use. The goal of this study was the fabrication of composites containing lignin, nylon and multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) based fibers with enhanced mechanical properties. Therefore, a nylon-type polymer was synthesized, using diethylenetriamine and sebacoyl chloride, and was conjugated with lignin as well as MWCNTs with the aim of determining the materials' compatibility, differences in chemical behavior as well as their ability to be melt spun and be further processed. The materials were compounded with HDPE and melt spun, producing fibers that were characterized in respect of their morphology, structural, chemical and elemental composition. Finally, the HDPE fibers were used for the production of one dimensional composites inside dumb bell type sacrificial templates with an epoxy resin solution. The composites, which contained fibers enriched with oxidized lignin and MWCNTs, presented higher elastic modulus and ultimate tensile strength than the rest of the composites. This is a novel attempt, presenting an innovation concerning durable fibers with low cost materials and procedures.

scholarly journals Excess Zinc Alters Cell Wall Class III Peroxidase Activity and Flavonoid Content in the Maize Scutellum

Plants ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 197
Author(s):  
David Manuel Díaz-Pontones ◽  
José Isaac Corona-Carrillo ◽  
Carlos Herrera-Miranda ◽  
Sandra González
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Activity Index ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Class Iii ◽  
Crop Species ◽  
Industrial Use ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Excess Zinc ◽  
Class Iii Peroxidase

Maize is one of the most important cereal crop species due to its uses for human and cattle nourishment, as well as its industrial use as a raw material. The yield and grain quality of maize depend on plant establishment, which starts with germination. Germination is dependent on embryo vigor and the stored reserves in the scutellum and endosperm. During germination, the scutellum epidermis changes and secretes enzymes and hormones into the endosperm. As a result, the hydrolysis products of the reserves and the different soluble nutrients are translocated to the scutellum through epithelial cells. Then, the reserves are directed to the embryo axis to sustain its growth. Therefore, the microenvironment surrounding the scutellum modulates its function. Zinc (Zn) is a micronutrient stored in the maize scutellum and endosperm; during imbibition, Zn from the endosperm is solubilized and mobilized towards the scutellum. During this process, Zn first becomes concentrated and interacts with cell wall charges, after which excess Zn is internalized in the vacuole. Currently, the effect of high Zn concentrations on the scutellum function and germinative processes are not known. In this paper, we show that, as a function of the concentration and time of exposure, Zn causes decreases in the radicle and plumule lengths and promotes the accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and flavonoids as well as changes in the activity of the cell wall Class III peroxidase (POD), which was quantified with guaiacol or catechin in the presence of H2O2. The relationship between the activity index or proportion of POD activity in the scutellum and the changes in the flavonoid concentration is proposed as a marker of stress and the state of vigor of the embryo.

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