scholarly journals Short Rotation Intensive Culture of Willow, Spent Mushroom Substrate and Ramial Chipped Wood for Bioremediation of a Contaminated Site Used for Land Farming Activities of a Former Petrochemical Plant

Plants ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. 520
Author(s):  
Maxime Fortin Faubert ◽  
Mohamed Hijri ◽  
Michel Labrecque
Keyword(s):  
Ground Cover ◽  
Contaminated Site ◽  
Petrochemical Plant ◽  
Spent Mushroom Substrate ◽  
Intensive Culture ◽  
Growing Period ◽  
Growing Seasons ◽  
Short Rotation ◽  
Land Farming ◽  
Seasonal Oscillations

The aim of this study was to investigate the bioremediation impacts of willows grown in short rotation intensive culture (SRIC) and supplemented or not with spent mushroom substrate (SMS) and ramial chipped wood (RCW). Results did not show that SMS significantly improved either biomass production or phytoremediation efficiency. After the three growing seasons, RCW-amended S. miyabeana accumulated significantly more Zn in the shoots, and greater increases of some PAHs were found in the soil of RCW-amended plots than in the soil of the two other ground cover treatments’ plots. Significantly higher Cd concentrations were found in the shoots of cultivar ‘SX61’. The results suggest that ‘SX61’ have reduced the natural attenuation of C10-C50 that occurred in the unvegetated control plots. The presence of willows also tended to increase the total soil concentrations of PCBs. Furthermore, we found that many contaminant concentrations were subject to seasonal oscillations, showing average increases throughout the whole experimental site after a growing period, while showing significantly different variations, such as lesser increases or even decreases, after a dormant period. These observations suggest that contaminants may have leached or degraded faster in untreated conditions, and conversely to have mobilized towards trees through water flow driven by plant transpiration during growing seasons.

scholarly journals Willows Used for Phytoremediation Increased Organic Contaminant Concentrations in Soil Surface

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (7) ◽  
pp. 2979
Author(s):  
Maxime Fortin Faubert ◽  
Dominic Desjardins ◽  
Mohamed Hijri ◽  
Michel Labrecque
Keyword(s):  
Soil Surface ◽  
Field Work ◽  
Field Studies ◽  
Soil Hydrology ◽  
Intensive Culture ◽  
Shrub Species ◽  
Short Rotation ◽  
Pollutant Concentrations ◽  
Polycyclic Aromatic ◽  
Made In

The Salix genus includes shrub species that are widely used in phytoremediation and various other phytotechnologies due to their advantageous characteristics, such as a high evapotranspiration (ET) rate, in particular when cultivated in short rotation intensive culture (SRIC). Observations made in past field studies suggest that ET and its impact on soil hydrology can also lead to increases in soil pollutant concentrations near shrubs. To investigate this, sections of a mature willow plantation (seven years old) were cut to eliminate transpiration (Cut treatment). Soil concentrations of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), aliphatic compounds C10–C50, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and five trace elements (Cd, Cr, Cu, Ni and Zn) were compared between the Cut and the uncut plots (Salix miyabeana ‘SX61’). Over 24 months, the results clearly show that removal of the willow shrubs limited the contaminants’ increase in the soil surface, as observed for C10–C50 and of 10 PAHs under the Salix treatment. This finding strongly reinforces a hypothesis that SRIC of willows may facilitate the migration of contaminants towards their roots, thus increasing their concentration in the surrounding soil. Such a “pumping effect” in a high-density willow crop is a prominent characteristic specific to field studies that can lead to counterintuitive results. Although apparent increases of contaminant concentrations contradict the purification benefits usually pursued in phytoremediation, the possibility of active phytoextraction and rhizodegradation is not excluded. Moreover, increases of pollutant concentrations under shrubs following migration suggest that decreases would consequently occur at the source points. Some reflections on interpreting field work results are provided.

scholarly journals Effect of Weed Management on the Parasitoid Community in Mediterranean Vineyards

Biology ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 7
Author(s):  
Gabriella Möller ◽  
Tamar Keasar ◽  
Idan Shapira ◽  
Daniella Möller ◽  
Marco Ferrante ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cover Crops ◽  
Weed Management ◽  
Soil Conservation ◽  
Management Practices ◽  
Ground Cover ◽  
Parasitoid Species ◽  
Parasitoid Community ◽  
Growing Seasons ◽  
Conservation Biocontrol ◽  
Suction Sampling

Enriching agroecosystems with non-crop vegetation is a popular strategy for conservation biocontrol. In vineyards, the effects of specific seeded or planted cover crops on natural enemies are well-studied, whereas conserving spontaneously developing weeds received less attention. We compared parasitoid communities between matched pairs of vineyard plots in northern Israel, differing in weed management practices: “herbicide”, repeated herbicide applications vs. “ground cover”, maintaining resident weeds and trimming them when needed. Using suction sampling, we assessed the parasitoids’ abundance, richness, and composition during three grape-growing seasons. Ground cover plots had greater parasitoid abundances and cumulative species richness than herbicide-treated plots, possibly because of their higher vegetation cover and richness. Dominant parasitoid species varied in their magnitude and direction of response to weed management. Their responses seem to combine tracking of host distributions with attraction to additional vegetation-provided resources. Parasitoid community composition was mildly yet significantly influenced by weed management, while season, year, and habitat (weeds vs. vine) had stronger effects. Vineyard weeds thus support local biocontrol agents and provide additional previously demonstrated benefits (e.g., soil conservation, lower agrochemical exposure) but might also attract some crop pests. When the benefits outweigh this risk, weed conservation seems a promising step towards more sustainable agricultural management.

scholarly journals Leaf-Scale Study of Biogenic Volatile Organic Compound Emissions from Willow (Salix spp.) Short Rotation Coppices Covering Two Growing Seasons

Atmosphere ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (11) ◽  
pp. 1427
Author(s):  
Tomas Karlsson ◽  
Leif Klemedtsson ◽  
Riikka Rinnan ◽  
Thomas Holst
Keyword(s):  
Organic Compound ◽  
Volatile Organic Compound ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Response Curves ◽  
Growing Seasons ◽  
Short Rotation ◽  
Canopy Position ◽  
Volatile Organic ◽  
Biogenic Volatile Organic Compound ◽  
Salix Spp

In Europe, willow (Salix spp.) trees have been used commercially since the 1980s at a large scale to produce renewable energy. While reducing fossil fuel needs, growing short rotation coppices (SRCs), such as poplar or willow, may have a high impact on local air quality as these species are known to produce high amounts of isoprene, which can lead to the production of tropospheric ozone (O3). Here, we present a long-term leaf-scale study of biogenic volatile organic compound (BVOC) emissions from a Swedish managed willow site with the aim of providing information on the seasonal variability in BVOC emissions during two growing seasons, 2015–2016. Total BVOC emissions during these two seasons were dominated by isoprene (>96% by mass) and the monoterpene (MT) ocimene. The average standardized (STD, temperature of 30 °C and photosynthetically active radiation of 1000 µmol m−2 s−1) emission rate for isoprene was 45.2 (±42.9, standard deviation (SD)) μg gdw−1 h−1. Isoprene varied through the season, mainly depending on the prevailing temperature and light, where the measured emissions peaked in July 2015 and August 2016. The average STD emission for MTs was 0.301 (±0.201) μg gdw−1 h−1 and the MT emissions decreased from spring to autumn. The average STD emission for sesquiterpenes (SQTs) was 0.103 (±0.249) μg gdw−1 h−1, where caryophyllene was the most abundant SQT. The measured emissions of SQTs peaked in August both in 2015 and 2016. Non-terpenoid compounds were grouped as other VOCs (0.751 ± 0.159 μg gdw−1 h−1), containing alkanes, aldehydes, ketones, and other compounds. Emissions from all the BVOC groups decreased towards the end of the growing season. The more sun-adapted leaves in the upper part of the plantation canopy emitted higher rates of isoprene, MTs, and SQTs compared with more shade-adapted leaves in the lower canopy. On the other hand, emissions of other VOCs were lower from the upper part of the canopy compared with the lower part. Light response curves showed that ocimene and α-farnesene increased with light but only for the sun-adapted leaves, since the shade-adapted leaves did not emit ocimene and α-farnesene. An infestation with Melampsora spp. likely induced high emissions of, e.g., hexanal and nonanal in August 2015. The results from this study imply that upscaling BVOC emissions with model approaches should account for seasonality and also include the canopy position of leaves as a parameter to allow for better estimates for the regional and global budgets of ecosystem emissions.

scholarly journals EXPLORING STRIP INTERCROPPING POTENTIALS OF MAIZE-PULSE CROPS TO FIGHT CLIMATE VARIABILITY IMPACTS IN DRYLAND AREAS

2017 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 1 ◽  
Author(s):  
I Komang Damar Jaya ◽  
Sudirman Sudirman ◽  
Rosmilawati Rosmilawati
Keyword(s):  
Climate Variability ◽  
Relative Yield ◽  
Field Capacity ◽  
Cost Ratio ◽  
Maize Production ◽  
Growing Period ◽  
Pulse Crops ◽  
Growing Seasons ◽  
Recent Climate ◽  
Strip Intercropping

Recent climate variability affects maize production in dryland areas. This study aimed to explore potentials of strip intercropping of maize-pulse crops in improving productivity of dryland areas. The study was conducted in dryland area of Gumantar village, North Lombok (8.253654 S, 116.285695 E). Soil in that area was categorized as poor soil with the following properties: 0.46% organic matter, 0.05% N total (Kejdhal), available P 11.25 ppm (Olsen) and exchangeable K 0.77 me%, pH 7.0 and field capacity 29% (%/V). Rainfall data were collected during the growing seasons of 2016/2016 and 2016/2017. A field experiment of maize-pulse crops strip intercropping was conducted during a dry season of 2016. The component crops in the strip intercropping were maize NK212, maize NK7328, mungbean Vima-1 and groundnut Hypoma-1. All component crops were grown as monocropping and strip intercropping of maize-pulse crops in 8.4 x 5.0m plot size for each treatment. To measure productivity of the strip intercropping, relative yield total (RYT) and benefit to cost ratio (B/C) were calculated. They were great variations in rainfall in the last two years. From the experiment, data showed that all the strip intercropping treatments have RYT and B/C values >1 meaning that strip intercropping of maize-pulse crops is more productive than monocropping and is feasible to be practiced in dryland areas. With the short growing period and their drought tolerant nature of the pulse crops, especially mungbean, the strip intercropping can be used to fight climate variability impacts in dryland areas.

scholarly journals Acetaldehyde exchange above a managed temperate mountain grassland

2014 ◽  
Vol 14 (11) ◽  
pp. 5369-5391 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. Hörtnagl ◽  
I. Bamberger ◽  
M. Graus ◽  
T. M. Ruuskanen ◽  
R. Schnitzhofer ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Parameters ◽  
Ancillary Data ◽  
Diurnal Cycles ◽  
Mixing Ratios ◽  
Growing Period ◽  
Growing Seasons ◽  
Mountain Grassland ◽  
Daily Scale ◽  
Time Periods ◽  
Deposition Processes

Abstract. An overview of acetaldehyde exchange above a managed temperate mountain grassland in Austria over four growing seasons is presented. The meadow acted as a net source of acetaldehyde in all 4 years, emitting between 7 and 28 mg C m−2 over the whole growing period. The cutting of the meadow resulted in huge acetaldehyde emission bursts of up to 16.5 nmol m−2 s−1 on the day of harvesting or 1 day later. During undisturbed conditions both periods with net uptake and net emissions of acetaldehyde were observed. The bidirectional nature of acetaldehyde fluxes was also reflected by clear diurnal cycles during certain time periods, indicating strong deposition processes before the first cut and emission towards the end of the growing season. The analysis of acetaldehyde compensation points revealed a complex relationship between ambient acetaldehyde mixing ratios and respective fluxes, significantly influenced by multiple environmental parameters and variable throughout the year. As a major finding of this study, we identified both a positive and negative correlation between concentration and flux on a daily scale, where soil temperature and soil water content were the most significant factors in determining the direction of the slope. In turn, this bidirectional relationship on a daily scale resulted in compensation points between 0.40 and 0.54 ppbv, which could be well explained by collected ancillary data. We conclude that in order to model acetaldehyde fluxes at the site in Neustift on a daily scale over longer time periods, it is crucial to know the type of relationship, i.e., the direction of the slope, between mixing ratios and fluxes on a given day.

Growth patterns and biomass productivity of two Salix species grown under short-rotation intensive culture in southern Quebec

1993 ◽  
Vol 4 (6) ◽  
pp. 419-425 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michel Labrecque ◽  
Traian Ion Teodorescu ◽  
Alain Cogliastro ◽  
Stéphane Daigle
Keyword(s):  
Biomass Productivity ◽  
Growth Patterns ◽  
Intensive Culture ◽  
Short Rotation

Crown architecture of short-rotation, intensively cultured Populus.: I. Effects of clone and spacing on first-order branch characteristics

1981 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 73-81 ◽  
Author(s):  
Neil D. Nelson ◽  
Thomas Burk ◽  
J. G. Isebrands
Keyword(s):  
Branch Length ◽  
Major Influence ◽  
Crown Architecture ◽  
Intensive Culture ◽  
First Order ◽  
Order Branch ◽  
Short Rotation ◽  
Growth Increments ◽  
Branch Angle ◽  
Highly Correlated

First-order branch characteristics that have a major influence on crown architecture were quantified for nine 4-year-old Populus clones grown at three spacings (0.3 m × 0.3 m,0.6 m × 0.6 m, 1.2 m × 1.2 m) under short-rotation, intensive culture (SRIC) in northern Wisconsin, U.S.A. The branch characteristics included the number, length, and diameter of branches and the angles of origin and termination. Clone and spacing had statistically significant effects on all branch characteristics, but the clone–spacing interaction was not significant for any branch characteristic. As spacing increased, the number, sum of lengths, and angle of origin of branches increased, but the angle of termination decreased. Branch length and branch diameter were highly correlated within all clones. The correlation between the angles of origin and termination within a clone was low when pooled over all spacings and height growth increments. The two clones with the lowest angle of origin also had the lowest angle of termination, and the clone with the highest angle of origin had the highest angle of termination. The clonal rankings for angles of origin and termination were not otherwise similar. The results indicate that development of a biologically meaningful variable for effective branch angle may be a complex task for SRIC Populus. However, individual clones are recommended for SRIC growth-spacing trials based upon branch angle and other crown architecture data presented.

scholarly journals Microclimatic changes caused by different plastic coverings in greenhouses cultivated with cherry tomato in southern Brazil

2015 ◽  
Vol 30 (2) ◽  
pp. 125-133
Author(s):  
Ester Holcman ◽  
Paulo C. Sentelhas ◽  
Simone da C. Mello
Keyword(s):  
Relative Humidity ◽  
Solar Radiation ◽  
Air Temperature ◽  
Energy Availability ◽  
Plastic Film ◽  
Cherry Tomato ◽  
Growing Period ◽  
Growing Seasons ◽  
External Conditions ◽  
Intense Solar Radiation

In regions with intense solar radiation it is common the use of aluminated covers in greenhouses, with the aim of reducing the inside temperature. However, the use of these covers reduces photosynthetic active radiation (PAR) transmitted into the greenhouse. The objective of the present study was to evaluate the influence of different covers on microclimate in greenhouses cultivated with cherry tomato during three growing seasons. The environment I was covered with plastic film anti-UV and with thermo-reflective screen (40%) disposed internally. The environment II was covered with diffusive plastic film (55%). The transmitted solar radiation to the interior of covered environments was, on average, 5.5 MJ m-2 day-1 in the environment I and 8.2 MJ m-2 day-1 in environment II. The air temperature in environment II was, on average, 1°C higher than external conditions. The highest difference for the relative humidity (RH) was also observed between environment II and the outside conditions, with 10.7% for the minimum RH during the first growing period. Considering all growing periods, the diffusive plastic film provided higher solar energy availability inside the greenhouse than the plastic film with thermo-reflective screen, without causing major changes in air temperature and relative humidity, and promoting greater productivity of tomato grown under this environment for the three periods evaluated.

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