scholarly journals Cultivar Susceptibility to Natural Infections Caused by Fungal Grapevine Trunk Pathogens in La Mancha Designation of Origin (Spain)

Plants ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (6) ◽  
pp. 1171
Author(s):  
Juan L. Chacón-Vozmediano ◽  
David Gramaje ◽  
Maela León ◽  
Josep Armengol ◽  
Juan Moral ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Germplasm Collection ◽  
Fungal Species ◽  
Pinot Noir ◽  
Stress Factors ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Phaeomoniella Chlamydospora ◽  
Growing Seasons ◽  
Grapevine Trunk Diseases ◽  
La Mancha ◽  
Cultivar Susceptibility

Grapevine trunk diseases (GTDs) are one of the main biotic stress factors affecting this crop. The use of tolerant grapevine cultivars would be an interesting and sustainable alternative strategy to control GTDs. To date, most studies about cultivar susceptibility have been conducted under controlled conditions, and little information is available about tolerance to natural infections caused by GTD fungi. The objectives of this study were: (i) to identify tolerant cultivars to GTD fungi within a Spanish germplasm collection, based on external symptoms observed in the vineyard; and (ii) to characterize the pathogenic mycoflora associated with symptomatic vines. For this purpose, a grapevine germplasm collection including 22 white and 25 red cultivars was monitored along three growing seasons, and their susceptibility for esca foliar symptoms was assessed. Fungi were identified by using morphological and molecular methods. Cultivars such as, ‘Monastrell’, ‘Graciano’, ‘Cabernet Franc’, ‘Cabernet Sauvignon’, ‘Syrah’, ‘Moscatel de Alejandría’, ‘Sauvignon Blanc’, and ‘Airén’ displayed high susceptibility to GTDs, whereas others such as ‘Petit Verdot’, ‘Pinot Noir’, ‘Chardonnay’, and ‘Riesling’ were considered as tolerant. The prevalent fungal species isolated from symptomatic vines were Phaeomoniella chlamydospora (27.9% of the fungal isolates), Cryptovalsa ampelina (24.6%), and Dothiorella sarmentorum (21.3%).

scholarly journals Grapevine pruning time affects natural wound colonization by wood-invading fungi

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
María del Pilar Martínez-Diz ◽  
Ales Eichmeier ◽  
Milan Spetik ◽  
Rebeca Bujanda ◽  
Ángela Díaz-Fernández ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fungal Infection ◽  
Geographical Location ◽  
Amplicon Sequencing ◽  
Fungal Species ◽  
Seasonal Effect ◽  
Infection Period ◽  
Microbiome Composition ◽  
Growing Seasons ◽  
Grapevine Trunk Diseases ◽  
Fungal Microbiome

ABSTRACTGrapevine pruning wounds made during the dormant season are a port of entry of wood-invading fungi. Timing of pruning may affect the wound susceptibility to these fungi, such as those associated with grapevine trunk diseases (GTDs). This study aimed to determine the effect of pruning time on natural fungal infection in six vineyards in Galicia, Spain, belonging to three Denominations of Origin (D.O) over two growing seasons. Pruning wounds were left unprotected physically and chemically during two periods of three months each, from November to February and from February to May. The diversity and composition of the fungal microbiome that colonized the pruning wounds was identified by ITS2 high-throughput amplicon sequencing (HTAS). A broad range of fungi was able to colonize grapevine pruning wounds at both infection periods. Fungal microbiome composition did not shift as year of sampling. Fungal communities were affected in their diversity and composition by the D.O., whereas the spatial variation (i.e. vineyard within each region) was low. Pruned canes harboured a core community of fungal species, which appeared to be independent of the infection period. Accumulated rainfall over 8 and 11 weeks after pruning positively correlated with the total fungal microbiome and in particular with the GTD fungal genus Diaporthe abundances. A strong seasonal effect on GTD fungal infection was detected for most genera, with higher percentages of abundance detected after pruning in February (winter) as compared with that of pruning in November (mid-autumn). In light of the GTD colonization results and given the environmental conditions and the geographical location of this study, early pruning is recommended to reduce the infections caused by GTD fungi during the pruning season in Galicia.

scholarly journals Protection of grapevine pruning wounds against Phaeomoniella chlamydospora and Diplodia seriata by biological and chemical methods

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
María del Pilar Martínez-Diz ◽  
Emilia Díaz-Losada ◽  
Ángela Díaz-Fernández ◽  
Yolanda Bouzas-Cid ◽  
David Gramaje
Keyword(s):  
Field Trials ◽  
Trichoderma Atroviride ◽  
Yield Losses ◽  
Chemical Methods ◽  
Diplodia Seriata ◽  
Phaeomoniella Chlamydospora ◽  
Growing Seasons ◽  
Grapevine Trunk Diseases ◽  
Botryosphaeria Dieback ◽  
Trunk Diseases

ABSTRACTThe grapevine trunk diseases (GTDs) Botryosphaeria dieback and esca threaten the sustainability of the grapevine industry worldwide. This study aimed to evaluate and compare the efficacy of various liquid (pyraclostrobin + boscalid and thiophanate methyl) and paste (paste + tebuconazole) formulation fungicide treatments, and biological control agents (Trichoderma atroviride SC1 and T. atroviride I-1237), for their potential to prevent infection of grapevine pruning wounds by Diplodia seriata and Phaeomoniella chlamydospora in two field trials over two growing seasons. Treatments were applied to freshly pruned wounds following their label dosages recommendations. After 24 hours, wounds were artificially inoculated with 400 spores of D. seriata or 800 spores of P. chlamydospora. Isolations were made from the treated pruning wounds after 12 months to evaluate the efficacy of the treatments. Fungicide formulations were superior to Trichoderma-based treatments for the control of both pathogens during both growing seasons, with mean percent disease control of 44 to 95% for D. seriata and 46 to 67% for P. chlamydospora. Pyraclostrobin + boscalid was the most effective treatment. Trichoderma atroviride-based treatments did not reduce infection by D. seriata or P. chlamydospora compared to the untreated inoculated control in both vineyards and seasons. This study represents the first vineyard assessment of several chemical and biological treatments to protect pruning wounds against GTDs fungi in Europe and provides growers with tangible preventative control practices to minimize yield losses due to GTDs.

scholarly journals Double Gamers—Can Modified Natural Regulators of Higher Plants Act as Antagonists against Phytopathogens? The Case of Jasmonic Acid Derivatives

2020 ◽  
Vol 21 (22) ◽  
pp. 8681
Author(s):  
Nicolò Orsoni ◽  
Francesca Degola ◽  
Luca Nerva ◽  
Franco Bisceglie ◽  
Giorgio Spadola ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Jasmonic Acid ◽  
Plant Pathogens ◽  
Higher Plants ◽  
Fungal Growth ◽  
Pathogenic Fungi ◽  
Inhibitory Effect ◽  
Fungal Species ◽  
Phytopathogenic Fungi ◽  
Phaeomoniella Chlamydospora ◽  
Horticultural Crops

As key players in biotic stress response of plants, jasmonic acid (JA) and its derivatives cover a specific and prominent role in pathogens-mediated signaling and hence are promising candidates for a sustainable management of phytopathogenic fungi. Recently, JA directed antimicrobial effects on plant pathogens has been suggested, supporting the theory of oxylipins as double gamers in plant-pathogen interaction. Based on these premises, six derivatives (dihydrojasmone and cis-jasmone, two thiosemicarbazonic derivatives and their corresponding complexes with copper) have been evaluated against 13 fungal species affecting various economically important herbaceous and woody crops, such as cereals, grapes and horticultural crops: Phaeoacremonium minimum, Neofusicoccum parvum, Phaeomoniella chlamydospora, Fomitiporia mediterranea, Fusarium poae, F. culmorum, F. graminearum, F. oxysporum f. sp. lactucae,F. sporotrichioides, Aspergillus flavus, Rhizoctonia solani,Sclerotinia spp. and Verticillium dahliae. The biological activity of these compounds was assessed in terms of growth inhibition and, for the two mycotoxigenic species A. flavus and F. sporotrichioides, also in terms of toxin containment. As expected, the inhibitory effect of molecules greatly varied amongst both genera and species; cis-jasmone thiosemicarbazone in particular has shown the wider range of effectiveness. However, our results show that thiosemicarbazones derivatives are more effective than the parent ketones in limiting fungal growth and mycotoxins production, supporting possible applications for the control of pathogenic fungi.

Assessing the impact of seasonal precipitation and temperature on vegetation in a grass-dominated rangeland

2014 ◽  
Vol 36 (2) ◽  
pp. 185 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fang Chen ◽  
Keith T. Weber
Keyword(s):  
Vegetation Index ◽  
Climatic Factors ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Vegetation Growth ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Growing Seasons ◽  
Normalised Difference Vegetation Index ◽  
Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Precipitation And Temperature

Changes in vegetation are affected by many climatic factors and have been successfully monitored through satellite remote sensing over the past 20 years. In this study, the Normalised Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI), derived from the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) onboard the Terra satellite, was selected as an indicator of change in vegetation. Monthly MODIS composite NDVI at a 1-km resolution was acquired throughout the 2004–09 growing seasons (i.e. April–September). Data describing daily precipitation and temperature, primary factors affecting vegetation growth in the semiarid rangelands of Idaho, were derived from the Surface Observation Gridding System and local weather station datasets. Inter-annual and seasonal fluctuations of precipitation and temperature were analysed and temporal relationships between monthly NDVI, precipitation and temperature were examined. Results indicated NDVI values observed in June and July were strongly correlated with accumulated precipitation (R2 >0.75), while NDVI values observed early in the growing season (May) as well as late in the growing season (August and September) were only moderately related with accumulated precipitation (R2 ≥0.45). The role of ambient temperature was also apparent, especially early in the growing season. Specifically, early growing-season temperatures appeared to significantly affect plant phenology and, consequently, correlations between NDVI and accumulated precipitation. It is concluded that precipitation during the growing season is a better predictor of NDVI than temperature but is interrelated with influences of temperature in parts of the growing season.

scholarly journals First Report of Phaeomoniella chlamydospora on Vitis vinifera and French American Hybrids in Chile

Plant Disease ◽  
2004 ◽  
Vol 88 (11) ◽  
pp. 1285-1285 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Auger ◽  
M. Esterio ◽  
I. Pérez ◽  
W. D. Gubler ◽  
A. Eskalen
Keyword(s):  
Vitis Vinifera ◽  
Vascular Tissue ◽  
Polymerase Chain Reaction Amplification ◽  
Morphological Characters ◽  
Pinot Noir ◽  
Single Node ◽  
Metropolitan Regions ◽  
First Report ◽  
Phaeomoniella Chlamydospora ◽  
Rdna Sequences

Phaeomoniella chlamydospora (W. Gams, Crous. M.J. Wingfield & L. Mugnai) Crous & Gams (= Phaeoacremonium chlamydosporum) was isolated during the growing seasons of 2003-2004 from roots, trunks, and cordons of grapevines, including cvs. Cabernet Sauvignon, Merlot, Pinot noir, Thompson seedless, Ruby seedless and root stock 3309C, and Kober 5BB, from 10 locations in V, VI, VII, and metropolitan regions of Chile. P. chlamydospora was isolated from 82% of samples from vines 2 to 18 years old that showed decline symptoms in the field. Isolates were identified on the basis of a previous description (1) and internal transcribed spacer (ITS1-5.8S-ITS2) rDNA sequences identical to those of P. chlamydospora isolated from Vitis vinifera (culture CBS 22995, GenBank Accession No. AF 197973). P. chlamydospora is established as a member of the petri and esca disease complex and as a pathogen of grapevines (2,3). Pathogenicity tests were completed by injecting into the pith of 50 single-node, rooted cuttings of Pinot noir and 3309C, approximately 20 μl of a 106 conidia per ml suspension, obtained from four isolates from Chile and one from California. Ten control cuttings of Pinot noir and 3309C were injected with an equal volume of sterile distilled water. Twenty-four weeks after inoculations, all P. chlamydospora-inoculated cuttings exhibited dark streaking of the vascular tissue extending 40 to 45 mm from the point of inoculation. The vascular streaking observed in inoculated plants was identical to symptoms observed in declining vines in the vineyard. No symptoms were observed in the controls. P. chlamydospora was isolated from the region of vascular streaking in 85% of inoculated cuttings. P. chlamydospora was not isolated from the water-treated controls. The reisolated P. chlamydospora was verified with means of morphological characters and polymerase chain reaction amplification with the species-specific primers (3). P. chlamydospora is widespread and readily isolated from declining grapevines in Chile and other grape growing regions of the world. To our knowledge, this is the first report of P. chlamydospora from the cultivars cited above in Chile. References: (1) M. Groenewald et al. Mycol. Res. 105:651, 2001. (2) L. sparapano et al. Phytopathol. Mediterr. (Suppl.)40:376, 2001. (3) S. Tegli et al. Phytopathol. Mediterr. 39:134, 2000.

scholarly journals Gen dan QTL Pengendali Umur pada Kedelai

2016 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 85
Author(s):  
I Made Tasma
Keyword(s):  
Flowering Time ◽  
Germplasm Collection ◽  
Reproductive Traits ◽  
Floral Organ ◽  
Growth Conditions ◽  
Gene Markers ◽  
Soybean Germplasm ◽  
Growing Seasons ◽  
Short Period ◽  
Model Plant Arabidopsis Thaliana

<p>Traits that control time of flowering and<br />maturity in soybean determine harvesting time of a soybean<br />cultivar. In Indonesia, early maturing soybean cultivars are<br />important at short period growing seasons due to the water<br />shortage in dry planting season. Shorter period of growing<br />season would increase the crop harvest index. Genetic<br />diversity of the present soybean germplasm collection is<br />low. Diversity improvement through introduction from<br />countries with four seasons faced difficulty due to<br />differences in growth adaptability. Technology for developing<br />germplasm with a broader adaptation will facilitate<br />germplasm movement from a more diverse environmental<br />growth. The objective of this review was to describe how<br />the time of flowering and maturity are controlled in soybean.<br />The review is supported by flowering time mechanism of<br />the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana as the genetics of<br />flowering time has been intensively studied in this model<br />plant. Transition from vegetative to reproductive development<br />is the outcome of the activation of genes responsible<br />for floral organ formation. Initial activation is generally the<br />result of environmental cues indicating the appropriate time<br />to flower. Studies from Arabidopsis showed that transition<br />from vegetative to reproductive stage is complex involving<br />many genes and several genetic pathways. In soybean, time<br />of flowering and maturity are controlled by at least nine<br />genes, E1 to E8 and Dt1. The genes interact with daylength<br />and temperature. Major and minor QTLs controlling the<br />traits were identified using various mapping populations.<br />The major QTLs were detected at various populations with<br />diverse genetic backgrounds tested at diverse environmenttal<br />conditions. Some of the QTLs were associated with the E<br />genes and some others were not. Several Arabidopsis<br />flowering gene homologous sequences were also mapped<br />on the soybean genome. The E gene markers and the QTLs<br />with large effect for reproductive traits are breeder targets<br />for breeding and development of soybean photoperiod<br />insensitive germplasm. Genes for flowering time isolated<br />from Arabidopsis can be used to develop transgenic<br />soybean with broader adaptation. Technology for development<br />of soybean germplasm with broader adaptation will<br />facilitate the soybean germplasm movement from diverse<br />environmental growth conditions to support systematic and<br />sustainable national soybean breeding programs.</p>

Work-stress factors associated with truck crashes: An exploratory analysis

2018 ◽  
Vol 29 (3) ◽  
pp. 289-307 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael H Belzer
Keyword(s):  
Truck Drivers ◽  
Stress Factors ◽  
Regulatory Enforcement ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Factors Associated ◽  
Motor Carriers ◽  
Work Pressure ◽  
The Us ◽  
Safety Studies ◽  
Market Pressures

Researchers have studied truck crashes extensively using methods appropriate for behavior, technology, and regulatory enforcement. Few safety studies associate crashes with economic pressure, a pervasive latent influence. This study uses data from the US Large Truck Crash Causation Study to predict truck crashes based on work pressure factors that have their origins in market pressures on motor carriers and truck drivers. Logistic regression shows that factors associated with the work process, including an index of work-pressure attributes, predict the likelihood that crash analysts consider the truck driver to be the person whose last action could have prevented the crash. While not proving causation, the data suggest that economic factors affecting drivers contribute significantly to truck crashes.

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