Quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Wild.) Seed Yield and Efficiency in Soils Deficient of Nitrogen in the Bolivian Altiplano: An Analytical Review

Quinoa is a strategic crop due to its high N content and its adaptability to adverse conditions, where most of the soils are deficient of nitrogen (N). The central question in this review was the following: How can quinoa yield low levels of nitrogen in the soils of Altiplano? This question was unraveled based on different factors: (1) fertilization effect on productivity, (2) fertilization limits, (3) uptake and assimilation of nitrogen parameters, (4) monoculture practice effect, and (5) possible sources and strategies. One hundred eleven articles of different scientific platforms were revised and data were collected. Information from articles was used to calculate the partial factor productivity for nitrogen (PFPN), the apparent use efficiency of N (APUEN), available nitrogen (AN), and nitrogen content harvested in grains (HarvN). Quinoa responds positively to fertilization, but differences in yield were found among irrigated and rainfed conditions. Quinoa can produce 1850 kg grains ha−1 with 50 kg N ha−1 under irrigated conditions, and 670 kg grains ha−1 with 15 kg N ha−1 in rainfed conditions. Quinoa increases seed yield and HarvN increases N fertilization, but decreases nitrogen efficiency. In Altiplano, without nitrogen fertilizer, the quinoa yield relies on between 500 and 1000 kg ha−1, which shows that in the soil, there are other nitrogen sources.

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Effects of Management Practices on Quinoa Growth, Seed Yield, and Quality

Agronomy ◽

10.3390/agronomy10030445 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 10 (3) ◽

pp. 445

Author(s):

Ning Wang ◽

Fengxin Wang ◽

Clinton C. Shock ◽

Chaobiao Meng ◽

Lifang Qiao

Keyword(s):

Protein Content ◽

Seed Yield ◽

Management Practices ◽

Field Experiments ◽

Plant Density ◽

Chenopodium Quinoa ◽

Kernel Weight ◽

Yield Potential ◽

Available Nitrogen ◽

Thousand Kernel Weight

Quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.) yield potential needs to be further achieved by good management practices to meet the increasing global demand. Two years of orthogonal field experiments were undertaken to investigate the effects of irrigation onset criteria using soil matric potential (SMP) (−15, −25, and −55 kPa), nitrogen fertilizer rate (80, 160, and 240 kg ha−1), and plant density (20, 30, and 40 plants m−2) on quinoa growth, seed yield, weight, and protein content. Initiating irrigations at an SMP of −15 to −25 kPa achieved significantly (p < 0.05) greater seed yield (37.2 g plant−1), thousand kernel weight (2.25 g), and protein content (21.2%) than −55 kPa (25.2 g plant−1, 2.08 g, and 19.8%, respectively). The 240 kg ha−1 nitrogen rate had significantly (p < 0.05) greater thousand kernel weight (2.26 g) and protein content (21.3%) than 80 (2.07 g and 19.5%, respectively) and 160 kg ha−1 (2.14 g and 20.7%, respectively). The yield under 20 plants m−2 reached 39.5 g plant−1, which was 13.5 g plant−1 higher than 40 plants m−2 (p < 0.05). The quinoa consumed most of the available nitrogen in the soil (410–860 kg ha−1), indicating that quinoa should be part of a sound crop rotation program.

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Paclobutrazol Improves Sesame Yield by Increasing Dry Matter Accumulation and Reducing Seed Shattering Under Rainfed Conditions

International Journal of Plant Production ◽

10.1007/s42106-021-00132-w ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Muhammad Zeeshan Mehmood ◽

Ghulam Qadir ◽

Obaid Afzal ◽

Atta Mohi Ud Din ◽

Muhammad Ali Raza ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Leaf Area ◽

Seed Production ◽

Seed Yield ◽

Dry Matter ◽

Biomass Accumulation ◽

Total Biomass ◽

Dry Matter Accumulation ◽

Seed Shattering ◽

Rainfed Conditions ◽

Leaf Greenness

AbstractSeveral biotic and abiotic stresses significantly decrease the biomass accumulation and seed yield of sesame crops under rainfed areas. However, plant growth regulators (such as Paclobutrazol) can improve the total dry matter and seed production of the sesame crop. The effects of the paclobutrazol application on dry matter accumulation and seed yield had not been studied before in sesame under rainfed conditions. Therefore, a two-year field study during 2018 and 2019 was conducted with key objectives to assess the impacts of paclobutrazol on leaf greenness, leaf area, total dry matter production and partitioning, seed shattering, and seed yield of sesame. Two sesame cultivars (TS-5 and TS-3) were treated with four paclobutrazol concentrations (P0 = Control, P1 = 100 mg L−1, P2 = 200 mg L−1, P3 = 300 mg L−1). The experiment was executed in RCBD-factorial design with three replications. Compared with P0, treatment P3 improved the leaf greenness of sesame by 17%, 38%, and 60% at 45, 85, and 125 days after sowing, respectively. However, P3 treatment decreased the leaf area of sesame by 14% and 20% at 45 and 85 days after sowing than P0, respectively. Compared with P0, treatment P3 increased the leaf area by 46% at 125 days after sowing. On average, treatment P3 also improved the total biomass production by 21% and partitioning in roots, stems, leaves, capsules, and seeds by 23%, 19%, 23%, 22%, and 40%, respectively, in the whole growing seasons as compared to P0. Moreover, under P3 treatment, sesame attained the highest seed yield and lowest seed shattering by 27% and 30%, respectively, compared to P0. This study indicated that by applying the paclobutrazol concentration at the rate of 300 mg L−1 in sesame, the leaf greenness, leaf areas, biomass accumulation, partitioning, seed yield, and shatter resistance could be improved. Thus, the optimum paclobutrazol level could enhance the dry matter accumulation and seed production capacity of sesame by decreasing shattering losses under rainfed conditions.

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Relations of carbon isotope discrimination and other physiological traits to yield in common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) under rainfed conditions

The Journal of Agricultural Science ◽

10.1017/s0021859600087463 ◽

1994 ◽

Vol 122 (2) ◽

pp. 275-284 ◽

Cited By ~ 31

Author(s):

J. W. White ◽

J. A. Castillo ◽

J. R. Ehleringer ◽

J. A. C. Garcia ◽

S. P. Singh

Keyword(s):

Phaseolus Vulgaris ◽

Carbon Isotope ◽

Water Deficit ◽

Seed Yield ◽

Combining Ability ◽

Carbon Isotope Discrimination ◽

Isotope Discrimination ◽

Rainfed Conditions ◽

Mechanisms Of Adaptation ◽

Selection For

SUMMARYAlthough direct selection for seed yield under water deficit can result in genetic gains in the common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.), progress could be enhanced through selection for additional traits that are related to underlying mechanisms of adaptation to water deficit. Carbon isotope discrimination (Δ) has received considerable attention as an indicator of water use efficiency and adaptation to water deficit. To test the utility of Δ as a selection criterion, Δ and other traits were measured in F2 and F3 generations of a nine-parent diallel grown under rainfed conditions at two locations in Colombia with contrasting soil types. An irrigated trial was also conducted at one location. Significant (P 0·05) differences among parents, F2 and F3 were found for carbon isotope discrimination (Δ), leaf optical density (OD), leaf nitrogen (N) and potassium (K) concentrations, relative duration of pod-filling period (RDPF), shoot dry weight (SDW) and harvest index (HI). Effect of location and water regime and their interactions with genotype were also frequently significant. Heritability estimates, determined by regressing the F3 on the F2, ranged from 0·11±011 (S.E.) to 0·33 ±0·10 for OD, 0·22 ± 0·07 to 0·44±0·09 for N, 0·04±0·05 to 0·29±0·08 for K, 0·40 ± 0·08 to 0·43 ± 0·15 for RDPF and 0·30±0·22 to 1·00±0·24 for SDW. All values for Δ and HI did not differ significantly from zero. Correlations between seed yield and OD and RDPF were negative, whereas those with N, K, SDW, and HI were positive. For all traits, mean square values for general combining ability (GCA) were usuall significant and larger than those for specific combining ability (SCA). All significant GCA effects for Δ for ‘Rio Tibagi’, ‘San Cristobal 83’ and ‘Apetito’ were negative, while those for ‘Bayo Rio Grande’, ‘Bayo Criollo del Llano’, ‘Durango 222’ and BAT1224 were positive. Although Δappears unsuitable as an indirect criterion for selection for yield under water deficit, further study of genotypes exhibiting contrasting values of A might reveal differences in mechanisms of adaptation to water deficits, thus leading to other selection criteria or identification of valuable parental lines.

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Seed yield of two new quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.) breeding lines as affected by sowing date in Central Italy

Acta agriculturae Slovenica ◽

10.14720/aas.2019.113.1.05 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 113 (1) ◽

pp. 51 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Paolo CASINI

Keyword(s):

Seed Yield ◽

Central Italy ◽

Chenopodium Quinoa ◽

Sowing Date ◽

Breeding Lines ◽

Saponin Content ◽

Sowing Dates ◽

Stage Development ◽

Sowing Period ◽

Phenological Phases

<p>Research on the introduction of quinoa in Italy is currently lacking. The present research was aimed at identifying the correct sowing period. Field experiment was consucted in Cesa, Tuscany, in 2017. Two new breeding lines coded as DISPAA-Q42 and DISPAA-Q47-CB were utilized. Three sowing dates (SD) were implemented: February 23; March 17 and April 27. Results showed that the most successful SD was February 23. A significant decrease in both seed yield and a delay in phenological phases, relating to plant maturation and flowering was associated with the sequential delay in SD in both lines. Results also showed a significant effect of lines on yield, true-leaf stage development, flower development and maturity. Only DISPAA-Q42 was considered suitable for cultivation in the Tuscan environment. DISPAA-Q47-CB was the more susceptible line, due to the sequential delay in SD and delayed plant maturation. No effect between lines was evident for protein and saponin content. The present study clearly shows the potential for the successful cultivation of quinoa in Central Italy, and highlights the necessity of taking into consideration both breeding lines and SD in order to accomplish this goal.</p>

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EFFECTS OF NITROGEN SOURCES AND ORGANIC MATTER ON NITROGEN FIXATION AND YIELD OF SOYBEANS

Canadian Journal of Plant Science ◽

10.4141/cjps72-170 ◽

1972 ◽

Vol 52 (6) ◽

pp. 991-996 ◽

Cited By ~ 11

Author(s):

H. S. JOHNSON ◽

D. J. HUME

Keyword(s):

Organic Matter ◽

Nitrogen Fixation ◽

Seed Yield ◽

Inorganic Nitrogen ◽

Nitrogen Sources ◽

Cattle Manure ◽

Control Treatment ◽

Available N ◽

Corn Cobs ◽

Ground Corn

The effects of two sources of nitrogen and ground corn cobs, applied either alone or in combination, on nitrogen fixation and seed yield of Glycine max (L.) Merr. cult Altona were investigated in an area where control plants fixed only 7.5 kg N2/ha. Treatments were: N, 280 kg N/ha as NH4NO3; organic matter (O.M.), 14 T (dry wt)/ha of ground corn cobs as an organic matter source; N + O.M.; M1; 88 T/ha of liquid cattle manure; M1 + O.M.; M2, 176 T/ha of liquid cattle manure; M2 + O.M.; and C, control. Treatment effects on nitrogen fixation, measured as acetylene reduction rates, and seed yield were related to the levels of available N supplied to the plants. Nitrogen fixation was progressively increased by treatments M1, M2 + O.M., M1 + O.M., and O.M., with the latter two fixing seven times as much nitrogen as the control. Final seed yield, however, was increased by treatments supplying the highest levels of inorganic nitrogen to plants, with N and N + O.M. producing higher yields than the control plots.

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Dur3 and nrt2 genes in the bloom-forming dinoflagellate Prorocentrum minimum: Transcriptional responses to available nitrogen sources

Chemosphere ◽

10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.125083 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 241 ◽

pp. 125083

Author(s):

S.A. Pechkovskaya ◽

N.A. Knyazev ◽

O.V. Matantseva ◽

A.K. Emelyanov ◽

I.V. Telesh ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Nitrogen Sources ◽

Prorocentrum Minimum ◽

Transcriptional Responses ◽

Available Nitrogen

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How Do Intensification Practices Affect Weed Management and Yield in Quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd) Crop?

Sustainability ◽

10.3390/su12156103 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 12 (15) ◽

pp. 6103

Author(s):

Ali reza Safahani Langeroodi ◽

Roberto Mancinelli ◽

Emanuele Radicetti

Keyword(s):

Seed Yield ◽

Cover Crops ◽

Weed Management ◽

Cropping Systems ◽

Soil Layer ◽

Chenopodium Quinoa ◽

Conventional Tillage ◽

Amaranthus Retroflexus ◽

No Tillage ◽

Weed Seeds

Quinoa cultivation is well-adapted to sustainable cropping systems, even if seed yield could be severely limited due to several constraints, such as weeds. Field trials were performed in Gorgan (Iran) to quantify the effects of agro-ecological service crops (rye, CCr; winter vetch, CCw; and no cover, CC0), tillage regimes (conventional tillage, CT; and no-tillage, ZT), and herbicide rates (100% rate, H100; 75% rate, H75; and without herbicide, H0). Weed characteristics and quinoa yield were measured. Quinoa seed yield was the highest in CCw-ZT-H100. Seed yield in H100 and H75 were higher compared with H0 (2.30 vs. 1.58 t ha−1, respectively). Under conventional tillage, 46% of weed seeds were observed in the 0–10 cm soil layer and 54% in 10–20 cm soil layers, respectively, while, under no-tillage, about 63% of weed seeds were located up to 10 cm of soil. Amaranthus retroflexus L. was the most abundant species. The total weed density was the lowest in CCr-ZT-H100 and tended to be higher in CC0 (30.9 plant m−2) and under CT (29.0 plant m−2). These findings indicate that cover crops have potential for managing weeds in quinoa; however, their inclusion should be supported by chemical means to maintain high seed.

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The sRNA NsiR4 is involved in nitrogen assimilation control in cyanobacteria by targeting glutamine synthetase inactivating factor IF7

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences ◽

10.1073/pnas.1508412112 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 112 (45) ◽

pp. E6243-E6252 ◽

Cited By ~ 73

Author(s):

Stephan Klähn ◽

Christoph Schaal ◽

Jens Georg ◽

Desirée Baumgartner ◽

Gernot Knippen ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Glutamine Synthetase ◽

Nitrogen Metabolism ◽

Nitrogen Assimilation ◽

Nitrogen Sources ◽

Transcriptome Profiling ◽

Site Directed Mutagenesis ◽

Reporter System ◽

Available Nitrogen ◽

Mrna Accumulation

Glutamine synthetase (GS), a key enzyme in biological nitrogen assimilation, is regulated in multiple ways in response to varying nitrogen sources and levels. Here we show a small regulatory RNA, NsiR4 (nitrogen stress-induced RNA 4), which plays an important role in the regulation of GS in cyanobacteria. NsiR4 expression in the unicellularSynechocystissp. PCC 6803 and in the filamentous, nitrogen-fixingAnabaenasp. PCC 7120 is stimulated through nitrogen limitation via NtcA, the global transcriptional regulator of genes involved in nitrogen metabolism. NsiR4 is widely conserved throughout the cyanobacterial phylum, suggesting a conserved function. In silico target prediction, transcriptome profiling on pulse overexpression, and site-directed mutagenesis experiments using a heterologous reporter system showed that NsiR4 interacts with the 5′UTR ofgifAmRNA, which encodes glutamine synthetase inactivating factor (IF)7. InSynechocystis, we observed an inverse relationship between the levels of NsiR4 and the accumulation of IF7 in vivo. This NsiR4-dependent modulation ofgifA(IF7) mRNA accumulation influenced the glutamine pool and thusNH4+assimilation via GS. As a second target, we identifiedssr1528, a hitherto uncharacterized nitrogen-regulated gene. Competition experiments between WT and an ΔnsiR4KO mutant showed that the lack of NsiR4 led to decreased acclimation capabilities ofSynechocystistoward oscillating nitrogen levels. These results suggest a role for NsiR4 in the regulation of nitrogen metabolism in cyanobacteria, especially for the adaptation to rapid changes in available nitrogen sources and concentrations. NsiR4 is, to our knowledge, the first identified bacterial sRNA regulating the primary assimilation of a macronutrient.

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Influence of pigeonpea varieties, N levels and planting methodson yield and economics under rainfed conditions

Legume Research - An International Journal ◽

10.18805/lr.v0i0.7291 ◽

2017 ◽

Author(s):

A.V. Ramanjaneyulu ◽

K. Indudhar Reddy ◽

P. Spandana Bhatt ◽

T. L. Neelima ◽

A. Srinivas

Keyword(s):

Seed Yield ◽

Growth Parameters ◽

Higher Plant ◽

Yield Attributes ◽

Net Returns ◽

Planting Methods ◽

Rainfed Conditions ◽

Additional Costs ◽

Method Of Planting ◽

Planting Method

An experiment was conducted with the objective of understanding the response of pigeonpea varieties to N levels under different method of planting. It consisted of 16 treatments with four methods of planting in main plots, two varieties and two N levels in double split plot (DSP) design. The results of pooled data indicated that significantly higher plant population (50,683 ha-1) and seed yield (1255 kg ha-1) besides lower cost of cultivation (Rs. 27,875 ha-1), higher net returns (Rs. 33,698 ha-1) and B:C ratio (2.19) were recorded with normal planting (90x20 cm) compared to other planting methods. Transplanted pigeonpea (120x90 cm) had significantly higher stem girth (10.32 cm) and number of pods plant-1 (1483) besides on par seed yield (1100 kg ha-1) with that of normal planting. However, the yield improvement is not substantial to offset the additional costs involved in nursery raising and transplanting. Though the performance of transplanted pigeonpea (90x90 cm) and dibbling (90x90 cm) was similar with regard to seed yield, dibbling fared well with regard to net returns and B:C ratio. PRG-158 variety accrued an additional net returns of Rs. 2340 ha-1 over Asha, due to its short duration. N doses didn’t differ significantly in respect of growth parameters, yield attributes and yield. Thus, normal planting method (90x20 cm) with PRG-158 variety and 20 kg N ha-1 can be recommended on Alfisols under rainfed conditions.

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Productivity and soil moisture conservation studies of pigeon pea based intercropping systems as influenced by different land configurations

Legume Research - An International Journal ◽

10.18805/lr-4093 ◽

2019 ◽

Author(s):

H. S. Garud ◽

B. V. Asewar ◽

A. S. Dhawan ◽

D. N. Gokhale ◽

I. A. B. Mirza

Keyword(s):

Soil Moisture ◽

Seed Yield ◽

Pigeon Pea ◽

Available Phosphorus ◽

Available Nitrogen ◽

Dry Land ◽

Soil Moisture Conservation ◽

Main Plot ◽

Equivalent Yield ◽

Plot Design

A field experiment was conducted to study effect of various land configurations on soil moisture conservation and productivity of pigeonpea at experimental farm of AICRP for dry land Agriculture, V.N.M.K.V., Parbhani during kharif season of 2015 and 2016. Soil of experimental field was medium deep black with low in organic carbon, low in available nitrogen, medium in available phosphorus and high in available potassium.The experiment was laid out in split plot design with three main plot treatments and four sub plot treatments. The gross and net plot sizes are 7.2x5.4m2 and 5.4x3.6m2 respectively. The pigeonpea variety BDN-711 was used for sowing with spacing 90 x 20 cm. The main plot treatments were three land configurations as (L1) broad bed furrow (BBF), (L2) ridges and furrow and (L3) flat bed method. Sub plot treatments were four intercropping systems i.e. (I1) pigeonpea + soybean (2:1), (I2) pigeonpea + green gram (2:1), (I3) pigeonpea + black gram (2:1) and (I4) pigeonpea + cowpea (2:1). It was observed that seed yield of pigeon pea andpigeonpea equivalent yield were significantly affected due to different land configuration and intercropping systems. The highest pigeonpea seed yield (1588 kg ha-1) and pigeonpea equivalent yield (1823 kg ha-1) were obtained with Broad bed furrows (L1) followed by ridges and furrow (L2). Among the intercropping systems, pigeonpea + greengram intercropping system (I2) recorded higher seed yield (1574 kg ha-1) and pigeonpea equivalent yield(1832 kg ha-1).Periodical soil moisture observations in different land configuration considering depth of soil, higher average soil moisture was recorded under broad bed furrow followed by ridges and furrows while lesser was recorded under flat bed sowing.

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